Cellular Structure And Function Unit 3; Chapter 7

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Name:Cellular Structure and FunctionUnit 3; Chapter 7DateClassworkNotes: History of CellsVenn DiagramOrigins of Eukaryotic CellsNotes: MembranesMembrane LabNotes: OrganellesCell Flip Book, Day 1Cell Flip Book, Day 2Cell Lab – Comparing Plant and Animal CellsCell City AnalogyReview SheetNotes: TransportGummi Bear Lab, Day 1Gummi Bear Lab, Day 2Notes: Transport (finish)Osmotic Solutions WorksheetGummi Bear Lab, Day 3Endocytosis LabWork on Potato LabFinish Potato labTest ReviewTestRubric:Reading QuestionsPowerPoint NotesVenn DiagramOrigins ofEukaryotic CellsMembrane LabFlip BookComparing LabOsmotic SolutionsGummy Bear LabEndocytosis LabPotato LabTotalOut of4020101020TBA2010201020Your ScoreHomeworkRead/Questions Chapter 7.1 and 7.2Finish Origins Reading/QuestionsRead/Questions Chapter 7.3Color/label Cell DiagramsFinish Cell Flip BookFinish Cell LabFinish Review Sheet (page 31)Read/Questions 7.4Finish Osmotic Solutions WorksheetFinish lab questionsStudy for TestFinish Lab questionsComplete packet and studyPrepare for next unit

Reading Questions7.17.3Before You Read:Before You Read:1.1.2.2.3.3.4.4.5.5.6.7.27.Before You Read:1.7.4Before You Read:2.3.1.4.2.5.3.4.

What did Robert Hooke call the boxesthat he observed in cork?Why should I care?So, what is a cell? Smallest that cansupport lifeA bacterium is self-sustaining cellYou are made up of trillions ofcells Too small to see without a microscope3

Problem? Miss Apgar wants to view a bacterial cell that needsto be magnified 1000 times in order to see it. Hercompound light microscope has a 10X ocular lens.Which objective lens should she use to see thebacterium?Where is the ocular lens? Where is the objective lens? What do we remember about microscopehistory? Robert Hooke Named the cell Cell – Structural andfunctional unit of life Made sketches of themicroscopic worldAnton van Leeuwenhoek Perfected a single lens microscope Examined and Called creatures he saw “cavorting wee beasties”4

Some More History Matthias Schleiden Studied plantsDetermined that allTheodor Schwann Studied animalsDetermined that allSome More History Rudolf Virchow German physician Proposed that cellsto form new cells Used his theory to diagnose patients Father of pathologyCell Theory putting their work togetherAll organisms are made of cells The cell is the basic unit of organization in living organisms All cells come from pre-existing cells 5

How do we know that cells come fromother cells?Two types of cells Prokaryotic cells Simple interior Considered to be the Eukaryotic cells Complex interior Considered to be the6

Prokaryotes Simple interior DNA in centralregionCellular happen in openspace Single cell organisms Bacteria ArchaeaInside a Prokaryote Theis where cell life takes place DNA is concentrated in thenucleoid region Ribosomes make proteins The Flagellum provides Capsule, cell wall, andcytoplasmic membraneprovideEukaryotes Complex interior DNA is neatly packaged and protected by perform cellular functions Single and multiple cell organisms Amoebas – single celled 7

4 Kingdoms Animalia Ex:PlantaeEx:Fungi Ex:Protista Ex: Inside a Eukaryote Theis where the organelles are located DNA is housed in the Ribosomes make proteins There are many other organelleseach covered by a Each organelle has its own function provides protection8

More on the Eukaryote cell Important terminology DNA –Organelle –that carry out Means “little organ”First up: the plasma membraneThe Cell Membrane The cell membrane is selectively permeable Cell membranes are made from a9

Phospholipid Bilayer StructureEach phospholipid has a head and two tails Polar head is attracted to water Nonpolar tails are repelled by waterOutsideof cellCarbohydratechainsProteinsCellmembraneInsideof cell(cytoplasm)ProteinchannelLipid bilayerPhospholipid Bilayer Function Allows some things in and not others Polar molecules do not pass H2O is an exception because it is small Keeps the outside and the insideThe plasma membrane is always in motionFluid Mosaic Model Fluid Membrane is Membrane isMosaic There are moleculesin the bilayer Thelooks like a mosaic10

Animal Cells vs. Plant Cells Eukaryotic cell whichmakes up tissues inanimalsLackand ,and have smallervacuoles.Appears to bebecause of the lack of arigid cell wall. Eukaryotic cell thatmakes up plants Animal Cell11

Plant CellCell Wall Mesh of thatsurrounds the Protects and supports the cell Made of carbohydrate -Cytoplasm Semi-fluid material inside the plasma membrane Consists of and the cellular organelles (all organelles except the)Cytosol -12

Cytoskeleton Network of long, thin protein fibers provide anfor organelles- long hollow cylindersthat assist inwithin the cell - thin threads that givethe cell shape and enable the cell toNucleus Contains genetic material (DNA) Nuclear envelope Nuclear pores allow in center Very dense centerRibosomes Produce Made of RNA and protein Made in the Some in the cytoplasm Others to endoplasmicreticulum13

Endoplasmic ReticulumInterconnected network of tubulesTwo types of Endoplasmic ReticulumRough ER Smooth ERWhere No ribosomes Produces complexattach and make proteins Appear to create bumpsand rough areas on themembraneandGolgi Apparatus Modifies, sorts, and packsproteins in sacs calledVesicles fuse with plasmamembrane They release proteins whichmove through membrane toget outside of the cell14

Vacuoles storage for materials in thecytoplasmStore, transport, or digestfood and wastePlant cells – 1 large vacuoleAnimal cells – several littlevacuolesLysosomes Vesicles that containto digest excess or worn-out organelles and food particles They also digest bacteria and viruses that enter the cell They arein the Golgi apparatus.Centrioles Made of Microtubules Found near nucleus only Assembled right before replication Aid in cell15

Mitochondria PowerhouseConverts organic materials into ATPOuter and inner membranes with lots of folds Provides large surface area to break(produce energy)Chloroplasts- Plant onlyCapture and convert it tothrough photosynthesisPhotosynthetic Animals 2010 - found an animal that makes proteins essentialfor photosynthesis Elysia chlorotica – sea slug that looks like a giant swimming leaf Stole from algae it eats can live up to 9 months without eating Appears because of stolen chlorophyllLives - Eastern coast of the United States and Canada16

Cilia and Flagella Move back and forth like oars on a rowboatMove substances along surface of the cellFlagella- rather hair-like projections Cilia- , hair-like projections Whip-like motionBoth are composed of microtubulescells throughwatery environment17

Cell TransportPassive Transport Does not use energyGoesthe concentration gradient3 types diffusionfacilitated diffusionosmosisActive Transport Goesthe concentrationgradient EndocytosisExocytosisCell Transport Diffusion -net movement of particles fromconcentration toconcentration Doesn’t require energy because the particle are in motion passive transportDynamic equilibrium- the overall concentration doesnot change, but molecules are stillWhat affects the rate of diffusion? What makes molecules move faster? HighHighHigh18

Facilitated Diffusion Some ions and molecules can’tacross the cell membraneFacilitated diffusion – usesto help move some molecules across the plasmamembraneOsmosis Osmosis – diffusion ofMost cells undergo osmosis because they aresurrounded by waterHyper—Hypo– Iso tonic Solutions These are comparing words Hypertonic -Hypotonic-Isotonic-What would happen if you Put a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution?Put a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution?Put a red blood cell in an isotonic solution?19

What happens to a red blood cell when ?Active Transport Goes fromtoconcentrationRequires Energy ATPMovesEndocytosis Endocytosis- moving large substances into the cell20

Exocytosis Exocytosis- moving large substances out of the cell21

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic CellsProkaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells22

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Reading Questions:1. Who proposed the endosymbiont hypothesis?2. Billions of years ago chloroplasts and mitochondria were.3. What is symbiosis? Give a detailed description.4. What does the prefix endo- mean?5. Explain what an endosymbiont is.6. What is a common example of an endosymbiont?7. Explain in detail the beneficial relationship between hydra and algae. (Must be 3 or moresentences)25

8. What evidence suggests that algae are beneficial to the hydra?9. How do the mollusks harvest the energy from the algae?10. What is the benefit to the mollusk with the algae compared to mollusks without algae?11. What happens when the chloroplasts in the mollusk stop functioning?12. How does this relate to the endosymbiont theory?When you are finished work on your homework reading and questions26

Cell Membrane LabProblem: Is the cell membrane a selective barrier?Hypothesis:Materials: MicroscopeMicroscope slides and cover slipsYeastMethylene blue stain (Be careful!!)WaterHeated waterEye droppers/pipettes2 - 500mL beakersStirring rodsProcedure:1. Done for you: Place a packet of dry active yeast in a beaker. Add 400mL of water and stir.a. One per class.2. Done for you: Boil 400mL of water and one packet of yeast for 10 minutes and let cool.a. One per class.3. Prepare a slide of the yeast in the warm water:a. Place a drop of the solution on a clean slide.b. Place a drop of Methylene blue onto the drop of yeast solution.c. Carefully cover it with your cover slip, remembering to drop it at an angle.4. Look at the slide under the microscope, remembering to start focusing with low power first.5. Find a good example of the yeast under high power and draw what you see in the data section below.6. Repeat steps 3-5 for the yeast that has been boiled.Data:xxYeast Cells in Warm WaterBoiled Yeast Water MixtureConclusion:1.Explain how boiling affected the yeast cells.2. Why does the color of the two groups of cells differ? (remember to consider the role of the plasma membrane)3. Are the plasma membranes selective barriers? Explain your answer.27

Cell Flip Book AssignmentYour task is to create a cell flip book that you can use to study for this chapter. This is an INDIVIDUALassignment. You must include all of the organelles listed below and the following for each organelle: Colored hand drawingOrganelle functionWhere it is found (Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea, Eukaryotes: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, andProtista)Organelles:1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.Cell MembraneCell WallNucleusNucleolusCytoplasmRibosomeSmooth Endoplasmic ReticulumRough Endoplasmic Reticulum9. Golgi body10. Chloroplast11. Mitochondria12. Centriole13. Lysosome14. Peroxisome15. Vacuole16. Cilia/FlagellaRubricOrganelleDrawingGood (1)Poor (0)FunctionGood (1)Poor (0)Where FoundAll (1)Missing (0)Cell MembraneCell WallNucleusNucleolusCytoplasmRibosomeSERRERGolgi someVacuoleCilia/flagellaTotal Points:(out of 48)28

Color and Label the Plant Cell29

Color and Label the Animal Cell30

Color and Label the Bacteria (Prokaryotic) Cell31

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Lab Comparing Plant and Animal CellsObjectiveIn this investigation, you will compare the structure of a typical plant cell (elodea) and a typical animal cell(human).Materials: Elodea leafMicroscope slideToothpickCompound Light MicroscopeMethylene blue (be careful!!)Procedure Part A: Examining Plant Cells1. Place a drop of water in the center of a clean microscopeslide.2. Remove a leaf from the elodea plant and place it on the dropof water on the slidea. Make sure the leaf is flat, if it is folded unfold it3. Carefully place a coverslip over the elodea4. LOW POWER- locate the leaf5. Switch to medium or high power objective lens.6. Observe the cells of the Elodea leaf. Draw and label whatyou seexPart B: Examining Animal Cells1. Place a drop of methylene blue on your slidea. The less the better.2. Gently rub a clean toothpick along the inside of your cheek.3. Rub the same toothpick on the methylene blue.4. Carefully place a coverslip over the cheek cells5. LOW POWER- locate the cells6. Switch to medium or high power objective lens.7. Observe the cells of the cheek cell. Draw and label what yousee34x

Observations1. What is the shape of an elodea cell?2. What is the general location of the nucleus in an elodea cell?3. What is the shape of a human skin cell?4. What is the general location of the nucleus in a human skin cell?5. How are plant and animal cells similar in structure?6. How are plant and animal cells different in structure?7. Explain why you cannot use an oak leaf in this investigation?8. In general, the surface of a tree has a harder feel than the surface of a dog. What characteristics of eachorganism can be used to explain the difference?9. If you were given a slide containing cells of an unknown organism, how would you identify the cells as eitherplant or animal?35

Cell City AnalogyIn a faraway city called Grant City, the main export and production product is thesteel widget. Everyone in the town has something to do with the steel widget making andthe entire town is designed to build and export widgets. The town hall has the instructionsfor widget making; widgets come in all shapes and sizes and any citizen of Grant can get theinstructions and begin making their own widgets. Widgets are generally produced in smallshops around the city; theses small shops can be built by the carpenters’ union (whoseheadquarters are in the town hall).After the widget is constructed, they are placed on special carts which can deliver thewidget anywhere in the city. In order for a widget to be exported the carts take the widgetto the postal office, where the widgets are packaged and labeled for export. Sometimeswidgets don’t turn out right and the “rejects” are sent to the scrap yard where they arebroken down for parts or destroyed altogether. The town powers the widget shops andcarts from a hydraulic dam that is in the city. The entire city is enclosed by a largewooden fence, only the postal trucks (and citizens with proper passports) are allowedoutside the city.Match the parts of the city (underlined) with the parts of the cell.OrganelleCity AnalogyMitochondriaRibosomesNucleusEndoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusProteinCell membraneLysosomesNucleolus36

Cell Organelle Review SheetPart of the CellStructureFill inCell MembraneCell VacuoleLysosome37FunctionCheck BoxesBacteriaPlantAnimal

Flow Chart – Identify organelles found in yoteAnimaliaPlantae38FungiProtista

Osmotic SolutionNote: A RBC is 85% H2O and15% Solutes.1.Osmotic Solution:100% H2ORBC2.Direction of the Movement of WaterWhat will happen to the cell?Osmotic Solution:40% H2ORBC3.Direction of the Movement of WaterWhat will happen to the cell?Osmotic Solution:80% H2ORBC4.Direction of the Movement of WaterWhat will happen to the cell?Osmotic Solution:85% H2ORBCDirection of the Movement of WaterWhat will happen to the cell?39

5.Osmotic Solution:90% H2ORBC6.75% H2ORBC7.Direction of the Movement of WaterWhat will happen to the cell?Osmotic Solution:Direction of the Movement of WaterWhat will happen to the cell?Osmotic Solution:80% H2O90% H2O8.Direction of the Movement of WaterWhat will happen to the cell?Osmotic Solution:70% H2O70% H2ODirection of the Movement of WaterWhat will happen to the cell?40

9.Osmotic Solution:40% H2ODirection of the Movement of Water30% H2OWhat will happen to the cell?For 10-12: water molecule10.Osmotic Solution:Direction of the Movement of WaterWhat will happen to the cell?Osmotic Solution:11.Direction of the Movement of WaterWhat will happen to the cell?Osmotic Solution:12.Direction of the Movement of WaterWhat will happen to the cell?41

Gummi Bear OsmosisBackground Information:Molecules are in constant motion, and tend to move from areas of higherconcentrations to lesser concentrations. Diffusion is defined as the movement ofmolecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Thediffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane is known as OSMOSIS; watermolecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.Question: How will soaking Gummy Bear candies in distilled water affect the size of the candy?Hypothesis:Materials: Plastic cup Tap water Saturated salt solution 1 Gummy bearRulerPermanent marker Balance1 aluminum screenProcedure:Day 1:1. Label your plastic with your names and mods, using the permanent marker.2. Find the mass of your bear using the balance and record your data.3. Use the ruler to measure your bear top to bottom (length), side to side (width) and front toback. Calculate volume (L x W x H) and record your data.4. Fill your plastic cup ½ way full with tap water.5. Put your candy bear in the water.6. Set the cup aside for one day.Day 21. After the candy bear has been in the tap water overnight, pour the water with your gummi bearover an aluminum screen into the sink. Be very careful because the candy is now extremelybreakable.2. Blot the screen dry by placing it on a paper towel.3. While the bear is on the screen, measure your bear top to bottom (length), side to side (width)and front to back. Calculate volume (L x W x H) and record your data.4. Find the mass of the bear. Do this by placing the entire screen with the bear on the balance.Record the total mass. Then carefully slide the bear back into the empty cup.a. Find the mass of the screen alone and calculate the mass of the bear. Record your data.5. Cover the bears with the saturated salt solution. Set aside overnight.Day 31. Find the mass and dimensions of the bear using the same procedure as noted on Day 2.2. Record all data. Calculate volumes.42

Data:Data Table for MassMass (g)Before Soaking(Day 1)After Tap Water(Day 2)After Salt Water(Day 3)Before Soaking(Day 1)After Tap Water(Day 2)After Salt Water(Day 3)Mass of screen andgummi bearMass of screenMass of gummi bearData Table for VolumeDimensionsLength (cm)Width (cm)Depth (cm)Volume (cm3)43

Questions & Analysis:1. What happened to the candy after soaking in tap water overnight? Why?2. Do you think you would get different results if you used distilled water instead of tap water?(Distilled water has fewer solutes than tap water).3. What happened to the candy after soaking it in salt water overnight? Why?4. What do you think would have happened to the bears if, after the last day, they were placed againin tap water?5. Calculate the percent change in volume after each step of the experiment.a. % change in volume (final volume – initial volume) / initial volume x 100b. Record calculates below% Change in WaterBear 144% Change in Salt Water

Endocytosis LabObjective: Using the materials available you will demonstrate how a cell performs a type of endocytosis.Materials: Paper bagStringOne piece of candyScissorsProcedure: The paper bag represents your cell membrane. The air inside the bag is the cytoplasm. Yourcell needs to “eat” a large molecule, like a protein or starch. You, working as an extension of your paperbag cell, need to get the large molecule (your candy) into the cell without exposing the inside of your cell tothe outside air.You may not put the molecule in through the bag opening. You MAY put your hand into the cytoplasmthrough the top of the bag to help with the procedure.Analysis:1. What organelle did you create in your paper bag cell during endocytosis?2. Describe the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis.3. Draw a detailed, labeled sketch of the process you used to show endocytosis in this lab. You shouldinclude a least three steps/stages and explain what is happening in each. Be sure to label the parts ofthe cell/bag involved45

Potato LabObjective: Understand Diffusion and OsmosisBe able to determine the solute concentration of a potatoPart A: Diffusion of Iodine and Starch1.2.3.4.5.Obtain a 30cm piece of dialysis tubing, tie one end offAdd 15ml of Starch solution to the tubing and tie the other end offFill a 250mL beaker 2/3rd full of tap water.Add 4 mL of Lugol’s solution to the beakerAllow to sit for 30 minutesSolution ColorInitial e1. What does iodine test for?2. Which substances are entering the bag? Which substances are leaving the bag? How do you know this?3. Based on your observations rank the following by relative size, beginning with the smallest: Iodine (IKI),starch, Water (H2O)46

Part B: Determine the Molarity of a PotatoMaterials: 50mL Water50mL 0.2M sucrose50mL 0.4 M sucrose50mL 0.6M sucrose50mL 0.8M sucrose5 small plastic cupsPlastic wrapProcedure:1.2.3.4.5.6.Pour 50mL of each solution in a small plastic cupUse a Number 2 cork borer to cut 3 potato cylinders into 3cm sections. Remove all of the skinDetermine the mass of the three cylinders and record the mass in table 1.2Put the 3 cylinders in the cup with water, cover with plastic wrap and let stand overnight.Repeat procedure 2-4 for each remaining cup (0.2M, 0.4M, 0.6M, and 0.8M)Remove the cores from the beaker, blot them gently on a paper towel, and determine their totalmass.7. Record the final mass in the table below.8. Graph your data on graph on the next page.Data:Contents inBeakerInitial MassFinal MassMass Difference(initial mass – final mass)0.0 M Water0.2 M sucrose0.4 M sucrose0.6 M sucrose0.8 M sucroseLab Station #747Percent change in mass(mass difference/initial mass)X100

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9. Determine the molar concentration of the potato core. This would be the sucrose molarity in whichthe mass of the potato core does not change. To find this, add a line of best fit to your graph. Then,the point at which your line crosses 0% change.Molar concentration of sucrose M.10. Your friend asks you to determine the molar concentration of Gatorade. Design an experiment totest this.50

Notes: Organelles Color/label Cell Diagrams. Cell Flip Book, Day 1 ; Cell Flip Book, Day 2 Finish Cell Flip Book Cell Lab – Comparing Plant and Animal Cells Finish Cell Lab . Cell City Analogy Review Sheet Finish Review Sheet (page 31) Notes: Transport Gummi Bear Lab, Day 1 ; Read/Ques

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