LAKE ONTARIO
LAKE ONTARIOLAKEWIDE ACTION ANDMANAGEMENT PLAN2018 - 2022LAKE ONTARIO LAMP (2018 - 2022)1
Recommended Citation:Environment and Climate Change Canada and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.2018. Lake Ontario Lakewide Action and Management Plan, 2018-2022.Cat. No. En164-58/2019E-PDFISBN 978-0-660-32586-6Front cover photo credits: top - “Wish you were here.” (CC BY-SA 2.0) by Benson Kua;left to right – NYSDEC, NYSDEC, NOAA, ECCC, ECCC.2LAKE ONTARIO LAMP (2018 - 2022)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe 2018-2022 Lake Ontario Lakewide Action and Management Plan (LAMP) wasdeveloped by member agencies of the Lake Ontario Partnership. We gratefullyacknowledge the efforts of the core Writing Team, led by Steve Clement (ECCC), AishaSexton-Sims (USEPA), Paul Parete (ECCC), and James Lehnen (NYSDEC).This LAMP reflects the input of many resource management agencies, conservationauthorities, scientists, non-governmental organizations, First Nations, Métis, and TribalGovernments committed to restoring and protecting Lake Ontario and its connectingrivers.We gratefully acknowledge the member organizations of the Lake Ontario Partnership.Lake Ontario Partnership 2018 Environment and Climate ChangeCanadaDepartment of Fisheries andOceansToronto and Region ConservationAuthorityOntario Ministry of theEnvironment, Conservation andParksOntario Ministry of NaturalResources and ForestryQuinte ConservationCredit Valley Conservation U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgencyU.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceU.S. Army Corps of EngineersU.S. Geological SurveyU.S. Forest ServiceU.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources ConservationServiceNational Oceanic & AtmosphericAdministrationNew York State Department ofEnvironmental ConservationBureau of Indian AffairsSaint Regis Mohawk TribeLAKE ONTARIO LAMP (2018 - 2022)3
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS4ACRONYMPhraseAOCArea of ConcernBCSBiodiversity Conservation StrategyBUIBeneficial Use ImpairmentsCAConservation AuthorityCCMECanadian Council of Ministers of the EnvironmentCMCChemicals of Mutual ConcernCRRACommunity Risk and Resiliency ActCSMICooperative Science and Monitoring InitiativeCSOCombined Sewer OverflowCWSCanadian Wildlife ment of Fisheries and OceansECCCEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaEDMEarly Detection and MonitoringGLAMGreat Lakes St. Lawrence River Adaptive ManagementGLFCGreat Lakes Fishery CommissionGLLFASGreat Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic SciencesGLMRISGreat Lakes and Mississippi River Interbasin StudyGLRIGreat Lakes Research InitiativeGLWQAGreat Lakes Water Quality AgreementHABSHarmful Algal BloomsHBCDHexabromocyclododecaneIBAImportant Bird AreaLAKE ONTARIO LAMP (2018 - 2022)
ACRONYMPhraseIJCInternational Joint CommissionLAMPLakewide Action and Management PlanLC-PFCALong-Chain Perfluorinated Carboxylic AcidsLOTMPLake Ontario Toxics Management PlanLTBBLittle Traverse Bay Band of Odawa IndiansMECPOntario Ministry of Environment, Conservation and ParksNCCNature Conservancy of CanadaNOAANational Oceanic Atmospheric AdministrationNRTMPNiagara River Toxics Management PlanNYPANew York Power AuthorityNYSDAMNew York State Department of Agriculture and MarketsNYSDECNew York State Department of Environmental ConservationNYSDOHNew York State Department of HealthNYSDOSNew York State Department of StateNYSOPRHPNew York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and HistoricPreservationODWQSOntario Drinking Water StandardMNRFOntario Ministry of Natural Resources and ForestryPAHPolycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonsPASPriority Action SitePBDEPolybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (Flame Retardants)PCBSPolychlorinated BiphenylsPCDD/FDioxin/FuransPFASPer- and poly-fluoroalkyl SubstancesPFOAPerfluorooctanoic AcidLAKE ONTARIO LAMP (2018 - 2022)5
6ACRONYMPhrasePFOSPerfluorooctane SulfonatePOPSPersistent Organic PollutantsPGWMNProvincial Ground Water Monitoring NetworkPRISMPartnership for Regional Invasive Species ManagementRAPRemedial Action PlanSCCPSShort-Chain Chlorinated ParaffinsSDWASafe Drinking Water Act (U.S.)SOGLState of the Great Lakes ReportSRMTSaint Regis Mohawk TribeSRPSoluble Reactive PhosphorusSUNYState University of New YorkTEKTraditional Ecological KnowledgeTNCThe Nature ConservancyTPTotal PhosphorusTRCAToronto and Region Conservation AuthorityUSACEUnited States Army Corp of EngineersUSCGUnited States Coast GuardUSDA-NRCSUnited States Department of Agriculture-Natural ResourcesConservation ServiceUSEPAUnited States Environmental Protection AgencyUSFSUnited States Forest ServiceUSFWSUnited States Fish and Wildlife ServiceUSGSUnited States Geological SurveyVHSViral Hemorrhagic SepticemiaLAKE ONTARIO LAMP (2018 - 2022)
TABLE OF CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.3ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.4EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.12Current State of Lake Ontario .12LAMP Management Actions.13Priority Science and Monitoring Activities.14Collective Action for a Healthy Lake Ontario.141.0INTRODUCTION.211.1 The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.231.2 The Lake Ontario Partnership.241.3 Engagement in the Development of the Lake Ontario LAMP .261.4 Alignment with Other International Resource Efforts.271.5 Geographic Scope of the LAMP: The Lake and its Connecting Rivers.282.0INHERENT VALUE, USE, AND ENJOYMENT OF LAKE ONTARIO.312.1 Significance to Tribes, First Nations, and Métis Peoples.332.2 Ecosystem Goods and Services.362.3 Global Significance.382.4 Diverse Habitat and Species.402.5 Natural Resources and the Regional Economy.42LAKE ONTARIO LAMP (2018 - 2022)7
2.6 Tourism and Parks .443.0THE STATE OF LAKE ONTARIO .473.1 Drinking Water .503.2 Beach Health and Safety.543.3 Fish and Wildlife Consumption.583.4 Chemical Contaminants.643.5 Habitats and Species .723.6 Nutrients and Algae.813.7 Invasive Species .893.8 Groundwater.963.9 Other Substances, Materials and Conditions.993.10 Climate Change and Adaptation.1034.0BINATIONAL STRATEGIES.1084.1 The Niagara River Toxics Management Plan.1084.2 The Lake Ontario Binational Biodiversity Conservation Strategy.1104.3 The Nearshore Framework.1124.4 Chemicals of Mutual Concern .1135.0LAKEWIDE MANAGEMENT ACTIONS .1155.1 Nutrient and Bacterial Related Impacts .1195.2 Loss of Habitat and Native Species.1275.3 Invasive Species.1388LAKE ONTARIO LAMP (2018 - 2022)
5.4 Critical and Emerging Chemical Contaminants .1476.0SCIENCE AND MONITORING PRIORITIES.1556.1 Great Lakes Cooperative Science and Monitoring Initiative .1556.2 Lake Ontario Science and Monitoring Priorities.1567.0IMPLEMENTING THE LAMP.1607.1 Principles for Implementation.1607.2 Engagement, Outreach, and Education.1617.3 How Can the Public Become More Involved.1627.4 Collective Action for a Healthy Lake Ontario.163REFERENCES.165APPENDIX A: PRE-GLWQA 2012 LAKEWIDE OBJECTIVES FOR LAKE ONTARIO.176APPENDIX B: NUTRIENT MONITORING PROGRAMS IN U.S. AND CANADA.177APPENDIX C: PROGRAMMATIC FOCUS AREAS AND EXAMPLE ACTIONS OF THELAKE ONTARIO LAMP BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION STRATEGY.179APPENDIX D: LAKE ONTARIO AREAS OF CONCERN REMEDIAL ACTIONS .183APPENDIX E: LINKAGES BETWEEN GENERAL OBJECTIVES, THREATS, BINATIONALSTRATEGIES AND ACTIONS.193LAKE ONTARIO LAMP (2018 - 2022)9
LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: An adaptive lakewide management approach for Lake Ontario.25Figure 2: Lake Ontario & St. Lawrence River Drainage Basin with Areas of Concern .29Figure 3: Satellite image of Lake Ontario showing the influence of Lake Erie water entering LakeOntario via the Niagara River on Lake Ontario’s south shore .32Figure 4: Indigenous communities in the Lake Ontario, Niagara River, and St. Lawrence RiverBasins. Denotations represent approximate territory centres.35Figure 5: Distribution of land use/land cover across the Lake Ontario Basin.42Figure 6: Concentrations of PCB and mercury for fish collected from Ontario waters of LakeOntario.60Figure 7: Decline of total PCB concentration for individual and whole-body Lake Trout in LakeOntario.69Figure 8: Critical contaminants in Herring Gull eggs.70Figure 9: Abundance of mature female Lake Trout caught per unit effort (CPUE) in U.S. watersof Lake Ontario by the USGS and NYSDEC. .78Figure 10: Total phosphorus concentrations (µg/L) in Lake Ontario (Spring 2013).88Figure 11: Sea Lamprey Lake Trout wounding rates.94Figure 12: Potential climate trend impacts, and challenges to achieving the General Objectivesof the 2012 GLWQA. 104Figure 13: Map of identified Priority Action Sites in Lake Ontario . 11110LAKE ONTARIO LAMP (2018 - 2022)
LIST OF TABLESTable 1: Annexes to address priority issues of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.23Table 2. Overview of the State of Lake Ontario in Relation to the Nine GLWQA GeneralObjectives.49Table 3. Ontario and New York State beaches open & safe for swimming.56Table 4. Chemical contaminant issues limiting human consumption of fish and wildlife in theLake Ontario Basin.62Table 5. Summary of status and trends for toxic chemicals sub-indicators .67Table 6: Summary of status and trends for habitat and species sub-indicator.75Table 7: Summary of status and trends for nutrients and algae sub-indicators .85Table 8: Lake Ontario nutrient conditions 2015 .86Table 9: Summary of status and trends for invasive species sub-indicators .93Table 10: Connections between threats and Lake Ontario LAMP issue areas. 117Table 11: Lake Ontario Partnership actions for nutrients and bacterial related impacts. 124Table 12: Examples of Canadian and United States funding programs that support restorationof Lake Ontario aquatic habitat and native species. 129Table 13: Lake Ontario Partnership actions for loss of habitat and native species. 134Table 14: Lake Ontario Partnership actions for aquatic invasive species. 145Table 15: Lake Ontario Partnership actions for critical and emerging chemicalcontaminants. 152Table 16: Lake Ontario LAMP science priorities. 156LAKE ONTARIO LAMP (2018 - 2022)11
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Lake Ontario Lakewide Action and Management Plan (LAMP) is a binationalecosystem-based action plan to restore and protect the water quality of Lake Ontarioand its connecting river systems, the Niagara and St. Lawrence Rivers. This is the firstLake Ontario LAMP under the 2012 amendment of the Great Lakes Water QualityAgreement (GLWQA). The LAMP was developed by member agencies of the LakeOntario Partnership which is a collaborative team of natural resource managers ledby the governments of the U.S. and Canada, in cooperation and consultation withState and Provincial Governments, Tribal Governments, and watershed managementagencies committed to restoring and protecting Lake Ontario, the Niagara River andthe St. Lawrence River. In preparing the LAMP, the Lake Ontario Partnership alsosought input from scientists, First Nations, Métis, stakeholders, non-governmentalorganizations and the general public.Lakewide management is guided by a shared vision of a healthy, prosperous, andsustainable Great Lakes region in which the waters of Lake Ontario are used andenjoyed by present and future generations. Lake Ontario is a valuable resource inmany respects, from its significance to Indigenous Peoples, the ecosystem goodsand services it provides, to the habitat and species it is home to, including globallysignificant ecosystems and migratory pathways. Lake Ontario is also home to a varietyof natural resources, a regional economy, and a vibrant tourism and recreationindustry.The purpose of the 2018-2022 LAMP is: 1) to summarize the current state of LakeOntario in relation to the nine General Objectives of the GLWQA and point out keythreats; 2) to outline actions that will be taken to address the threats and contributeto the restoration and protection of water quality in Lake Ontario; and 3) to engage allgroups and individuals in the Lake Ontario Basin to take action in protecting the waterquality in Lake Ontario.Current State of Lake OntarioOverall, based on the scientific research, monitoring and reporting completed byover 180 government and non-government Great Lakes scientists and other experts,Lake Ontario is assessed to be in “fair” condition. Chemical contaminants, nutrientand bacterial pollution, loss of habitat and native species, and the spread of non-12LAKE ONTARIO LAMP (2018 - 2022)
native invasive species limit the health, productivity, and use of Lake Ontario and itsconnecting river systems. The state of Lake Ontario is assessed in relation to the nineGLWQA General Objectives as follows:GENERAL OBJECTIVE1.Be a source of safe, high-quality drinking water2.Allow for unrestricted swimming and other recreational use3.Allow for unrestricted human consumption of the fish andwildlifeBe free from pollutants that could harm people, wildlife or4.organismsSTATUSGOODFAIRGOODtoFAIRFAIR5.Support healthy and productive habitats to sustain our nativespeciesFAIR6.Be free from nutrients that promote unsightly algae or toxicbloomsFAIR7.Be free from aquatic and terrestrial invasive species8.Be free from the harmful impacts of contaminatedgroundwater9.Be free from other substances, materials or conditions thatmay negatively affect the Great Lakes (Watershed Impactsassessed)POORFAIRPOORtoFAIR(SOGL, 2017)LAMP Management ActionsThis 2018-2022 LAMP documents 28 actions to address identified threats and priorityissues. Actions are grouped under four main issue areas:1.Nutrient and bacterial-related impacts;2.Loss of habitat and native species;3.Aquatic invasive species; and4.Critical and emerging chemical contaminants.LAKE ONTARIO LAMP (2018 - 2022)13
Over the next five years, these management actions will address key environmentalthreats using an integrated management approach. This approach recognizes theinteractions across Lake Ontario and the need to maintain and enhance ecosystemresilience in view of climate change and other potential new or emerging threats suchas plastics and microplastics.Priority Science and Monitoring ActivitiesThe Lake Ontario Partnership has identified management priorities that requireadditional scientific study with input from scientists, stakeholders and the public. Thisinformation is needed for improved understanding of key issues to better positionresources for protection and restoration of Lake Ontario. The priority science andmonitoring activities for the 2018-2022 LAMP include: 1) characterize nutrientconcentrations and loadings; 2) improve understanding of nearshore nutrient relatedproblems; 3) evaluate aquatic food web status; 4) improve understanding of fishdynamics; 5) charact
LAKE ONTARIO LAMP (2018 - 2022) 5 ACRONYM Phrase IJC International Joint Commission LAMP Lakewide Action and Management Plan LC-PFCA Long-Chain Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids LOTMP Lake Ontario Toxics Management Plan LTBB Little Traverse Bay Band of Odawa Indians MECP Ontario Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Parks NCC Nature Conservancy of Canada NOAA National Oceanic Atmospheric .
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources : Picton, Ontario : New York, New York ; Picton, Ontario : Bruce Morrison Tom Stewart Betsy Trometer Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Picton, Ontario Picton, Ontario Amherst, New York . Don Zelazny Tracey Tomajer
Jack Carr Bonar Lake . Troy Turley Center Lake . John Bender Diamond Lake . Sandra Buhrt Elizabeth Lake . Chuck Brinkman Irish Lake . Jeff & Pam Thornburgh James, Oswego, & Tippecanoe Lake . Debra Hutnick Palestine Lake . Sandra Buhrt Rachel Lake . Toney Owsley Ridinger Lake .
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Niagara Falls historically served as an impenetrable barrier to the dispersal of invasive species from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie and the upper Great Lakes. The construction of the Welland Canal (opened in 1829 and enlarged in 1919) served to link Lake Ontario to the upper lake
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