Fort Yamhill State Heritage Area - Oregon
FortYamhillStateHeritageAreaMaster PlanJuly 2004
Cover: Detail from the Hazen Map of 1856 (National Archives)Fort Yamhill Draft Master Plan07/29/2004i
“The Fort occupied the sloping top of a great hill which, standing at the gateway of the GrandRonde valley, was naturally adapted for military occupation. The crest of the hill made a semicircular sweep on the east and south, the ground falling away abruptly from its clear-cut rim tothe winding course of the Yamhill river, far below. On the east, too, a phalanx of firs, scalingthe rugged heights, wave their green plumes over the row of neat white cottages occupied by theofficers and threw morning shadows across the smooth plateau of the parade ground. The otherbuildings of the post, soldiers’ quarters, mess-room, hospital, commissary, guard-room etc.,occupied the remaining sides of the quadrangle, all marvelously white in their constantlyrefreshed coats of white wall with fine oaks flanking it on the north, stood the regulationblockhouse, strong, dark, and menacing. A stately flagstaff, supported by two gleaming fieldpieces, stood in the center of the parade ground.”An excerpt from Sam Simpson’s,Maya ,The Medicine Girl1898Fort site circa 1940’s.Source: Salem Public Library Photo CollectionFort Yamhill Draft Master Plan07/29/2004ii
Fort Yamhill Draft Master Plan07/29/2004iii
Table of ContentsPLAN SUMMARY .1Vision Statement for Fort Yamhill. 1A Shared Vision . 2OPRD’s Mission. 2Confederated Tribes’ of Grand Ronde Vision . 2Fort Yamhill: A Look Back. 3Future Development at Fort Yamhill State Heritage Area . 3CHAPTER ONE - Introduction .7Useful Products of this Master Planning Process . 7The Planning Process . 7Partnership Development. 7Coordinating Committee . 8Studies . 8Steering Committee . 8Public Involvement . 8The Planning Context. 9Prehistory. 9Fort Development. 10The Cultural Landscape . 14The Cultural Landscape . 15Setting and Views. 15Roads and Paths. 15Buildings. 16Landscape Structures. 19A Changing Landscape. 19The Advent of Fort Yamhill State Heritage Area . 20CHAPTER TWO - Existing Facilities.21Location. 21Target Planning Area . 21Environmental Setting . 22General Description . 22Neighborhood. 22Existing Facilities . 22General Landscape Character . 23Access. 23Zoning Requirements . 23CHAPTER THREE- Resource Assessment .25Past Studies . 25National Register Listing. 25Overview of 1991 Planning Process . 252003 Master Planning Studies. 26Vegetation/Plant Community Inventory . 26Wetlands and Riparian Areas . 26Protected Species. 26Fort Yamhill Draft Master Plan07/29/2004iv
Forest Condition Assessment . 27Cultural Resources Assessment . 27Architectural Investigation of the Officers’ Quarters. 28CHAPTER FOUR –Suitability Analysis .29Resource Inventories and Assessments . 29Cultural Resources . 29Plant Communities . 29Wetlands. 29Water/Hazards . 29Protected Species (plant and animal) . 29Scenic Resources . 29Suitability Assessment Methodology . 30Suitability Matrix . 31Areas of Concern. 35CHAPTER FIVE – Recreational Needs and Opportunities.37Recreational Demand. 37Relationship to Other Regional Heritage Tourism Opportunities . 39Opportunities for Cultural Tourism. 39CHAPTER SIX - Issues.41Cultural Resource Protection . 41Understanding the Resources . 41Understanding of the Site’s Historical Context . 41Sorting Through the Layers of History. 41Very Little Remains from the Historic Period . 42Getting Visitors to and from the Site. 42Relations with Adjacent Property Owners . 43Timing of the Park Opening . 43Implementation and Development. 43CHAPTER SEVEN - Goals.45Goal 1: Protect important cultural resource sites. 45Goal 2: Provide appropriate educational and recreational facilities. 45Goal 3: Restore appropriate site elements with historical accuracy . 46Goal 4: Establish good park access and orientation . 47Goal 5: Encourage implementation and investment partnerships. 47Goal 6: Provide needed operational support . 48CHAPTER EIGHT – Development Concepts.49Design Parameters. 49Development Proposal Matrix. 50CHAPTER NINE- Cultural & Natural Resource Management Guidelines .55Restoration of the Cultural Landscape by Vegetation Management. 67Ethnobotany and Cultural Sensitive Vegetation . 68Timber Management within Cultural Resource Sensitive Areas . 69CHAPTER TEN - Interpretive Management Guidelines .71OPRD’s Interpretive Mission. 71Interpretive Design Approach . 71CHAPTER ELEVEN - Implementation Plan.73Target 2006 . 73Projects Beyond 2006 . 74Fort Yamhill Draft Master Plan07/29/2004v
Potential Future Studies . 74Potential Future Reconstruction Projects . 74CHAPTER TWELVE – Land Use Approval .75Zoning Requirements . 75Land Use Authorities . 75County Permits for Project Development. 75Variations from the Master Plan. 76Rehabilitation of Existing Park Facilities . 76Fort Yamhill Draft Master Plan07/29/2004vi
List of FiguresFigure 1 - Conceptual Plan for 2006 Sesquicentennial Celebration .5Figure 2 – Map of the Coast Indian Reservation. From: Quiet on the Yamhill; The Civil War in Oregon, the Journal ofCorporal Royal a Benell, Company D, Fourth California Infantry (Eugen: University of Oregon Books, 1959).11Figure 3 – Fort Era Development Circa 1858 .17Figure 4 – Fort Yamhill State Heritage Area General Vicinity Ownership Map 2003 .21Figure 5 –Development Suitability Map .33Figure 5 –Development Suitability Map .33Figure 6. Combined Area Including SCORP Planning Regions 2 & 3 .37Figure 7. Fort Yamhill State Heritage Area Conceptual Plan .53Figure 8. Cultural Probability Zone Map.57Figure 9. Master Plan Adoption Process.77List of TablesTable 1 - Suitability Matrix.31Table 2 - 2002 Recreation Demand In Region 2.37Table 3 - Changes in Recreation Participation in Planning Regions 2 & 3 (1987-2002).38Table 4 - Development Proposal Matrix .50Table 5 - Cultural Resource Management Protocol.59Table 6 - Native and culturally important plants.68Table 7 - Target 2006 Implementation Schedule .73Fort Yamhill Draft Master Plan07/29/2004vii
PLAN SUMMARYThe Oregon Parks and RecreationDepartment (OPRD) has worked in acooperative effort with the ConfederatedTribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR) to develop amaster plan for the Fort Yamhill StateHeritage Area. During the past two years(December 2001-October 2003), OPRD andthe CTGR have been examining potentialoptions to eventually open the Fort andsurrounding properties to the general public.As a result of this master planning process,OPRD and CTGR have developed a strategyto provide appropriate educational andrecreational facilities on the site by 2006, theth150 anniversary of the Fort’s establishment.The general planning area is owned by threeparties: The Oregon Parks and RecreationDepartment acquired the 54.65 acre historicFort site in 1988; The CTGR ownsapproximately 139.5 acres that was acquiredin 2000; and Polk County owns a 2.72 acreparcel.The Fort Yamhill State Heritage Area is innorthern Polk County, about 1/2 mile northof Valley Junction. Although, Oregon StateParks has owned the property since 1988,development of a park here has not yetoccurred. At the advent of this masterplanning process, CTGR acquired a keyparcel (139 acres) associated with the historicFort site. This acquisition set the stage forfuture facility development, public access anda long-term partnership between State Parksand the Tribes. This report outlines theshared vision for the future development andmanagement of the 55-acre Fort Yamhill StateHeritage Area.Vision Statement for FortYamhillTo protect and interpret the culturalresources of Fort Yamhill and schedule thedevelopment of appropriate educationaland recreational facilities by 2006, 150years after the Fort was first opened.The Oregon Parks and RecreationDepartment in partnership with the CTGR,has embarked upon an ambitious vision forthe Fort Yamhill State Heritage Area havingrecognized that the Fort represents asignificant part of Oregon’s history.Thousands of people on their way to theOregon Coast travel through the Highway18/22 corridor. Most of them unknowinglydrive by one of Oregon’s more interestinghistoric places, an unassuming saddle betweentwo hills perched above the South YamhillRiver. The Oregon State Park’s property islisted on the National Register of HistoricPlaces.Future park visitors will better understand theimportance of the Fort Yamhill site and itsrich history if the vision for this park isimplemented. Fort Yamhill’s history isintertwined with the history and culture ofthe Grand Ronde people and theirrelationship to a military fort located on theedge of their reservation. The developed FortYamhill State Heritage Area will provide aglimpse into the military life of the 1850s.Visitors will leave the park with a betterunderstanding of the events that led up to theFort’s closure and abandonment and anappreciation of the cultural history of theGrand Ronde people.This master plan outlines a vision for OPRD’sproperty as well as access to it via GrandRonde property.Fort Yamhill Draft Master Plan07/29/20041
The target date of 2006 was set early in theplanning process. This date recognizes the150th anniversary of the establishment of theGrand Ronde Reservation and theestablishment of Fort Yamhill in 1856. It alsoconveniently corresponds with the events andplanned celebrations associated with the Lewisand Clark Bicentennial. The Tribes will hostthe National Park Services TravelingMuseum, Corps II commemorating the Lewisand Clark expedition in March 2006.A Shared VisionThis plan was developed through apartnership between OPRD and theConfederated Tribes of Grand Ronde andreflects the mission and vision statements foreach of these two entities.OPRD’s Mission“Provide and protectoutstanding natural,scenic, cultural, historicand recreational sitesfor the enjoyment andeducation of presentand futuregenerations.”Confederated Tribes’ of Grand RondeVisionCTGR’s vision is to be atribal community knownas a caring people,dedicated to the principlesof honesty and integrity,building community,individual responsibilityand self-sufficiencythrough personalempowerment, and responsible stewardshipof human and natural resources; acommunity willing to act with courage inpreserving tribal cultures and traditions forall future generations.Fort Yamhill offers an opportunity to connectto the history, culture and traditions soimportant to the CTGR community whilepreserving these same values for futuregenerations.The Fort Yamhill Plan is part of OPRD’smission to preserve Oregon’s rich culturalheritage and broaden the public’sunderstanding of Oregon’s historic places andevents. OPRD will follow principles of goodcultural resource management of this historicsite and provide for an enhanced visitorexperience through the delivery of interpretiveprograms.Fort Yamhill Draft Master Plan07/29/20042
Fort Yamhill: A Look BackThe site has a long, interesting history. TheYamhill band of the Kalapuyas lived in theYamhill River Valley, long before Europeansettlers arrived. In 1856 the Army moved thenative Indian peoples of the Willamette Valleyand the southern Oregon Coast to the CoastIndian Reservation. Fort Yamhill was one ofthree “reservation forts” established in Oregonafter the Grand Ronde Reservation wascreated; the other two were Fort Hoskins andFort Umpqua (see figure 2). These Forts, plusthe Siletz Blockhouse outpost, served as a kindof buffer zone between the settlers and NativeAmerican people, protecting both populationsand controlling traffic between them.OPRD conducted a cultural assessment andfield survey in 1991. The assessment revealedthe location of major buildings that onceoccupied the site — at least 24. The Fortincluded a sentry box, officers’ quarters,barracks, carpenter's shop, blacksmith shop,hospital, cookhouses, stables, barn, sutler’sstore, laundress quarters and more. FamedCivil War General Philip H. Sheridan, then and2 Lieutenant, supervised the construction ofsome buildings at Fort Yamhill. Thenoteworthy wooden blockhouse wassubsequently used much of the time as a jail,both on the post and in later years. In 1911 itwas moved to the town of Dayton, where itstill stands.Perhaps the most fascinating and enigmaticstructure at the site is an abandoned house,reported to have been the home of Lt. PhilipSheridan. Sheridan was an officer at FortYamhill but the use of the house by Sheridanhas not been verified. What is certain is thatthe house encases relocated remains of one ofthe Fort’s officers’ quarters.At the start of the Civil War, troops of the 4thCalifornia Infantry were quartered at FortYamhill, enduring a rather dull existence whilethe “regular army” was fighting the sporadicFort Yamhill Draft Master Plan07/29/2004battles that characterized the western CivilWar. The Fort was abandoned anddisassembled in 1866, and its buildingsauctioned off to the public. The governmentdid not fare well in the proceedings: buildingsthat cost 36, 053 to build were sold for 1,260 in 1866. The blockhouse itself soldfor 2.50. For the next 121 years, the landwas farmed, and it remained in private handsuntil it was acquired by State Parks.Future Development at FortYamhill State Heritage AreaThe Master Plan outlines a vision for thepartial restoration of the Fort site. Under thisscenario important landscape elements wouldbe reconstructed to provide visitors with anunderstanding of the scale and layout of theFort. Old Fort Road would be restored forpedestrian use. A 50-space parking lot wouldbe located at the terminus of the primaryaccess road. Adjacent to the parking area areinterpretive panels overlooking the valleybelow with Spirit Mountain in thebackground. The park’s restroom would belocated close to the parking area.From the parking lot and interpretive areavisitors will follow a path, across Old FortRoad to a picket fence encircling the paradeground. They would enter through the gatein the fence. Their eyes would focus on thereconstructed blockhouse overlooking theparade ground that would be demarcated bythe white picket fence, and accentuated bylarge Oregon white oaks. A tall flagpole willidentify the center of this sloping paradeground. At the blockhouse visitors wouldlearn about the Fort from interpretive panels,and take in the view to Spirit Mountain, animportant cultural icon for the Grand Rondepeople, and the Grand Ronde Valley below.The restored white washed officers’ quarterson the crest of the hill will draw visitors to theeastern edge of the Fort. A trail will bring thevisitors through the Fort. Boulders, or other3
means, will mark the corners of the known 24buildings. Additional trails would leadvisitors to strategic viewpoints overlooking theSouth Yamhill Valley and other importantvistas.The Fort restoration includes the relocation ofthe Bonneville Power Administration’stransmission lines to the south perimeter ofthe OPRD property. The realignment willcross private lands and require additionaleasements or land purchases prior toconstruction.section of road has sufficient length to seeoncoming traffic. The proposed primaryentrance road will cross Cosper Creekrequiring the construction of a new bridge.The proposed alignment follows the slopeproviding access to all of the planned usesincluding a potential campground on Triballands and the Fort, as well as access to theTribes’ timber management areas. A knollprovides a visual barrier between the Fort andfuture developable land on Tribes’ property.This road will be developed in partnershipwith OPRD and CTGR.A new entrance road is proposed to the northof Old Fort Road through Tribal lands.Currently access to the properties is located onOld Fort Road, the historic route prior to theconstruction of Hebo Road along CosperCreek. At the recommendation of theOregon Department of Transportation(ODOT), the new entrance road is sitedfurther to the north to allow safe access byproviding adequate sight distance. ThisFort Yamhill Draft Master Plan07/29/20044
erspCoPrivateKissing RockOfficer’s Quarters Under RestorationPrivateOregon Parks andRecreation Department55 acresProposed Access RoadPrivateClose Old Fort RoadHebo Road/Hwy. 22Park EntranceCreekFlag PoleHistoric Parade GroundNORTHNOT TO SCALEProposed Realignment ofPower Line CorridorPrivate -pursue acquisitionPrivateProposed Day Use Parking Areawith RestroomPolk County2.7 acresConfederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde139 acresPrivateFort Yamhill State Heritage SiteDraft Master PlanConceptual Plan for 2006Sesquicentennial Celebration
CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTIONThis plan was developed with guidance fromthe Grand Ronde Tribal Council with muchwork and dedication from Tribal staff, StatePark staff and a community of interestedcitizens who worked together to develop theconcepts outlined in this plan. Much work isstill needed to make this plan a reality by2006, OPRD’s target date for opening. Thismaster plan also outlines a strategy and definescritical implementation steps to be undertakenby OPRD.Useful Products of thisMaster Planning Processx Creates the basis for a valuable planningpartnership between the Tribes, PolkCounty, OPRD and the neighboringcommunities.x Develops a unified vision for the State’sproperty that all parties and thecommunity can work toward.x Provides a forum for discussing importantissues and identifying potential solutions.x Compiles past research and informationinto one document including a GISdatabase, Planning Atlas and summarydocuments to help aid future efforts.OPRD and the Tribes jointly developedthis research that provides the backgroundinformation used to formulate this plan.x Creates an opportunity for publicinvolvement and understanding of projectconstraints.x Provides a strategy for future planningefforts and development timelines.x Defines next steps as related to additionalhistoric and archaeological researchneeded.x Defines natural resource management inthe context of the cultural landscape.Fort Yamhill Draft Master Plan07/29/2004The Planning ProcessPartnership DevelopmentThe Fort Yamhill planning effort began inJune 2000 shortly after the ConfederatedTribes of Grand Ronde purchased a 139-acreparcel adjacent to Fort Yamhill State HistoricSite, a 55-acre parcel of the land owned by theOregon Parks and Recreation Department.The property purchased by the Tribes wasconsidered a critical piece needed forappropriate facility development and access asidentified in the OPRD “Fort YamhillFeasibility Study” completed in 1991, shortlyafter OPRD acquired the Fort site.In the spring of 2000, soon after the Tribes’acquisition of the adjacent property, OPRDstaff met with tribal staff to explorepartnership opportunities. Michael Carrier,OPRD’s Director, made a presentation toTribal Council in July 2001 inquiring about afuture partnership between OPRD and theTribes. At the conclusion of this meeting theTribal Council recommended that partnershipand development opportunities be furtherexplored. Tribal staff and
Fort site in 1988; The CTGR owns approximately 139.5 acres that was acquired in 2000; and Polk County owns a 2.72 acre parcel. The Fort Yamhill State Heritage Area is in northern Polk County, about 1/2 mile north of Valley Junction. Although, Oregon State Parks has owned the property sin
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