Final Zambia Sanitation Policy Case Study For Discussion
DRAFT Zambia:Sanitation Policy and Planning Framework Case Study for Discussion
Table of ContentsTable of Contents . iiFigures. iiTables . iiBoxes. iiAcronyms and Abbreviations . iiiAbout the case studies. 11.Introduction . 42.National institutional arrangements for sanitation in Zambia . 43.Policy and planning framework for sanitation in Zambia . 64.3.1.Constitution . 63.2.Laws . 63.3.Regulations and standards . 73.4.National development plans . 103.5.Policies . 113.6.Plans and strategies . 12Looking ahead . 15References . 16Glossary. 18FiguresFigure 1. Overview of elements policy and planning frameworks . 1Figure 2: Overview of sanitation policy and planning frameworks in Zambia . 3TablesTable 1. Supporting ministries and institutions with responsibilities in the Zambia sanitation sector(Country consultation 2018) . 5Table 2: Zambia service level standards for urban onsite and offsite sanitation (GRZ 2010a, p.66) . 8Table 3: Examples of new regulations covering aspects of the sanitation service chain . 9Table 4. Sanitation strategies and programmes as outlined by the 7NDP (GRZ 2017) . 10BoxesBox 1: WHO Guidelines on Sanitation and Health . 2Box 2: NWASCO's regulatory tools (NWASCO 2019) . 5Box 3: Definition latrine accommodation in the Public Health Act Cap 295 of the Laws of Zambia . 9ii
Acronyms and PNUSSNWASCOODFSDGWASHWHOZEMAThe 7th National Development PlanAfrica Sanitation Policy GuidelinesDevolution Trust FundFaecal sludge managementUN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-WaterGovernment of the Republic of ZambiaMinistry of Local GovernmentMinistry of General EducationMinistry of HealthMinistry of Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental ProtectionNational Urban and Peri-Urban Sanitation StrategyNational Water Supply and Sanitation CouncilOpen defecation freeSustainable Development GoalsWater, Sanitation and HygieneWorld Health OrganizationZambia Environmental Management Agencyiii
About the case studiesGlobally, access to sanitation has fallen behind access to drinking-water. In the Millennium Development Goal(MDG) era, the target for drinking-water was met five years ahead of schedule. In contrast, the target foraccess to basic sanitation was not achieved, despite 2.1 billion people having gained access to improvedsanitation during that time (United Nations 2018). Today, as countries work to achieve their own nationaltargets and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), there is increased demand for guidance on how bestto establish a supportive enabling environment for sanitation through strong policies, plans and legalframeworks that will support and accelerate progress towards the SDG 6 targets on sanitation.Considering this demand, the UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water(GLAAS) has conducted case studies on sanitation policy and planning frameworks in the following sevencountries: Bangladesh, Kenya, Mali, Nepal, Senegal, Uganda and Zambia. The objective of the case studies isto present evidence on the scope and content of sanitation frameworks, and specifically, to understand howand to what extent elements of SDG 6 and the WHO Guidelines on Sanitation and Health (Box 1) align withthe frameworks. To do so, the case studies review existing sanitation policy and planning frameworks,presenting information on institutional arrangements, national development plans, laws, regulations andstrategies, policies, plans and the inclusion of monitoring and financing in these policy and planningframeworks (Figure 1).Figure 1. Overview of elements policy and planning frameworksKey findings from the case studies have been incorporated into the GLAAS 2019 report, which is thematicallyfocused on national policies, plans and targets for water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). With this lens, theGLAAS 2019 report summarizes findings on WASH systems from 115 countries including aspects related togovernance, monitoring, human resources and financing to the WASH sector.The case studies are a source of evidence for the development of the Africa Sanitation Policy Guidelines(ASPG). The African Ministers’ Council on Water is leading the development of the ASPG with support fromthe World Health Organization (WHO) through GLAAS and the Center for Water Security and Cooperation. Theobjective of the ASPG is to provide guidance to policy-makers and those supporting the policy-making process1
in Africa on how to develop effective sanitation policies and what should be included in effective sanitationpolicies. To develop the ASPG, AMCOW has convened a task force comprised of sanitation and policy experts.In addition to providing evidence to support the development of the ASPG, GLAAS is developing a policyassessment tool to track and assess the content of sanitation policies. The policy assessment tool will cover anumber of key criteria that effective sanitation policies should include. To develop the key criteria, WHO willconsult members of the ASPG task force as well as a broader range of stakeholders, including policy-makersand development partners in the seven case study countries. The policy assessment tool will incorporateelements of the ASPG and the WHO Guidelines on Sanitation and Health and can be used to monitorimplementation of the ASPG and aspects of the WHO Guidelines on Sanitation and Health. The first iterationof the policy assessment tool is expected in 2020 and will be piloted in the seven case study countries with aplan to eventually scale up the tool globally.This report presents the case study on sanitation policy and planning frameworks in Zambia. A schematicoverview of the documents reviewed for this report is presented in Error! Reference source not found. andcan be used as a reference point throughout the report. For the purposes of this case study, sanitation isdefined as the safe management of human excreta and does not include wider environmental sanitation.Given this definition, this report does not present findings on frameworks related to solid waste management.In order to narrow the scope, this report presents findings from these frameworks through the lens of the SDG6 and WHO Guidelines on Sanitation and Health, specifically focusing on types of sanitation services includedin the frameworks, and how the frameworks address vulnerable populations, institutional WASH and publicparticipation.Box 1: WHO Guidelines on Sanitation and HealthIn October 2018, WHO released the first-ever Guidelines on Sanitation and Health.1 The guidelines weredeveloped because sanitation programmes have not been achieving anticipated health gains and therewas a lack of authoritative health-based guidance on sanitation. They set out four principalrecommendations:1. Sanitation interventions should ensure entire communities have access to toilets that safelycontain excreta.2. The full sanitation system should undergo local health risk assessments to protect individualsand communities from exposure to excreta – whether this be from unsafe toilets, leakingstorage or inadequate treatment.3. Sanitation should be integrated into regular local government-led planning and serviceprovision to avert the higher costs associated with retrofitting sanitation and to ensuresustainability.4. The health sector should invest more and play a coordinating role in sanitation planning toprotect public health.The guidelines are intended for use by national and local authorities responsible for the safety ofsanitation systems and services including policy-makers, planners, implementers and those responsiblefor the development, implementation and monitoring of standards and regulations, including healthauthorities. The WHO Guidelines on Sanitation and Health will also support and strengthen thedevelopment of the ASPG.WHO (2018) WHO Guidelines on Sanitation and Health. World Health Organization, Geneva. Available at:https://www.who.int/water sanitation elines/en/ [Accessed 25 May 2019].12
Amended 2016Constitution of the People’s Republic of ZambiaConstitution1991The Local Government ActLaws2000Statutory Instrument No. 63Regulations/Standards2013Statutory Instrument No. 1122011The Environmental Management Act1997The Water Supply and Sanitation Act2018Urban Onsite Sanitation andFaecal Sludge ManagementFramework for Provisionand Regulation2018Rural Water Supply andSanitation Framework forProvision and Regulation2010National Urban WaterSupply and SanitationProgramme1995The Public Health Act2006Zambia Vision 2030National Development Plans20177th National Development Plan 2017–2021PoliciesSanitation Plans2010The National Water Policy2007The National Policy onEnvironmentExpected 2019National Water, Sanitation andSolid Waste Management Policy2015National Urban and Peri-UrbanSanitation Strategic Plan 201520302012The National Health Policy2018Open Defecation Free ZambiaStrategy 2018-2030Figure 2: Overview of sanitation policy and planning frameworks in Zambia32014The National SocialProtection Policy2014The National Gender Policy
1. IntroductionUntil recently, the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) had characterized sanitation as a subsector of water supply, rather than developing and implementing strategies that were specific tosanitation. As in many countries, sanitation had been given a lower priority than water supply in thepolicy and planning frameworks – WASH policies, legislative and regulatory frameworks in Zambia, aswell as institutional arrangements focused primarily on water supply.Since 2015, with the acknowledgement that “urbanization, population growth and lack of planninghave generated ‘sanitation stress’ mainly in low income areas,” (GRZ 2015, p. 9), Zambia began toconsolidate its legislative and policy frameworks to focus explicitly on sanitation, taking intoconsideration the entire sanitation chain and the SDGs. This shift in thinking came from the realizationthat, “Despite important improvements in the field of water supply, sanitation continues to lag behindand it is unlikely that the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving the number of peoplewithout access to adequate sanitation by 2015, will be met,” (ibid., p.1). This new focus was furtherdemonstrated by the establishment of a new ministry in 2016 with sanitation as one of its mandates– the Ministry of Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental Protection (MWDSEP).In 2018, three key documents specific to sanitation were published: the Rural Sanitation Frameworkfor Provision and Regulation; the Urban Onsite Sanitation and Faecal Sludge Management Frameworkfor Provision and Regulation; and the Open Defecation Free (ODF) Zambia Strategy. With a focus onsanitation, these documents are a major step in raising the profile of sanitation in Zambia. Moreover,in November 2018, at the country’s first Sanitation Summit held in Lusaka, the GRZ recognized that inregard to reducing child morbidity and mortality “sanitation is one of the best investments agovernment and partners can make,” (GRZ 2018a, p.1). Moreover, the anticipated National WaterSupply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management Policy2 is expected to continue the shifting focus andmoment for sanitation in Zambia.2. National institutional arrangements for sanitation in ZambiaIn Zambia, the MWDSEP is the lead agency for sanitation at the national level and is responsible forsector oversight and policy development. The MWDSEP also implements policy and coordinates thewater and sanitation sector. As part of coordinating the sector, MWDSEP leads the Water SectorAdvisory Group, which is a collaboration and coordination forum comprised of line ministries,academic institutions, development partners and other relevant stakeholders.Another key institution at the national level is the National Water Supply and Sanitation Council(NWASCO), which is an independent regulator. NWASCO’s primary responsibilities are the regulationof sanitation services providers in both urban and rural contexts (mainly commercial utilities) throughthe implementation of regulatory tools such as licensing, performance management and inspections(see Section 3.3 for additional information on regulations). NWASCO’s responsibilities also includedeveloping guidelines for various aspects of sanitation, including tariff setting.At the time of writing, the Draft Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management Policy had not yet been adoptedand, therefore, is not reviewed in this case study. However, various definitions and measures within the policy are referredto in documents that have been reviewed.24
Box 2: NWASCO's regulatory tools (NWASCO 2019) Licensing: NWASCO is responsible for the issuance, administration and management of licenses toservice providers which specify both the operating area and the conditions for each service provider.Monitoring and performance reporting: NWASCO carries out inspections on premises to ensure thatprovisions of the Water Supply and Sanitation Act No.28 are being carried out. In addition, performanceindicators are used to compare service providers and to set benchmarks for indicators such ascoverage, hours of service and staffing.Water supply and sanitation guidelines: NWASCO has developed guidelines for aspects of sanitationservices provision such as tariff levels and minimum service levels.Service level agreements and guarantees: NWASCO monitors performance of service providers againstservice level guarantees which must not be lower than the Minimum Service Level Guidelines.Pro-poor regulation: NWASCO also regulated and administered the Devolution Trust Fund (DTF). TheDTF was operational between 2003 and 2018 as a multi-donor basket fund. The objective of the DTFwas to assist water supply and sanitation utilities to improve service delivery particularly to the lowincome population in the urban and low-income areas of Zambia.Regulatory enhancement: Additional tools such as the engagement of part time inspectors in differentparts of the country, regulation by incentives, and special regulatory supervision enhance NWASCO’sregulatory tools.The Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) is the responsible agency for regulatingeffluent discharge. ZEMA is responsible for issuing waste management licenses to all sanitation serviceproviders (including local authorities) to “reclaim, re-use, recover or recycle waste; collect of disposeof waste; transport waste to a disposal site; own, construct or operate a waste disposal site or transit,trade in or export waste,” (GRZ 2011, p.135).Other ministries at the national level also play a role in sanitation (Table 1). Coordination among thedifferent ministries is facilitated by the Water Supply and Sanitation Sub-Committee of the WaterSector Advisory Group.Table 1. Supporting ministries and institutions with responsibilities in the Zambia sanitation sector(Country consultation 2018)MinistryMinistry of Local GovernmentMinistry of HealthMinistry of GenderMinistry of CommunityDevelopment and Social ServicesMinistry of Tourism, Environmentand Natural ResourcesRoleResponsible for ensuring service provision.Responsible for WASH infrastructure (including operations andmaintenance) in health care facilities.Ensures participation of women in infrastructure planning throughWater, Sanitation and Hygiene Education Committees.Ensures access to sanitation for poor and vulnerable householdsthrough social assistance programmes.Plays a role in sanitation, mainly with regard to wastewater and isresponsible for advising local authorities on the development ofsanitation master plans and also advising on appropriate technologies.Zambia Bureau of StandardsDefines the technical standards that must be utilized by the variousactors in the sanitation sector to enable the installation of sanitationsystems that provide affordable but good quality services.Ministry of General EducationSupporting the MWDSEP in creating demand for sanitation in schoolsand assisting in planning for sanitation and hygiene promotion. Alsoresponsible for the management of sanitation infrastructure in schools.5
3. Policy and planning framework for sanitation in ZambiaThis section reviews the policy and planning frameworks for sanitation in Zambia. In order to narrowthe scope, this section presents findings through the lens of the SDG 6 and WHO Guidelines onSanitation and Health. Therefore, only select content is summarized. As presented in Figure 2, thissection begins by summarizing the extent to which sanitation is recognized in the constitution,followed by sections on laws, regulations, national development plans, policies and plans. Please seethe glossary to understand how these frameworks are distinguished.3.1.ConstitutionThe Constitution of GRZ establishes that local authorities have exclusive functions over water andsanitation services “limited to potable water supply systems and domestic waste-water and sewagedisposal systems,” (GRZ 2016). While GLAAS has consistently found that the majority of countriesrecognize the human right to sanitation in their constitutions and/or laws, Zambia’s Constitution doesnot recognize the right to sanitation (ibid.; GLAAS country survey 2018).3.2.LawsThis section reviews the following laws:§§§§1997 National Water and Sanitation Act No. 281991 Local Government Act Cap 281 of the Laws of Zambia2011 Environmental Management Act No. 121995 The Public Health Act Chapter 295The key legislation governing san
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Framework for Provision and Regulation 2010 The National Water Policy 2000 Statutory Instrument No. 63 2014 . Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management Policy2 is expected to continue the shifting focus and moment for sanitation in Zambia. 2. National institutional arrangements for sanitation in Zambia
Constitution of Zambia (Amendment) [No. 2 of 2016 9 An Act to amend the Constitution of Zambia. [ 5th January, 2016 ENACTED by the Parliament of Zambia. 1. This Act may be cited as the Constitution of Zambia
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Given hostile social and political contexts little is known and researched on sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) in Zambia, although pockets of information are opening. legislative and policy environment 2 canaries in the coal mines – an analysis of spaces for LGBTI activism in Zambia 6 country report: Zambia
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QUALITATIVE STUDY FROM ZAMBIA ON BARRIERS TO AND FACILITATORS OF LIFE-LONG LEARNING (SUMMARY OF RESULTS) Central Statistical Office Lusaka, Zambia Ministry of Community Development and Social Services Lusaka, Zambia DECEMBER 2018 Professor Jacob R.S. Malungo Professor Dabie Nabuzoka Dr Ravi Paul Mr Nkenda Sachingongu (University of Zambia) Editors:
Overall Development Achievements and Challenges 14 Zambia’s Efforts in Achieving the Millennium Development Goals 16 CHAPTER 2 Comparative Advantage of the United Nations in Zambia 21 CHAPTER 3 Zambia–United Nations Sustainable Development Partnership Framework Results Pillars 25
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