Density Based Traffic Signal System Using PIC Microcontroller
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) – Volume 47 Number 1 May 2017Density Based Traffic Signal System usingPIC MicrocontrollerSaiba P A*1, Afeefa M U#2, Aruna T S#3, Clincy Jose#4, Radhika V M#5*1Assistant Professor, University of Calicut, Computer Science Department, I E S College of EngineeringChittilappilly P. O, Thrissur, Kerala-680 551, India.#University of Calicut, Computer Science Department, I E S College of EngineeringChittilappilly P. O, Thrissur, Kerala-680 551, India.Abstract— The aim of our project is to develop aDensity Based Traffic Signal System using PICmicrocontroller. Nowadays, controlling the trafficbecomes more difficult because of rapid increase inthe number of automobiles and due to large timedelays between traffic signals. In order to reducethis problem, we can choose density based trafficsignal system. In this system, we will use IR sensorsto measure the traffic density. We have to mountthree IR sensors for each road; the distance betweenthese sensors will depend on nature of traffic on aparticular junction. These sensors will sense thetraffic on that particular road. All these sensors areinterfaced to the PIC microcontroller. Based onthese sensors, controller detects the traffic anddynamically set up the time delay of signals.Keywords - Traffic signal system, traffic densityPIC microcontroller, IR sensor.I. INTRODUCTIONThe traffic signal was first discovered in 1912 bya Detroit policeman named Lester Wire like twocolour, red-and-green light with a buzzer to warnpedestrians ahead of the impending transition. Afterthat, in 1920, this basic design was updated byWilliam Potts to include the tri-coloured red, yellow,and green lights widely used today. This simple,three-color icon has allowed for nearly a centurywith little change, using modern technologies suchas automatic timers, diode lights and motion sensors.Traffic signals are mainly developed to ensure thecorrect flow of traffic, provide an opportunity forpedestrians or vehicles to cross a junction and helpto reduce the number of collisions between vehiclesentering intersections from opposite directions.Traffic signals should be considered when they willalleviate more problems than they create. Awarranted signal properly operated may provide formore orderly movement of traffic, and reduce theoccurrence of certain types of collisions.Unwarranted signals can result in increased crashes,delays and congestion.vehicles with limited infrastructure. Under thissituation, the existing traffic light systems which aretimer based are not able to control traffic. To solvethis problem, a real time traffic control system isneeded which will control the traffic signalaccording to traffic density. For effective trafficmanagement and signal control, it‘s important toknow road traffic density. Based on this densityvalue time delay of signals can be set updynamically.The existing traffic signal system is implementedwith delays where the signal transition time slots arefixed and do not depend on current traffic flow. Theexisting traffic system needs to be upgraded to solvethe severe traffic congestion problems. So here wepropose a simple, low-cost, and real time trafficsignal system that aims to overcome many problemsand improves the traffic system. The system is basedon PIC microcontroller that evaluates the trafficdensity using IR sensors mounted on either sides ofeach road and dynamic timing slots with differentlevels. Our system will be very useful for solvingmost of the traffic congestion problems occurstoday.II. LITERATURE REVIEWIn recent years, surveillance systems and videomonitoring [1] have been widely used for trafficcontrol. Historically, there exist several vehicledetectors such as radar, ultrasonic, and microwavedetector. But these sensors are expensive, with lesscapacity and difficult to maintain, difficult forinstallation and implementation and extramaintenance charges be there. Radar sensors areaffected by metal barriers near road [2, 3].In mathematical modeling [1, 4] parameters of avehicle are designed mathematically using thegeometric positions of camera, sunlight and vehicleand compared with values obtained using video. Themanual dependencies between intersections lead to acomplicated derivations with fault parameters. Theseparameters are hazardous and most of the problem isbecause of the variance of these parameters withtime.The traffic congestion problems are increasingday by day because of the increasing number ofISSN: 2231-2803http://www.ijcttjournal.orgPage 74
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) – Volume 47 Number 1 May 2017Several techniques are designed for trafficcongestion detection that is based on sensing [6].Another approach is that measure the traffic densitybased on the number of occupied fraction of roadbased on RF signals which was placed on road side.This method was inefficient because significantmanual work was required at different roads [5].A lot of innovations have been made forpredicting the density of the traffic based on imageprocessing [7, 8]. But these techniques require thegood images whose quality is weather dependent,especially with the rain and the fog. Algorithms tomodel the various states of the traffic such as fuzzylogic were used.Traffic signals operating on fixed signal timingdelays cannot be used properly to control the trafficcongestions. When the traffic density increases morethan a limit on a particular road, it needs larger greenlight duration to reduce the traffic flow. The majorproblem of the existing traffic light system is that thetransition timing slots are fixed in software andunnecessary waiting time when no vehicles arepresent on opposite route. Since the vehicle to standin a proper line due to which many of the trafficoccurs.Our system uses PIC microcontroller that isinterfaced with IR sensors [9]. Three IR transmittersand the IR receiver are placed on each road. Whenan automobile passes between the IR sensors, thephotodiode is activated and the object is detectedcounter is incremented. The collected informationabout the traffic density of each roads of a ‗ ‘junction is analyzed in order to change dynamicallythe delays of green light. Traffic density is measuredas―low,mediumandhigh‖.Based on this density varies the traffic signalduration for a particular way. LCD display is used todisplay the waiting time. The entire procedure willrepeated in a cyclic manner for every road.III. PROPOSED SYSTEM DESIGN ANDMETHODOLOGYThe traffic light issue is a critical problem in dayto day life of that peoples and governments. Theproposed system consists of a traffic light controllerthat manages the traffic lights of a ― ‖ junction ofbidirectional roads. The system consists of a PICmicrocontroller which does all the functionaccording to code. Power supply is given to themicrocontroller and the IR sensor on both the side ofthe road sense the density of traffic and gives theinformation to PIC microcontroller. The controllerprovides output signal to traffic light.Display thewaiting time using LCD Display.ISSN: 2231-2803Fig. 1. Intersection of 4 bidirectional roads.Fig. 1 shows the intersection of four bidirectionalroads (― ‖ junction). There are three IR sensors aremounted on either sides of each road. The distancebetween each IR sensors depend on the nature of thetraffic density. These IR transceivers are used todetect the vehicles passed through it. The IRtransmitter generates a 38 kHz square wave signalwhile the IR receiver connected to the traffic mastercontroller receives the signal. When a vehicle passesthe road between the IR transceivers, the IRradiation spreads and the object is detected. Andvehicle counter is incremented. Then it will input tothe microcontroller, it can change the time delay ofsignals corresponds to the density value.The IR transmitter looks like an LED. The whiteLED indicates IR transmitter and black indicatesreceiver. This IR transmitter emits IR rays from it.The operating voltage of this IR transmitter is 2 to3v. These IR (infra red) rays are invisible to thehuman eye. But we can view these IR rays throughcamera.IR receiver receives IR rays that aretransmitted by IR transmitter. When it is receivingIR rays the resistance is very low. The operatingvoltage of IR receiver also 2 to 3V. We have to placethese IR pair on either sides of each road. IRreceiver should be able to receive the IR rays. Whenwe give the power, the transmitted IR rays hit theobject and reflect back to the IR receiver. Instead oftraffic lights, we can use LEDs (RED, GREEN,YELLOW). In normal traffic system, we have toglow the LEDs on time basis. If the traffic density ishigh on any particular path, then glows green LEDof that particular path and glows the red LEDs forremaining paths.http://www.ijcttjournal.orgPage 75
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) – Volume 47 Number 1 May 2017corresponding transistor also conducts giving anoutput of low logic signal (0V) to themicrocontroller. The same principle works for allother IR sensor- transistor arrangement. Themicrocontroller makes each LED glow for a fixedamount of time. Now if there is presence of vehicles,the communication between the IR transmitter andthe receiver is interrupted, i.e. the photodiodereceives less or no amount of light from the IR diodeand accordingly the base current to the transistorreduces, eventually making the conductor go to offcondition. This causes an output of high logic signalfrom the transistor, to the PIC microcontroller. Themicrocontroller accordingly changes the glow timeof the green LED of the corresponding junction to ahigher value. Thus as number of vehicles increases,the green light glows for more time, allowing aquick flow of traffic from the junction side.Fig. 2. Working of Proposed System.Actually, three modes of lighting transitionslots are there: the normal mode, the traffic jammode, and the soft traffic mode. The three timingslots associated to the normal, jam, and soft modesof traffic are respectively 40, 60, and 20 s. Theshifting between these three modes is donedynamically using software. The timing slots of thedifferent modes are depicted in Table 1.Table I. Timing slots for three modes ofTraffic.Traffic ModesTiming slotsNormal Mode40Jam Mode60Soft Mode20The system architecture was shown in Fig 3. Thesystem is composed of using PIC microcontroller, IRsensors, LEDs and LCD display. In normalconditions, i.e. when there is no vehicle on the road,the IR transmitter or the IR LED transmits IR lightwhich is received by the photodiode, which startsconducting. As the photodiode conducts, theISSN: 2231-2803Fig. 3. Architecture of the proposed system.http://www.ijcttjournal.orgPage 76
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) – Volume 47 Number 1 May 2017Fig. 4. Circuit Diagram of the proposed systemThe code will be compiled by using the HITECH C compiler. The working principle of IRsensors is similar to switches [10], also it isimpossible to interface sensor in a simulation circuit.LED lights have been interfaced across each road torepresent the signal system. LCD display is used todisplay the waiting time for each road. The Switch isclosed to represent the density of the traffic system.When the switch is closed it indicates that the trafficis detected and gives preference to that particularpath. Likewise all the other side's functions based onthe position of switch. We can dynamically set upthe waiting time based on the traffic density (softmode, normal mode, jam mode). After the waitingtime has expired, the preference will shift to the nextpath. The entire procedure will be repeated in acyclic manner for every road.Fig. 4 shows the hardware implemented circuitof the proposed system using the Proteus software.Here we can see that, 12 switches and LEDs areequipped with a microcontroller and a LCD displayalso. In figure, the first switch of way 2 is closedand the remaining switches are open; then glowsgreen LED of that way 2 and glows the red LEDs forremaining paths with a delay of 20 s. Here theyellow light on way 3 indicates that next the systemwill prefer to it. The system is implemented based onvarious electronic components that include: theProgrammable Intelligent Controller or PeripheralInterface Controller (PIC) 16F877A microcontroller,an LCD display device, IR sensors, and many of theISSN: 2231-2803colored LEDs that represent the three lights (red,green, and yellow) of the traffic lights.A. Microcontroller PIC 16F877AThe PIC 16F877A, is an integrated circuit (IC).Itconsumes less power and it contains less number ofpins and more performance. It consisting of a CPU,RAM, ROM, and EEPROM memories. It containsalso clock, timers, A/D converters, and five I/O portsnamed as A,B,C,D, and E. It has 35 instructionsmake it easy and simple to program. Moreover, itspower consumption is low and it has a wideoperating voltage range (2 V to 5.5 V) while itsinput clock operates at up to 20 MHz.Fig. 5. Pin configuration of PIC 16F877Ahttp://www.ijcttjournal.orgPage 77
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) – Volume 47 Number 1 May 2017B. LCD displayLiquid Crystal Display (LCD):16x2 LCD used inthe implemented to display data over 2 lines, each of16 characters. Actually, two types of registers areused to configure the LCD; the command registersand control registers. Other aspects are LCDinitialization, clearing the screen, setting the cursorposition, and controlling display. While the dataregister holds the ASCII code of the characters thatare appeared on the display.C. IR SENSOR AND LEDSAn infrared sensor is an electronic device used todetect the objects. It is used to measure an objectheat or its motion. The IR sensor emits or receivesthe infrared radiations that are invisible for thehuman eye. The working is simple: when IRradiation of the LED reaches the photodiode, theoutput voltages change according to the magnitudeof the IR light(5v or 0v).It is universal that the black colour absorbs theentire radiation incident on it and white colourreflects the entire radiation incident on it. It consistsof an IR LED, a photodiode, a potentiometer, an ICOp-Amp and an LED. IR LED emits infrared light.The Traffic lights consist of three universalcoloured lights: the green light allows traffic toproceed in the indicated direction, the yellow lightwarns vehicles to prepare for short stop, and the redsignal prohibits any traffic from proceeding.IV. CONCLUSIONNowadays, traffic congestion is a main problemin major cities since the traffic signal lights areprogrammed for particular time intervals. However,sometimes the demand for longer green light comesin at the one side of the junction due to huge trafficdensity. Thus, the traffic signal lights system isenhanced to generate traffic-light signals based onthe traffic on roads at that particular instant.The advanced technologies and sensors have giventhe capability to build smart and intelligentembedded systems to solve human problems andfacilitate the life style.Our system is capable of estimating trafficdensity using IR sensors placed on either side of theroads. Based on it, the time delay for the green lightcan be increased and we can reduce unnecessarywaiting time. The whole system is controlled by PICmicrocontroller.Thedesignedsystemisimplemented, tested to ensure its performance andother design factors.ISSN: 2231-2803ACKNOWLEDGMENTWe owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. S. BrillySangeetha –Head of Computer Science Department,for the vision and foresight which inspired us toconceive this project.We also show our sincere thanks to Ms. Saiba P Awho has been guiding us in moulding this projectinto a successful one.Above all, we are very much thankful to theAlmighty God for showering his blessings upon usfor this great success.REFERENCES[1]Fozia Mehboob, Muhammad Abbas, Richard Jiang,Somaya Al-Maadeed ,Ahmed Bouridane, Muhammad AtifTahir,‖Automated Vehicle Density Estimation from RawSurveillanace Videos‖ SAI Computing Conference 2016July 13-15,2016 London ,UK.[2]Celil Ozkurt , Automatic Traffic Density Estimation AndVehicle Classification For Traffic Surveillance SystemsUsing Neural Networks,Mathematical And ComputationalApplications, Vol. 14, No. 3, Pp. 187- 196, 2009.[3]M. Alyürük, Information Technologies Chief at IstanbulTraffic Management Company (ISBAK), Inteview on June2008.[4]Chen Xiao-feng, Shi Zhong-ke and Zhao Kai, ―Researchon an Intelligent Traffic Signal Controller,‖ 2003 man,S.Roy, and P.Sharma. Kyunqueue: A sensor network system tomonitor road traffic queues. In Sensys, Nov 2012.[6]R. Sen, P. Siriah, and B. Raman. Road sound sense:Acoustic sensing based road congestion monitoring indeveloping regions. In IEEE SECON, June 2011.[7]Sarpong Kwadwo Asare, Robert A.Sowah ―Design anddevelopment of a Microcontroller Based Traffic LightControl System Using Image Processing Techniques: ersity of Ghanna‖. IEEE 2012.[8]Mohammad Shahab Uddin Ayon Kumar Das, Md. AbuTaleb, ―Real-time Area Based Traffic Density Estimationby Image Processing for Traffic Signal Control System:Bangladesh Perspective‖ IEEE 21-23 May 2015.[9]Bilal Ghazal,Khaled EIKhatib,Khaled Chahine,MohamadKherfan, ―Smart Traffic Light Control System‖ IEEE 2016.[10]M. Ashwin Kumaar, G. Akshay Kumar, S.M. Shyni―Advanced Traffic Light Control System Using BarrierGate andGSM‖ , 2016 International Conference onComputation of Power, Energy Information andCommunication (ICCPEIC).http://www.ijcttjournal.orgPage 78
Density Based Traffic Signal System using PIC microcontroller. Nowadays, controlling the traffic becomes more difficult because of rapid increase in the number of automobiles and due to large time delays between traffic signals. In order to reduce this problem, we can choose density based traffic signal system.
the destination. The traffic light system designed by Salim Bin Islam provided a design and development of a microcontroller based intelligent traffic control system. He proposed a new intelligent traffic control system that is to control the traffic system through traffic signal on the basis of current traffic density.
Density Based Traffic Signal System: The project is designed to develop a density based dynamic traffic signal system. The signal timing changes automatically on sensing the traffic density at the junction. IR sensors are used to monitor the density of the vehicles at the junction. The signals from the
K.04 Traffic Signals K.04.1 Legal Authority K.04.2 Traffic Signal Timing and Operations K.04.3 Traffic Signal Records K.04.4 Maintenance of Traffic Signals K.04.5 Maintenance of Traffic Signal Controller Unit Model 170 and 2070 K.04.6 Pedestrian Signal Indications K.04.7 Arrow Indications K.04.8 Relamping K.04.9 Traffic Signal Monitors
Traffic police responsible in regulating the traffic signal system based on traffic density. This is a very cumbersome situation as most of the times you do not see the police personnel controlling the traffic signal leading to traffic congestion on the roads. .
Traffic-Roadway Section Traffic Signal Design Manual – Detector Plan January 2021 Page 6-2 6 Detector Plan This chapter will discuss all the design elements that are needed for detection system, in order of the recommended process for designing a new traffic signal. Design of the detection system typically begins after the signal design.
SCATS (Sydney Co-ordinate adaptive traffic system) form some of the best pre-determined off-line timing methods to account for traffic congestion. The Adaptive Signal-Vehicle Co-operative control system [3] provides an optimal traffic signal schedule as well as an optimal vehicle speed advice. The traffic signal scheduling is
Successful traffic signal system The primary purpose of traffic signals is to separate conflicting traffic by the division of time, within the available road space, in a safe, efficient and equitable manner. Conflict at an intersection is manifested as an increase in delay and/or accident rate. The successful traffic signal system will impose .
Etika, Ligji dhe Performanca në Administratën tonë Publike E. Saliaga 5 “Statusi i Nënpunësit Civil”, Ligj Nr. 8549, datë 11.11.1999, Republika e Shqipërisë.
