Appendix C: Silviculture - A123.g.akamai
Appendix C: SilvicultureUnit Treatment TableSmith’s Thinning from Below DiagramTable 1: Desired conditions for large and old trees for differentcombinations of plant association groups and structure classes(UDSA Forest Service 2010).Structural Class Definition Description TableStand Structure and Large and Old Tree Retention Objectives byUnit
Chumstick Detailed Treatment Units – Proposed scribed Fire OnlyFuel ribed Fire OnlyUBnoneZUCZUDZUE1829412NoneNoneNonePrescribed Fire OnlyPrescribed Fire OnlyPrescribed Fire OnlyUBUBUBnonenonenoneZUF190NonePrescribed Fire OnlyUBnoneZUG14NonePrescribed Fire OnlyUBnoneZUH41NonePrescribed Fire OnlyUBnoneZUI56NonePrescribed Fire OnlyUBnoneZUK47NonePrescribed Fire OnlyUBnoneZUL271NonePrescribed Fire OnlyUBnoneZUM200NonePrescribed Fire OnlyUBnoneZUN31NonePrescribed Fire OnlyUBnoneZUO13NonePrescribed Fire OnlyUBnoneZUP27NonePrescribed Fire OnlyUBnoneZUR21NonePrescribed Fire OnlyUBnoneFBA32NoneFuel BreakFBB7NoneFuel BreakFBC12NoneFuel BreakFBD157NoneFuel BreakMechanical FuelsTreatmentsMechanical FuelsTreatmentsMechanical fuelsTreatmentsMechanical FuelsTreatmentsChipping of slash,biomass removalChipping of slash,biomass removalChipping of slash,biomass removalChipping of slash,biomass removalChumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project, Appendix C, SilvicultureWenatchee River Ranger DistrictOkanogan-Wenatchee National ForestPage C-2Additional Design Criteria andMitigation Measures
Chumstick Detailed Treatment Units – Proposed ActionUnitAcresYardingSystemTreatmentFuel TreatmentAdditionalTreatmentsFBD NDA3NoneFuel BreakMechanical FuelsTreatmentsChipping of slash,biomass removalWithin commercial harvest unitNDAFBD NDB4NoneFuel BreakMechanical fuelstreatmentsChipping of slash,biomass removalWithin commercial harvest unitNDBFBD NDC1NoneFuel BreakMechanical FuelsTreatmentsChipping of slash,biomass removalWithin commercial harvest unitNDCFBD NDD3NoneFuel BreakMechanical FuelsTreatmentsChipping of slash,biomass removalWithin commercial harvest unitNDDFBD SBA7NoneFuel BreakMechanical FuelsTreatmentsChipping of slash,biomass removalWithin commercial harvest unitSBAFBD SBD10NoneFuel BreakMechanical FuelsTreatmentsChipping of slash,biomass removalWithin commercial harvest unitSBDFBD SBE11NoneFuel BreakMechanical FuelsTreatmentsChipping of slash,biomass removalWithin commercial harvest unitSBEChumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project, Appendix C, SilvicultureWenatchee River Ranger DistrictOkanogan-Wenatchee National ForestPage C-3Additional Design Criteria andMitigation Measures
Chumstick Detailed Treatment Units – Proposed ActionUnitAcresYardingSystemFBD SBF1NoneFuel BreakFBE7NoneFuel BreakFBF2NoneFuel BreakFBF3NoneFuel BreakFBF NDL5NoneFuel BreakMechanical FuelsTreatmentsChipping of slash,biomass removalFBG7NoneFuel BreakMechanical FuelsTreatmentsChipping of slash,biomass removalFBD TK1NoneFuel BreakMechanical FuelsTreatmentsChipping of slash,biomass removalTA2NoneMechanical FuelsTreatmentUBChipping of slashTB2NoneMechanical FuelsTreatmentUBChipping of slashTC14NoneTreatmentFuel TreatmentAdditionalTreatmentsMechanical FuelsTreatmentsChipping of slash,biomass removalMechanical FuelsTreatmentsMechanical FuelsTreatmentsMechanical FuelsTreatmentsChipping of slash,biomass removalChipping of slash,biomass removalChipping of slash,biomass removalMechanical FuelsTreatmentChumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project, Appendix C, SilvicultureWenatchee River Ranger DistrictOkanogan-Wenatchee National ForestHand pile/burn,Chipping of slash,biomass removalPage C-4Additional Design Criteria andMitigation MeasuresWithin commercial harvest unitSBFWithin Mechanical FuelsTreatment unit TKDense young Plantation No UB.Piles shall be no closer thanfifteen (15) feet to leave trees,old stumps, snags, downed logs,any improvements, privateproperty, trails, existing fences.
Chumstick Detailed Treatment Units – Proposed ActionUnitAcresYardingSystemTreatmentFuel TreatmentAdditionalTreatmentsTD1TENoneMechanical FuelsTreatmentUBChipping of slash50NoneMechanical FuelsTreatmentChipping of slashTI5NoneMechanical FuelsTreatmentChipping of slashTJ10NoneMechanical FuelsTreatmentChipping of slashTK9NoneMechanical FuelsTreatmentChipping of slashTL5NoneMechanical FuelsTreatmentTM12NoneMechanical FuelsTreatmentChipping of slashTN5NoneMechanical FuelsTreatmentChipping of slashTO16NoneMechanical FuelsTreatmentChipping of slashPlantation, hand pile to protect treesTP8NoneMechanical FuelsTreatmentChipping of slashPlantation, hand pile to protect treesTR16NoneMechanical FuelsTreatmentChipping of slashTU19NoneMechanical FuelsTreatmentChipping of slashChumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project, Appendix C, SilvicultureWenatchee River Ranger DistrictOkanogan-Wenatchee National ForestUBAdditional Design Criteria andMitigation MeasuresChipping of slashPage C-5Plantation, hand pile to protect trees
Chumstick Detailed Treatment Units – Proposed AG19ECF38ECH14ECL56ECQ15ECR9NDR8GroundBased WinterGroundBased WinterGroundBased WinterGroundBased edSummerTreatmentFuel TreatmentMechanical FuelsTreatmentAdditionalTreatmentsChipping of slashCommercial ThinLTA, MechanicalFuels Treatments,UBCommercial ThinLTA, UBExcavator pileslashCommercial ThinLTA, UBExcavator pileslashCommercial ThinLTA, MechanicalFuels Treatments,UBCommercial ThinLTA, JPBExcavator pileslashCommercial ThinLTA, UBExcavator pileslashCommercial ThinLTAExcavator pileslashCommercial ThinLTAExcavator pileslashCommercial ThinLTAExcavator pileslashCommercial ThinLTA, UBExcavator pileslashChumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project, Appendix C, SilvicultureWenatchee River Ranger DistrictOkanogan-Wenatchee National ForestExcavator pileslashExcavator pileslashPage C-6Additional Design Criteria andMitigation Measures
Chumstick Detailed Treatment Units – Proposed ActionUnitAcresYardingSystemTreatmentFuel cial ThinNoneNoneNDE26HelicopterCommercial ThinMechanical FuelsTreatments, NoUBNoneNDF11HelicopterCommercial ThinNo PrescribedFireNoneNDG11HelicopterCommercial ThinNDH49HelicopterCommercial ThinNDL142HelicopterCommercial ThinMechanical FuelsTreatmentsNoneNDQ32HelicopterCommercial ThinMechanical FuelsTreatments, UBNoneSBK35HelicopterCommercial ThinMechanical FuelsTreatment, UBNoneWAA22HelicopterCommercial ThinWAE14HelicopterWAI29WAJECBNo PrescribedFireNo l FuelsTreatments, UBMechanical FuelsTreatmentsWhip fell, JPB,plantHelicopterCommercial ThinUBNone60HelicopterCommercial Thin14SkylineRegenerationHarvestChumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project, Appendix C, SilvicultureWenatchee River Ranger DistrictOkanogan-Wenatchee National ForestAdditional Design Criteria andMitigation MeasuresNoneMechanical FuelsTreatments, UBLTA, MechanicalFuels TreatmentsUBPage C-7NonePlantRoad access across private needed
Chumstick Detailed Treatment Units – Proposed l ThinECD90SkylineCommercial ThinECE19SkylineCommercial ThinTreatmentFuel TreatmentLTA, MechanicalFuels Treatments,JPBLTA, MechanicalFuels Treatments,JPBAdditionalTreatmentsLTA, JPBNoneNoneNoneLTA, Pullback toprotect largediameter trees,UBLTA, MechanicalFuels Treatments,UBECG30SkylineCommercial ThinECI162SkylineCommercial ThinECJ11SkylineCommercial ThinLTANoneECK10SkylineCommercial ThinLTANoneECM13SkylineCommercial ThinLTANoneECN33SkylineCommercial ThinLTANoneECO7SkylineRegenerationHarvestLTAJPB, plantECP112SkylineCommercial ThinLTANoneNDA40SkylineRegenerationHarvestLTA, MechanicalFuels TreatmentplantChumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project, Appendix C, SilvicultureWenatchee River Ranger DistrictOkanogan-Wenatchee National ForestAdditional Design Criteria andMitigation MeasuresPage C-8NoneNoneDwarf Mistletoe levels severe;;pullback to protect leavepatches/trees
Chumstick Detailed Treatment Units – Proposed onHarvestLTA, MechanicalFuels Treatments,UBplantDwarf Mistletoe levels severepullback to protect TA MechanicalFuels Treatments,UBplantDwarf Mistletoe levels severe.pullback to protect leavepatches/treesNDD20SkylineCommercial ThinLTA MechanicalFuels Treatments,UBNoneNDI157SkylineCommercial ThinLTA MechanicalFuels Treatments,UBNoneNDJ42SkylineCommercial ThinLTA, UBNoneNDN4SkylineCommercial ThinNDO18SkylineCommercial ThinNDP29SkylineCommercial ThinLTA, UBNoneNDS12SkylineCommercial ThinLTA, NoPrescribed FireNoneTreatmentChumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project, Appendix C, SilvicultureWenatchee River Ranger DistrictOkanogan-Wenatchee National ForestFuel TreatmentUBAdditionalTreatmentsLTA MechanicalFuels Treatments,UBLTA MechanicalFuels Treatments,UBPage C-9Additional Design Criteria andMitigation MeasuresNoneNoneDownhill; Full suspension requiredover riparian; Road access acrossprivate needed
Chumstick Detailed Treatment Units – Proposed ActionUnitAcresYardingSystemNDT47SkylineCommercial ThinSBA51SkylineCommercial ThinLTANoneSBB35SkylineRegenerationHarvestLTA, MechanicalFuels Treatment,UBplantSBC25SkylineCommercial ThinLTANoneSBD34SkylineCommercial ThinLTA, UBNoneSBF46SkylineCommercial ThinLTA, UBSBH57SkylineCommercial ThinSBJ37SkylineCommercial ThinWAB48SkylineCommercial ThinLTA, MechanicalFuels TreatmentsNoneWAC39SkylineRegenerationHarvestLTA, MechanicalFuels treatmentsplantWAD39SkylineRegenerationHarvestLTA, MechanicalFuels Treatments,UBplantTreatmentChumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project, Appendix C, SilvicultureWenatchee River Ranger DistrictOkanogan-Wenatchee National ForestFuel TreatmentLTA, MechanicalFuels Treatments,UBAdditionalTreatmentsLTA, MechanicalFuels Treatments,UBLTA, MechanicalFuels Treatments,No UBPage C-10Additional Design Criteria andMitigation MeasuresNoneHeavy DMTNoneNoneDwarf Mistletoe levels severepullback to protect leavepatches/trees.
Chumstick Detailed Treatment Units – Proposed ActionUnitAcresYardingSystemWAH9SkylineCommercial ThinLTA, MechanicalFuels hanical FuelsTreatment, UBplantTreatmentFuel TreatmentAdditionalTreatmentsTable KeyActivityDescriptionCommercialThinning HarvestThe removal of trees in even-aged or uneven-aged stands to control tree spacing and favor desired trees,using a combination of thinning criteria.RegenerationHarvestA cutting method in which most of the trees (understory and overstory) are removed, with varying numbersof reserve trees retained to attain goals other than regeneration. Seedlings germinate in the resultingopenings to establish a new stand.Fuel BreakFuel breaks reduce surface and ladder fuels by thinning a stand to a prescribed spacing. This type of fuelstreatment is similar to the mechanical fuels treatment except that it typically takes place near structures toreduce fuel loadings near them, increasing the amount of defensible space around structures and makingthe area safer for residents and for fire fighters performing suppression activities near them. Fuel breaks alsoare created along main evacuation routes to significantly reduce fuel loadings and resultant fire behavior toallow for safe egress from an area during a wildfire. Fuel breaks would range in size from 250 to 400 feet indepth depending on slope, and fuels.Prescribed FireAny fire ignited by management actions under certain pre-determined conditions to meet specific objectivesrelated to hazardous fuels reduction or habitat improvement. A written, approved prescribed fire plan mustexist, and NEPA requirements must be met prior to ignition. Prescribed fires are ignited and managed withinvery specific conditions including winds, temperatures, humidity, and other factors specified in the burn plan.Prescribed fire (also called prescribed burn) includes methods such as pile burning, under burning and jackpot burning.Ground BasedYardingA method of moving cut trees to a landing site for transportation to a mill, via ground-based (track-mountedor rubber-tire) vehicles.Skyline YardingA method of moving cut trees to a landing site for transportation to a mill, by use of a suspended cable that isattached to a mobile tower located on a road. Yarding can be uphill or downhill.LTAA method for removal of logging slash (hazardous fuels) where tree branches and the tops are dragged outof the woods to the landing site. Slash can be concentrated at the landing and burned without risk of anyYarding TopsChumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project, Appendix C, SilvicultureWenatchee River Ranger DistrictOkanogan-Wenatchee National ForestPage C-11Additional Design Criteria andMitigation Measures
ActivityAttachedDescriptionscorch damage to the residual stand. Also includes whole tree yarding in this project.Excavator PilingPiling of post harvest slash in harvest units designated for tractor yarding using an excavator with thumbattachment or similar type low psi machine. In this treatment the excavator would maneuver through the uniton existing skid trails traveling on matted slash while piling activity created slash to be used for biomassproducts or burned to reduce fire hazard.HPBFuels are hand piled in areas of heavy slash concentrations and then burned in the fall. Hand piling is usedin areas where prescribed fire is not feasible because of fire intolerant species and grapple piling is notpossible because of access or slope limitations of the equipment. Hand piles and landing piles are burned.Hand pilingJack pot burning(JPB)This type of burning is similar to under burning in how fire is applied across a landscape. However,concentrations of fuels are lit rather than a contiguous line of fire. As jack pots of surface fuels are ignitedacross a slope, fire may not carry or be as contiguous as in an under burn.Under burning(UB)Under burning reduces surface fuels, raises canopy base height and thins younger trees (mainly those lessthan 6 inches in diameter), but could also thin larger trees depending on fire behavior. It involves using a striphead fire using drip torches or aerial ignition devices to lay a strip of fire along a contour, generally from thetop of the slope and continuing to lay strips down to the bottom of the area to be burned. This is a backingtype fire which generates lower flame lengths and fire behavior.Mechanical FuelsTreatmentsMechanical fuels treatments include post timber harvest thinning to a prescribed spacing and/ or whip fellingof understory trees, pruning the leave trees and hand piling or chipping slash created from these activities aswell as slash created from timber harvest. Mechanical fuels treatments may also take place in younger agedstands to reduce stocking levels, ladder fuels and crown fire potential. Slash created in these younger standswould be treated much like in the harvest units. Piles will be burned when weather and surrounding fuelmoistures allow for safe burning conditions. The understory trees to be thinned are generally to be 7 inchesor less at DBH. Lopping and scattering fuel may also be completed which involves cutting up and dispersingslash to change the fuel profile in the stand. In some instances fuel pullback from around the base of leavetrees may be completed to reduce potential mortality during under burning.BiomassIn this document, biomass is meant to describe wood products (slash or small diameter trees) to be taken offsite and made into another product.Whip FellCutting advanced regeneration to add surface fuels to help carry the fire, reduce non-merchantable ladderfuels to help reduce the fire behavior, reduce potential flames lengths, reduce crown scorch heights andreduce the risk of torching.CleanCutting small damaged or suppressed trees less than 4.9” dbh.PlantingArtificially planting tree seedlings.Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project, Appendix C, SilvicultureWenatchee River Ranger DistrictOkanogan-Wenatchee National ForestPage C-12
Smith’s Thin from Below Diagram
Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Policy for Large and OldTree Structures in Dry and Mesic Forest Projects (USDA ForestService 2010b)The Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Policy for Large and Old Tree Structures inDry and Mesic Forest Projects (UDSA Forest Service, 2010b)was appended toChumstick HFRA analysis to address concerns with management of old trees and largediameter young trees. This guidance was “retro-fitted” into Chumstick to incorporate theoverall intent of the guidelines. The landscape comparison of structural patterns anddeparture from historic landscape patterns is not included. Range of minimum trees per acre(TPA) over 20 in DBH is not at the stand level and estimated (best guess) based on limitedsite data and professional judgment. The guidance uses a structure based managementapproach and applies restoration of large and old trees on each stand relative to thedeparture from historic conditions. Human activities such as residential development, firesuppression, logging, road construction, farming, and ranching are causing newdisturbance regimes.A Large tree is defined by Hessburg et al (1999, PNW-GTR-458), and structural classdefinitions described below as greater than 25.0-inches diameter breast height. Under theForest Large and Old Tree Policy are large tree is defined as greater than 20.0-inchesdiameter breast height and very large is defined as greater than 25.0-inches diameterbreast height.The study Everett et al. (2008) provides insights into how forested landscapes havechanged in the absence of fire but without timber harvest. They reconstructed 26 foreststands on the Okanogan Wenatchee National Forest that had little or no evidence of pasttimber harvest. They found that from 1860 to 1940, average stand age increased by 26percent and number of age cohorts per stand increased by 18 percent. Stands in standinitiation structural classes declined from 27 to 4 percent, and stands in older foreststructural classes increased from 23 to 49 percent. Everett et al. (2008) cautioned thatestimating the historical range of variability based on 1940 photo, as was done forInterior Columbia River Basin Assessment; records might provide a false metric ofstructural complexity for dry fir-pine forests in eastern Washington. As a result of thescientific uncertainty about the conclusions of Hessburg et al. 1999, a monitoring itemhas been identified in the adaptive management section of the restoration strategy.(See the Table 1 of policy below for desired conditions for large, old trees for differentcombinations of plant association groups and structure classes.)Chumstick Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project, Appendix C, SilvicultureWenatchee River Ranger DistrictOkanogan-Wenatchee National ForestPage C-14
From Forest Large & Old Tree Policy - Table 1: Desired conditions forlarge, old trees for different combinations of plant association groupsand structure classes (USDA Forest Service 2010b). Density objectives forlarge and old trees are based on stand reconstructions (Harrod et al. 1999, Youngblood etal. 2004, unpublished data on file at Okanogan-Wenatchee NF), quantitative definitionsof structure classes (Hessburg et al 1999), and the relationship between overstory densityand the establishment and growth of early seral trees (Becker and Thomas 1997). Arange of large and old tree densities are provided so that site specific conditions andobjectives can be used. Refer to above as this guidance was “retro-fitted” into Chumstickto incorporate the overall intent of the guidelines.Structure classStand InitiationStem exclusionopen canopyand closedcanopyUnderstoryreinitiation,Young forestmulti-storyWarm/dry Plant AssociationGroupsMinimumMaximumtrees/ac over 20 trees/ac over 20in DBHin DBHMesic Plant Association Groups
ECH 14 Ground Based-Summer Commercial Thin LTA, UB Excavator pile slash ECL 56 Ground Based- . ECE 19 Skyline Commercial Thin LTA, JPB None ECG 30 Skyline Commercial Thin LTA, Pullback to protect large diameter trees, UB None ECI 162 Skyline Commercial Thin LTA, Mechanical .
Center for Intensive Planted-forest Silviculture Intensive Silviculture of Planted Douglas-fir Forests: Opportunities for Increased Productivity Growth, Yield, and Productivity: Managing Site Resources Through Key Intensive Treatments Doug Maguire Center for Intensive Planted-forest Silviculture .
Issue of orders 69 : Publication of misleading information 69 : Attending Committees, etc. 69 : Responsibility 69-71 : APPENDICES : Appendix I : 72-74 Appendix II : 75 Appendix III : 76 Appendix IV-A : 77-78 Appendix IV-B : 79 Appendix VI : 79-80 Appendix VII : 80 Appendix VIII-A : 80-81 Appendix VIII-B : 81-82 Appendix IX : 82-83 Appendix X .
Appendix G Children's Response Log 45 Appendix H Teacher's Journal 46 Appendix I Thought Tree 47 Appendix J Venn Diagram 48 Appendix K Mind Map 49. Appendix L WEB. 50. Appendix M Time Line. 51. Appendix N KWL. 52. Appendix 0 Life Cycle. 53. Appendix P Parent Social Studies Survey (Form B) 54
60 2 .4 1 .4 60 425 65 2 .6 1 .5 65 460 75 3 .0 1 .7 75 530 80 3 .1 1 .9 80 565 85 3 .3 2 .0 85 600 100 3 .9 2 .3 100 705 TABLE 1A: COATING THICKNESS GRADES FROM ASTM A123/A123M MINIMUM AVERAGE COATING THICKNESS GRADE BY MATERIAL CATEGORY ASTM A123/A123M Material Category All Specimens Tested [Steel Thickness Range (Measured), in (mm)] 1/16 ( 1.6)
A123 – PETROLEUM TESTING GUIDANCE Sampling Clause 7.3 The sampling process is critical for pressurized samples. There are reference methods for gas and liquid sampling (GPA, ISO and ASTM have this). They are generally applicable but may not be applicable in all situations depend
ASTM F1554 Gr. 105 ASTM A123 or B695 Class 55 or F2329 FRR20b e1 20 3/4" [19] Dia. Plain Round Washer ASTM F844 ASTM A123 or A153 or F2329 FWC20a e2 20 3/4"-10 UNC [M20x2.5] Heavy Hex Nut ASTM A563DH ASTM A153 or B695 Class 55 or F2329 FBX20a f1 1 Con
“This guide in no way lessens the need for technical skill and sound silvicultural judgment when selecting proper practices to achieve the intended integrated resource management objectives.” “The practice of silviculture is as much an art as a science. The management recommendations are basic guidelines. . They are not rules for .
EDUQAS A LEVEL - COMPONENT 1 BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES AND FUNCTIONS SUMMER 2018 MARK SCHEME SECTION A Q. Total 1 Give one example of a business using batch production and describe two benefits of this method of production. Award 1 mark for an appropriate example. AO1: 1 mark Indicative content: A baker making loaves of bread; a clothing manufacturer making batches of a particular garment; a .
