RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BRANCH

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BRANCHaDEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENCECANADADEFENCE RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT OTTAWADREO TECHNICAL NOTE 81-20DATA ACQUISITION USER'S GUIDE-1 FORFUEL/ENGINE EVALUATION SYSTEM APPLIED TO ANEXPERIMENTAL AIR STIRLING ENGINEbyIR. Bingham and G.D. WebsterEnergy Systems SectionEnergy Conversion DivisionJULY 1981OTTAWA.

Acoession ForSNTISR&UNCLASSIFIEDDTIC TAB[DTIC bility CodjesAvail and/crDistSpec ialABSTRACT This technical note describes the Data Acquisition (DA) Sys,:emused in the evaluation of Experimental Air Stirling Engine No. 1 whichhad previously been designed and built as a part of the'OAdvancedEngines" studies for the Fueis/Powerplants Technical Subprogram 25E.The DA system aud capability is presented.Brief programmingguidelines for controlling various peripheral electronic equipmentthrough a mini-computer are given.The program software used in testingthe Stirling engine is described.Finally, some limitations of the DAsystem are listed.xRESUME'La pr sente note technique d crit le syst me d'acqulottion desdonnges (AD) dont on se sert pour 6valuer le moteur expfrimenta! d'avionno 1 de marque Stirling; ce dernier avait d6ja ftg conqu et construit dansle cadre des Atudes sur lea "moteurs avanc6s" men-es pour le compte dusous-programme technique 25B des carburants et des groupes-moteurs.Nous pr sentons le systame et les ressources d'AD. Nous donnonsaussi des directives de programmation sommaires sur le contr6le dedivers Cquipments flectroniques p riph riques au moyen d'un mini-ordinateur.Nous d crivons le logiciel que l'on utilise pour faire l'essai du moteurde marque Stirling.Finalement, nous d crivons certaines limites dusystime d' AD.iUNCLASSIFIED.21.

% 7TABLE OF CONTENTSPage No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iABSTRACTINTRODUCTION2.0SYSTEM STRUCTURE,':5 " '--' :'.4.05.03.2Digital Processing Oscilloscope3.3Disc DrivesREFERENCES4.5.-PROGRAM STRUCTURESYSTEM LIMITATIONS4.Fluke DataloggerEASE-13.3.1i. Q :i71. L i2.INTERFACE4052/PERIPHERAL'%1.1.0S3.0i.RESUME- '.i -.,': - .'iI.8.9.APPENDIX A -Sample Datalogger ProgrammingAPPENDIX B -EASE-1.---511.Program Listing and Sample Output.15" :""

UNCLASSIFIED1.0INTRODUCTIONThe Canadian Forces (CF)have a number of uses for a small(1.0 Kw),The most prominentlightweight (10 Kg), nondetectable power source.area where such a power sourceapplication is in thc2 main battlefrontAs part ofwould be used to activate command post electronic systems."Advanced Engines" studies for the Fuels/Powerplant Technical Subprogramapplication.Engines have been investigated for this25B, StirlingStirlingEngines have the potential to be quiet power sources asIt wasof using e).ternal combustion radiation heat transfer.a resultexperimentationDREO thermodynamic modelling andinitialrealized soon afterrequire a great deal of additionalEngines still[1], that StirlingPart of thisdevelopment to increase efficiencies and improve performance.of existing materials to performdevelopment is limited by the inabilityFor these reasons Stirlingin the high temperature combustor area.and hasat DREO has proceeded at a low level of priorityEngine activitybeen limited to modelling and experimental stndies of the heat and massEngines will beDREO's previously acquired Stirlingtransfer mechanisms.beds to evaluate such material advancements as machineableused as testceramic combustor tubes and pistons.Engines that has been investigated is theOne of the StirlingEngine No. 1Canadian designed and developed Experimental Air StirlingTo study advanced engines like EASE-l and conventional engines,(EASE-l).This system isa Fuel Engine Evaluation System (FEES) has been developed.comprised of a hard-wired network of transducers that sense engine relatedphenomena andDA system hasThesignals.power, CarnotThepass the information to a data acquisition (DA) system.the capability of sensing both transient and non-transientsystem will calculate engine speed, torque, indicatedefficiency, brake power, power consumption, overallefficiency, indicated mean effective pressure and brake specific fuelIn addition, power piston or piston displacement, pressure,consumption.dV or PdV waves can be recorded graphically.The following report briefly discusses the IEES DA capability anddescribes many of the software techniques not properly described in theguide toThe report should be viewed as a user'soperation manuals.is meant to be a supplementItdocument the system capability to date.The software developedfor use with the existing system operation manuals.been included alonghasoftheoutputis for use with EASE-l and a samplewith the program listing.UNCLASSIFIED--N

UNCLASS FLED22.0SYSTEM STRUCTUREThe Iiartof the Data Acquisition (DA) system within the overallFuels/Engines dluation System (FEES) is a Tektronix 4052 mini-computer(hereafter called the 4052).Linked to the 4052 and directly controllelby it are the following three peripheral devices:a 60-channel FluKedatalogger for measuring non-transient signals (temperatures); a 2-channelDigital Processing Oscilloscope (DPO) for measuring transient signals(cylinder pressure) and a 3-drive floppy disc storage bank.A schematicof the system is shown RONIXCPU4052Strip ChartRecorder-[KEYBOARD/CRTFigure 1A 16-track tape recorder and a 6-track stripchart recorder are availablefor additional analog input but are not currently controlled by the 4052.The system capability issummarized below:a.4052 Tektronix microcomputer-64 kilobytes random access memoryb.P7001 Tektronix digitalprocessing oscilloscope-2 channel DC-coupled differentialinput-4 kilobyte internal core memory-1 M hz sampling rate-signal conditioning and coversion to digitaldata;6.5 microseconds/data point512 points/waveformresolution of 10 bits(Ipart inUNCLASS IFIED1024)

& * ' ": i:! J -- * -.U-;--.-j.7' - -.':. -.'4 '; w"-- r- r-w.':.:UNCLASSIFIEDc.2240 B Fluke data logger-60-channel input-15 readings/sec A/D conversiond.3-drive floppy disc storage*-630 kilobytes memory each disc-1300 bytes/sec transfer rateIn the EASE-l program,.- 3the 4052 has two functions:a.to control the above mentioned peripheral devices; andb.to analyze the information collected from the EASE-lengine.The datalogger monitors engine torque and the following temperatures:power piston, block, coolant in and out and heater heads.Cylinder pressure and power pih.through the DPO.displacement are measuredth minBoth raw and processed data are stored on floppy disc along withthe main program listing.The program is downloaded into 4052 memory forevery test period.3.04052/PERIPHERAL INTERFACECommunication between the 4052 and various peripheral devicesThe software needsfollows distinct and fairly strict programming rules.for the datalogger, DPO and disc drives will be individually discussedafter briefly reviewing the 4052 logic for external device control.The General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB) used by the 4052 is theIEEE 488 Bus.All programming instructions from the 4052 to the peripheraland all data from the peripheral to the 4052 travel along this bus.When a peripheral device transmits data to the 4052, the devicefirstgenerates a Service Request (SRQ) along one channel of the GPIB.At this point, if the 4052 has been enabled (programmed) to handle SRQ's,the current line of main program is executed and a "ON SRQ THEN (linenumber)" statement directs control to a user-written SRQ handler routine.To determine which device actually requested the service, a serial "poll"is taken.A normal "handshaking" acknowledgement occurs along the busindicating that the 4052 is ready to accept data and data is then transmitted.Finally, the SRQ signaJ is cancelled and the 4052 control returnsto the next line of the main program.If the 4052 has not been enabled to handle SRQ's, generating anSRQ will cause termination of the main program.An error message (NOSRQ ON UNIT - MESSAGE NUMBER 43) will appear on the CRT.UNCLASSIFIED

4UNCLASSIFIEDIn summary, the IEEE 488 'us is the actual hardware link betweenthe peripheral device and the 4052.The SRQ is a software signal (flag)generated by the peripheral requetingservice.The 4052 (enabled toMhndle SRQ's) polls itsperipherals (as determined by itsprogram) uponreceiving an SRQ and finds the correct device.Lines of communication arethen opened to transmit data.3.1Fluke DataloggerProgranmminga.rules for the datalogper:When communicating with the datalogger, the 4052 mustalwaysbe in the double-sace mode, enabled by a"1 VRINT @37,26:1" command.(Itis disabled by a"PRINT@37,26:0"command.)b.Scan control must be the lastinstruction programmedto the datal ggi.When the scan control mode is set,a scan is immediately taken, generating an SRQ.Untilthe SRQ is answeitd, the datalogger is unable to acceptfurther progranmnininstructions.c.The 4052 must be anabled to handle SRQ's before thedatalogger is uped3d.The datalogger must be polled aftergenerated.e.The date, the fixed data and the output from everychannel programmed (in that order) must be read fromth, output buffer of the dataiogger aftereach scanhas been completed.Data is read into a chatacterstring.f.Scan control must be disabled (PRINT @2:"S0/")the datalogger is nolonger going to be read.A sample program showing hoand documented iii Appendix A.3.2each SRQ isthe dat ilogger iswhenused islistedDigital Processing OscilloscopeCommunication between the DPO and the 4052 isinto two areas:a.waveform storage,b.program "callbest catego-izedinput and scaling information;button" usage.UNCLASSIFIEDand

UNCI4SSIVIED5To store a waveform, the D.0 first digitizes the wave into a 512point array assigning each poir.t an integer number from 0 to 1024corresponding to the height of the wave on the CRT gird.(The CRT gridTherefore, the location of theis 512 points wide and 1024 points high.point within the array is its horizontal posiLion, and the value of thatpcLnt is its vertical position,)This digitized waveform, or array, isslored in DPO memory along with its appropriate scaling information.(Cime Lase and vertical scale.)This data can then be transferred tothe 4052.For further programming instructions refer to Referencesnumbers [2] and [3].The purpose of the 15 "call buttorq" located on the front panelof the DPO is to allow convenient control over data analysis and programdirection while the main program is loaded and running.Pressing anycall button generates an SRQ.By determining which button was pushedcontrol may be remotely directed to another part of the program; i.e.another stage of analysis.The rules for using the call buttons are:a.The 4052 must be enabled to handle SRQ's.(Note: The4052 need only be enabled once in a program - by aserial poll it can determine if the datalogger orthe D11 requested service.)3.3b.The DPO must be polled before any further SRQ's maybe generated.c.The SRQ interrupt flag must be clearcl1 (PRINT @l:"CLI")before the call buttons may be used again.Disc DrivesDisc drives programming information is plentiful and extremelywell documented so it will not be discussed here.Refor to TektronixNo SRQ isGuide No. 4907 entitled "File Manager - Operator's Manual".generated with any dis,. to memory operation.4.0EASE-1 PROGRAM STkUCTUREThe EnSE-l program has two functions:a.to monitor the EASE-l while running (torque, speed,temperature) displaying constantly updated informationon the CRT; andb.to process and analyze inputted data.UNCLASSIFIED" ' "4 '.'. - .'. ."""" -:.i

* .2,1. . -:.-,,,--. , ,-. .: rj.* ,'--:Lr.: -j-: i-"" - .-l: :- - .UNCLASSIFIED6ting and displaying dataMonitoring the engine consists of foiand from the DPO.from the datalogger (set to scan every 5 seceCRT calculated on aChanges in engine behaviouir are displayed on ipercentage change basis from one scan to the next.Processing and analyzing the inputted data is accomplished inA block structurestages.The sequence is controlled by the operator.The blocks' functions are:of the stages is shown in Figure 2 below.a."Monitor" returns the program to the EASE-I monitoringThe program automatically starts here when firstmode.loaded and run.b."Monitor Interrupt" shuts off the datalogger and preparesthe DPO to store waveour.c.ne waveforms and scaling"Capture" stores and inputsIt then scales the wavesinformation into the 4052.from voltage to their respective units.d."P-V" displays the P-V diagram on the CRT and integratesthe area under the curve (:indicated work).e.the engine"Calculations" calculate-, and liststemperatures, speed,performance characteristics:torque, indicated power, Carnot efficiency, brakepower, power consumption, overall efficiency, IMEPand BSFC.f."Smoothing" smooths out the pressure and volume traceand displays a smoothed P-V diagram.g."Display" graphs power piston or displacer pistondisplacement, pre.,sure, dV, or PdV waves.h."Compare" produces a plot of any two engine parameters,keeping a third parameter constant at any level withinItany range, for all previous runs stored on disc.then plots the current test run point allowing theoperator to visually compare the current run with pastruns.i."Store" stores both raw and calculated data on disc.J."Recall'" will recall a previous run for examination.(At time of writing this block had not beenimplemented.)k."End" terminates the program from anywhere within theprogram.UNCLAS,; IFIED*.*,--.",i:

7UNCLASSIFIEDDatalogger errupt(1880-2300 Capture(2310 -2920)-3870) P-V[,(2390(4290 - 4580)DPOCall ButtonsSmoothing(3300 -I3500)Display(3880 - 4280)Compare(4620 - 5810)(5820 -6280)Recall End'i2Figure.4'UUNCLASSIFIED . *4- '- . *- . 4-- -'.4. :. . -.'-'-."."".'

8UNCLASSI[FIEDEach block described above is a separate subroutine in the EASE-iprogram. This structure enables more analysis capability to be easilyadded at a later stag:!.*Program control is effected from the 15 DPO call buttons. Prassinga call button generates an SRQ halting the program in its current subroutine. Depending upon which button was pushed, the program control isredirected to the desired subroutine. Therefore, data analysis andhandling proceeds directly under the operator's control. This approachalso aids in trouble shooting problems and debugging new or revisedstages. A full listing of the EASE-l programt is given in Appendix B alongwith sample output. It is suggested, however, that familiarity be gainedboth with the necessary software to communicate with the peripherals andwith the block structure of the program before attempting to fully understand the actual software version of the EASE-l program.*5.0*Access*As previously mentioned, the 4052 has 64 kilobytes of RAM (RandomMemory). Each 512 point array requires just over 4 kilobytes of4052 memory. Therefore, in order to have an entire program listing residein 4052 memory, economical use of arrays is necessary. SYSTEM LIMITATIONSThe DPO, in its current configuration, has only two channels ofinput. Since the DPO is the only AID (Analogue to Digital) device capableof measuring transients, the overall FEES - EASE-l system is limited to2 transient signals. If necessary, the DPO could be enlarged to 4 channelsby replacing the single channel input amplifiers with dual channel inputamplifiers. However, it remains to be seen if 64 kilobytes of memory inthe 4052 is sufficient to handle and manipulate the additional data thetwo channels would gather.UNLSSFE

9UNCLASSIFIEDREFERENCESLouis, "Computer Model of a Stirling Engine",University of Ottawa, 1980.1.DOUCET,Thesis,2.Tektronix Guide No.3.Tektronix Operator's Guide,021-0206-00,Undergraduate"P7001/IEEE 488 Interface"."Digital Processing Oscilloscope".UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED11%"APPENDIX ASAMPLE DATALOGGER PROGRAMMING,UNCLASSIFIEDBLANK

jt. . . i. .*.*¼.* .5A.2 *2 . ' i 0 . '. -*.S . '.'* -UNCLASSIPIEDThis program instructs the datalogger to scan two channelsAfter(numbers 10 and 11) every five seconds for a total of five scans.each scan is completed, Lhe data is fed into the 4052 and then displayedon the CRT.100Reset all variables110Enable 4052 to hendle SRQ's1204052 double-space mode130-220Program datalogger - scan control set last230-250Loop to waic for SRQ generation260Turn off scan control2704052 single-space mode280End1000SRQ handler routine1010Serial poll of datalogger and DPO1020Deterine which device requested service1030-1070 Input data into character string and display inputfor date, fixed data and each channel programmed1080Returns program control to next line of mainprogram (line 250)UNCLASSIFIED13'.

UNCLASSIFIED15APPENDIX BEASE-i PROGRAM LISTING AND SAMPLE OUTPUTIe"p"S. .C,.--UNCLASSIFIED"-. IS . -BLANK. ' . ,.',

17UNCLASSIFIEDmonitor and data analysis program is givenThe FEEShere in its entirety. Remark statements are scarce because of RAMlimitations. Again, for further explanation, refer to the blockstructure previously described and to the recommnended Tektronix Guidesfor software code.-EASE-iThe output shown is a Pressure - Volume diagram and a list ofengine performance characteristics. The engine was idling and not loadedfor this particular run.vfAUNCLASS IFI ED-WO-

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Nous pr sentons le systame et les ressources d'AD. Nous donnons aussi des directives de programmation sommaires sur le contr6le de divers Cquipments flectroniques p riph riques au moyen d'un mini-ordinateur. Nous d crivons le logiciel que l'on utilise pour faire l'essai du moteur de marque Stirling.

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