Commercial Production Of Milky Mushroom ( Calocybe Indica
Merit Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Sciences (ISSN: 2350-2274) Vol. 2(2) pp. 032-037, February, 2014Available online mCopyright 2014 Merit Research JournalsFull Length Research PaperCommercial production of Milky Mushroom (Calocybeindica)*1Kanta Bokaria, 1Siva Kumar Balsundram, 2Indira Bhattarai and 2Krishna KaphleAbstract1Department of Genetics andPlant Breeding, Bidhan ChandraKrishi Viswavidyalaya, MohanpurNadia -700502- West Bengal,India.2Institute of Agriculture and AnimalScience, Rampur Campus,Tribhuvan University, Nepal.*Corresponding Author Email:kkantabokria@rediffmail.comMushroom is now considered crucial component for food safety andsecurity. The phytonutrients in mushroom are now sought after food items.Micro-economy and community engagement in mushroom cultivation ishelping rural economy. Urban and semi urban cultivation is also gainingpopularity for various edible plants including mushroom and Calocybeindica an edible mushroom, native to India was first described byPurkayastha and Chandra (1947). Its milky white colour and robustappearance is appealing to all and provided with easy, reliable, renewablemethod of growing, its popularity is bound to increase. In this work the firsttwo authors worked to develop the model for easy production. Findingsreveal that, cylindrical polythene bag beds of 15 x 30 cm size were founduseful for commercial cultivation. Clay loam soil (pH 8.4) was found to bethe best casting soil which recorded 388.0 g for mushrooms per bed.Incubating the beds after casing in a partially sunken 3 feet deep polythenechamber lined with high density sky blue coloured polythene sheet asroofing material was found to be effective. Inside this chamber temperaturerange was 30- 35 C, relative humidity of more than 85 percent and a lightintensity of 1600 to 3200 lux at least for 6 h during day time was determinedto be best suitable. Commercial production techniques for Milky mushroom,Calocybe indica recorded yield of 356.5 to 375.0 g of mushrooms per 250 gof paddy straw (dry weight) which accounts to 142.6 to 150.0 percent bioefficiency. Substrates like maize stalks, sorghum stalks, vetiver grass andstraw were also found to be suitable for growing Calocybe indica. However,paddy straw the commonly employed material showed relatively less yield.Substrate pre-treatment namely; steaming for 30 min. or soaking in hotwater (80 C) for 60 min, are recommended for commercial purpose. Whilechemical substrate treatment (with Carbendazim 75 ppm formalin 500 ppmfor 16 h) was effective in viability and preservation. Mushroom growcompeting and utilizing resources around it in special environment and theircommercial conditions creation is importantly for science and society.Keywords: Milky Mushroom (Calocybe indica), Appropriate Growing Method,Science and Society.
Bokaria et al. 033INTRODUCTIONEvolution of food culture have brought mushroom in thelimelight. Its unique nutritional value and taste derivedhuman understanding in civilized societies andcompulsion/ethnic food (as wild and farm-grown),mushroom is becoming popular. Need to feed thebooming billions (humans) in a sustainable way demandscientific intervention for optimum production. One majorproblem and irony of the planet is there is concern forfood safety and security on one hand and huge loss fromagricultural waste 4,500 million tones/year. Out of whichsub continent India alone produces about 1000 milliontones of crop residues. Though, the major part of the cropresidues is being used as fodder, rest is wasted indifferent ways. The crop residues constitute mainly ofcellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Attempts areunderway to utilize them in production of biofuel but thisis long way from being realized. Lignin fraction which isgenerally considered as recalcitrant in nature, does notfind much takers, but in mushroom this fraction hasremained as the material of choice as mushroompossesses the specific type of hydrolytic enzyme systemwith capacity of utilizing lignin for fruit body production.Mushroom being one of the cheapest sources of proteinparticularly for the vegetarian, it becomes imperative toproduce more mushroom utilizing the local agro-waste tomeet the protein need of the country. Out of differentmushrooms that can be cultivated on lignin richagricultural wastes, milky mushroom (Calocybe indica) isrelatively new to the world of mushroom industry. Thismushroom was first reported from West Bengal, India(Purakayasha, 1974) (Purkayastha, 1984-85; Pandeyand Tewari, 1993). Even though attempts were made togrow C. Indica (Purkayastha and Nayak, 1981);Chakravarty et al., 1981; Doshi et al., 1989. Pandey andTewari, 1993) only limited success was achieved inincreasing the bio-efficiency and productivity of thismushroom. Krishnamoorthy et al. (1998) reported a highyielding strain of Calocybe medica, APK 2. It grows wellooat room temperature between 24 C – 27 C and can becultivated even on unfermented materials.Theadvantages of this mushroom over other mushrooms areeasy method of cultivation, less investment, veryattractive fruiting body, pleasing milk white color, longshelf life, more nutritious and less time to grow. Ingeneral, mushroom cultivation is practiced usingtraditional raw materials whose availability often becomelimiting. In rural areas, plenty of agro-waste and organicmaterials are available, which often end up in waste thuscontributing to the pollution woes. Recycling is the needof modern times and mushroom is an ideal candidate toharness its potentialities. Unique and rich nutritionalstatus of Mushroom and growing demand for functionalfoods warrants innovative growing methods.MATERIALS AND METHODSMushroom bed preparationBeds were made in which each bed contained 0.5 kg ofpaddy straw (dry weight basis). Polyethylene bags of 60 x30 cm size and 100 gauge thickness were used andcylindrical mushroom beds were prepared following layermethods of spawning. The rate of spawning was 5 percent of wet weight of the substrate. The beds wereincubated in semi dark spawn running rooms at about 30to 32 C. After 10 to 12 days when the substrate was fullycolonized by the fungus, the beds were cut horizontallyinto two equal halves and applied with the casing soil toabout 2 cm height on the top of the open bed surface.Selection of substrateDifferent agro wastes were used as substrate, whichwere processed in hot water at 80 degree centigrade forsuitable periods depending upon the quality of thematerial. In some material only steaming was done whilein others chemicals was used like for paddy straw forprocessing. As boiling takes long time and does not givegood result and it also makes the process costly themethod of hot water treatment was found to be moresuitable.Preparation of casing soilClay loam with pH 8.to 8.5 was used to fill the mud postsafter removing the clods. The moisture content of the soilwas adjusted to 40 per cent by gravimetric method(Devadoss, 1971). The pots were covered with newspapers and steamed in an autoclave at 110 C for 60 min.After 24 hrs when the soil was cool, it was used forcasing. This soil was uniformly spread over the half cutspawn run beds. Regular spraying on the surface of thecasing soil was done to maintain approximately 60percent moisture on the bed surface.Cultivation chamberCultivation chamber were constructed in a shaded place,partially sunken (three feet deep) chamber lined with skyblue colored high density polyethylene sheet as roofing
034 Merit Res. J. Agric. Sci. Soil Sci.Figure 1. Provide Legend.Figure 2. Provide Legend.material. Beds after casing were incubated over racks ina chamber. The side walls of which were lined withhollow block bricks with enough ventilation for airexchange. The inside temperature range was 30 to 35 Cand the relative humidity was more than 85 per cent.During day time approximately 1600 to 3200 flux intensityof light was available at least for 6 hrs inside thechamber. As it was found that at higher or lower lightintensity the yield, size of pileus and stalk was affected.Suitability of different substrates for cultivationPaddy straw, sorghum stalks, sugarcane bagasse,palmarosa grass, vetiver grass, groundnut hulls, soybeanhay, black gram hay and paddy straw compost were usedas substrates for the cultivation trial. Paddy strawcompost was prepared by long method of compostingfollowing IIHR formula (1986). All other substrates wereprocessed in hot water (80 C). (Figures 1 and 2)
Bokaria et al. 035Table 1. Use of different substrates for growing.sorghum stalksmaize stalkspaddy strawsugarcane bagasssegroundnut haulmsDAYS FORSPAWNRUN14.814.31416.814.8DAYS FORPINHEADFORMATION8.387.69.39DAYS 6.84.8PIELUSBREADTH(IN CM)7.86.876.57.6STIPELENGTH(IN CM)7.38869.8Table 2. Effect of pre treatment on milky mushroom.soaking in carbendazim formalin (16 hr)soaking in water for 4hr steaming 30 minsoaking in water for 4hrCD (P 0.05)DAYS FORSPAWNRUN 100%16.513.818.51.23DAYS FORPINHEADFORMATION9.87.710.21.40RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAmong the substrates (Table 1) paddy straw, maize stalkand sorghum stalk gave significant higher yields followedby sugarcane bagasse and groundnut hulls. Except inpaddy straw compost, all other complete spawn run wasachieved within 160 days. Physical and chemical state ofsubstrates largely decide their suitability for mushroomgrowing. Poor growth and low yield of Colocybe indica insubstrates could be related to the variation among thesubstrates in the bulk density, water holding capacity andimproper gaseous exchange especially of harmful volatilecompounds. Further, in dense solid substrates microbialheat or mycelium induced heat might not have dissipatedto evaporation. Working with various types of Agaricuscompost Wood and Smith (1987) also attributed similarreasons.The substrate pre-treatment methods were compared,significantly increased yields were obtained in all the pretreatment methods (99.0 to 108.3 per cent bio-efficiency)as compared to control as is illustrated in Table 2.Soaking in water for 4hrs was found to be more suitableand cost effective and easy but gave very less yield ascompared to others. While soaking in water for 4 hrsfollowed by steaming for 30 minutes was found moresuitable in all respects. However, the treatment did notvary much among themselves which could also bebecause of the lack of minute detail observation ofvariation thus demanding further investigation.Beds prepared out of chemically tested paddy strawDAYS 51.64PILEUS:BREADTH(IN CM)6.55.84.51.14STIPE:LENGTH(IN CM)9.28.47.60.82were frequently found contaminated by Coprinuscomatus specially during spawn run. When theobservations on the days for spawn run and days forpinhead formation were compared chemical treatmentwas found to be inferior to that of hot water treatment orsteaming. This could be due to the presence of excessmoisture in the substrate. Since paddy straw was soakedfor 16 hrs in the fungicidal solution, the straw bits mighthave imbibed sufficiently more water. Suggestion can bemade to shade dry the straw bits sufficiently for longertime in order to get the required moisture level in thesubstrates before bed preparation. This has resulted inthe built up of excess humidity followed by dripping ofwater droplets on the bed surface inside the polyethylenebags at the time of spawn running. The straw bits insidepolyethylene bags were found visibly wet. This wetcondition of the bed surface likely contributed to thebuildup of bacterial population which obviously competedwith the mushroom mycelium resulting in delayed growthof the fungus. Tewari (2008) and Geetha (2009) alsoreported that the moisture content in paddy strawsubstrate increased with increase in soaking period.Among the different soils (Table 3) used for casing,clay loam soil (pH 8.4) gave the maximum yield of 288.0g of mushrooms per bed with more number buttons (7.9).Peat soil (pH 6.0) was the second best medium in termsof production. In the sandy soils fungus took morenumber of days for the production of pinheads (10.2 d)and they attained harvesting maturity only after 10.6 d.Thus, based on our finding it can be said that soils should
036 Merit Res. J. Agric. Sci. Soil Sci.Table 3. Effect of pre treatment on milky mushroom.FYMCLAY LOAMSANDCOMPOSTCD(P 0.05)DAYS FORSPAWNRUN 100%7.68.46.36.8N.S.DAYS FORPINHEADFORMATION108.210.28.41.2DAYS 47.93.13.20.88PILEUS:BREADTH (IN CM)5.25.866.6N.S.STIPE:LENGTH(IN CM)6.66.9881.08Figure 3. Provide Legend.possess high water holding capacity, enough pore space,stable structure, low in soluble salts and electricalconductivity for better production. The casing soil shouldalso be free from pre-decomposed vegetative matter andits pH should be neutral to alkaline. All these desirableattributes exactly matched with the clay loam soil (pH8.4). Flegg (2007) reported that heavy clayey soilsyielded better than other and the garden soil usedcontained the maximum clay content when compared toothers. Interestingly, the clay loam soil had the quality toabsorb the moisture quickly and release in addition in thissoil less water was needed. (Figure 3)ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors are thankful to the Ministry of Science andTechnology, Government of India, New Delhi Forsanctioning Financial Assistance to the first author. Theauthors are thankful to Dr. Alok Mondal, Head, Depart-
Bokaria et al. 037ment of Plant Physiology and Nirmalendu Das fromDepartment of Genetics and Plant Breeding CalcuttaUniversity for providing facilities and guidance for thiswork. Special thanks goes to Dr. H.B.Singh for providingthis DST Project and Vardan Bokaria for helping inwriting this paper and completing this project .REFERENCESChakravarty DK, Sarkar BB, Kundu BM 1981. Cultivation of tropicaledible mushroom Calocybe Indica. Curr. Sci., 50: 550.Devadoss A (1971). Studies on the damping – Off of vegetables. M. Sc.(Ag.). Thesis submitted to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,Combatore, India. P. 1234.Doshi A, Sidana N, Chakravorti BP (1989). Cultivation of summermushroom, Calocybe indica (P & C) in Rajasthan. Mush. Sci.,12:395-400.Flegg PB (2007). How do your mushrooms grow? Mushroom J. 108:401-409.Geeta D (2009). Studies on Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) Ph. DThesis submitted to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Combatore,India p. 253.HHR (1986). Mushroom Cultivation, Extension Bulletin No. 8. IndianInstitute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bangalore, India.P. 36.Krishnamoorthy AS, Muthusamy M, Marimuthu T, Narasimhan V,Muthusankaranaraynman A (1998). Milky mushroom, APK 2. Bulletinon new mushroom variety release. Regional Research Station,TANU, Aruppukottai, India. P. 16.Nagaraja AZN, Patwardhan MV (1978). Some aspects of the cultivationof Pleurotus flabellatus in India. Mushroom Sci. 10: 597-608.Pandey M, Tewari RP (1993). Milky mushroom grown on paddy straw.The Hindu. Dec. 93 : 24.Purkayastha RP (1984-85). cultivation of Calocybe indica P & C IndianJ., Mush. 10-11 : 12-17.Purkayastha RP, Chandra A (1974). New species of edible mushroomfrom India. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 62 : 415-418.Purkayastha RP, Nayak D (1979). A new method of cultivation ofCalocybe indica. Taiwan Mush., 3: 14-18.Singh RN, Bhandari TPS, Adikari K, Kanaujia JP (1992). Physicochemical parameres of casing soil in relation to yield of buttonmushroom (Agraicus brunnescens). Indian J. Mycol. Pl Pathol., 22:160-164.Sivaprakasam K (1980). Studies on the cultivation of Pleurotus sajorcaju (Fr.) Singer. Ph. D Thesis submitted to Tamil Nadu AgriculturalUniversity, Coimbatore, India. P. 115.Sivaprakasm TLK, Dandasamy TK (1978). Compact bag method – Anew method for increasing the production of Pleurotus sajor caju.Indian J. Mush., 4: 10-12.Smedron M (1983). Thoughts on casting. Mushroom J., 124 : 193-194.Tewari RP (2008). Effect of soaking period and spawn dose on oystermushroom production. In : Indian Mushroom (M. C. Nair et al. eds),KAU Press, Vellanikkara, Trinvananthapuram, India. Pp. 81-84.Vijay B, Sohi HS (1987). Cultivation of oyster mushroom, H. S. P. sajorcaju on chemical sterilized wheat straw. Mush J. Tropics 7:67-77.Wood DA, Smith JE (1987). Mushroom cultivation. In: Essays inAgriculture and Food Microbiology (J. R. Norris and G. L. Pettiphereds.), John Willy & Sons Ltd., Chichestel. Pp. 309-343.Zadrazil E (1978). Cultivation of Pleurootus. In: The Biology andCultivation of Edible Mushrooms. (S. T. Chang and W. A. Hayes ed.).Acudemic Press, New York. Pp. 521-557.
Commercial production techniques for Milky mushroom, Calocybe indica recorded yield of 356.5 to 375.0 g of mushrooms per 250 g of paddy straw (dry weight) which accounts to 142.6 to 150.0 percent bio-efficiency. Substrates like maize stalks, sorghum stalks, vetiver grass and straw were also found to be suitable for growing Calocybe indica. However,
Keywords: milky mushroom, edible uses, medical uses, cultivation of milky mushroom INTRODUCTION Calocybe indica commonly known as milky mushroom is a well recognized tropical edible mushroom and promising for cultivation in India ( Purkayastha and Chandra, 1976). It contains highest protein (17.2%) and has 12 essential amino acids.
equipment to produce mushroom spawn for rural development projects. In the long run, the ARC's lab space can be used to produce low-cost mushroom spawn for mushroom cultivation projects. The following are short protocols for the production of nutritive agar, mushroom spawn, and mushroom-growing substrate. A. Agar medium for oyster mushrooms
The first Agrodok on ‘Small-scale mushroom cultivation’, Agrodok no. 40, describes the technique of mushroom cultivation on substrates that only need heat treatment. Certain mushroom species however, like the Rice Straw Mushroom (Volvariella spp.) and the Button Mushroom (Agaricus spp.) c
ORGANIC MUSHROOM CULTIVATION MANUAL 3 What makes up a Mushroom 1. Cap: the top part of the mushroom that grows upward.When fully grown, mushroom caps will spread out like an umbrella, e.g. the Straw Mushroom, Ch
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1stMyanmar-Korea Conference Study on mycelium growth ofCalocybe indica P&C (milky mushroom) on different substrates Yin Yin Sint*, Myat Myat Moe** Abstract Calocybe indica is one of the best edible mushrooms which can be grown at high temperature. Milky mushroom were collected from Hlegu Township, Yangon Division.
Milky mushroom (Calocybe indica) can be grown on wide range of substrates as in case of oyster mushroom. It can be grown on substrates containing lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. Substrate should be fresh and dry. Substrates exposed to rain or harvested premature (green colour) are prone
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