Evolution Du Raffinage Et De La Pétrochimie
Evolutiondu Raffinage etde la PétrochimieChristian Dupraz14 Janvier 2013Maison des Arts & Métiers1
Plan de la Présentation Axens en BrefEvolution des marchés À moyen Terme (2017) À long Terme (2030) Conséquences sur les outils de raffinage de pétrochimie Production de carburants et produits« pétrochimiques » à partir de biomasseConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 20132
Built on Strong FoundationsAxens’ Industrial HistoryCatalysts & AdsorbentsTechnologiesProcatalyseIFP Industrial Division1821Al2O3 ore is discovered andnamed “Bauxite” after theSouthern French town of LesBaux-de-Provence.1944French Institute of Petroleumis created in RueilMalmaison, France18551st industrial production ofAlumina in Salindres, nearLes-Baux-de-Provence.1955Start-up of the1st IFP-licensed unit1950sFocus on refining andpetrochemistry. Production ofalumina-based catalysts.1960s1st licenses for HDS,Reforming and Cyclohexaneproduction.ParisRueilMalmaison2001 MergerProcatalyse IFP Industrial DivisionSalindresConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 2013100% subsidiary of3
Markets Served & AmbitionsBusiness UnitsMarkets ServedAmbitions Benchmark company for Clean Fuels and Aromatics production, Leader in purification for olefins/polyolefins, syngas, refining andpetrochemical, and natural gas streams, Innovator in the biodiesel market and syngas to liquids technology.Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 20134
How Do We Operate?ProductsTechnologiesServicesOutside Axens perimeterEquipment SupplyCatalyst ManagementTrainingFirstLoadCatalystsUnit RevampingIntegrated Process Solutions BasicEngineeringConstructionStart-up & Follow-upAssistanceAdvancedProcess ControlSimulatorsFeasibility Study Tender andtechnologychoiceReplacementLoadCatalystsProject AchievementConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 2013Unit on-stream5
Sales Growth300Axens Group Sales,100 basis in 2001 (creation) 285 in 20112502001502001-2011Axens Group revenuesalmost trebled1002001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 20136
Commercial Network DevelopmentAxens CanadaSpecialty Aluminas Inc.(Brockville) AxensAxens Headquaters(Rueil-Malmaison, France)Vostok(Moscow)Axens (Beijing) Axens Far East KK(Tokyo)Trading Co Ltd(Beijing)Axens India Private LtdAxens Middle East SPC (New Delhi)Axens North America(Houston & Princeton)(Bahrain)Axens South East Asia Sdn Bhd(Kuala Lumpur) 2007: Axens (Beijing) Trading Co Ltd 2008: Axens Middle East SPC 2009: Axens India Private Ltd 2010: Axens Vostok 2010: Axens Canada Specialty Aluminas Inc. 2012: Axens South East Asia Sdn BhdConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 20137
Production Facilities ExpansionBrockville(2010)Willow Island(2011)Calvert City (2005)SalindresSavannahJuly 5, 2011 - "Axens and GENTAS to Build Hydroprocessing Catalyst Manufacturing Plantin Saudi Arabia"Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 20138
Axens TodaySelected Business Segments Adsorbents and Claus Synergies from the acquisition of Criterion’sbusiness make Axens a leader in catalyticreforming catalysts and process technologySelective Hydrogenation & Liquid Catalysis of worldwide refineries operate at leastone refining unit licensed by AxensCatalytic Reforming Synergies from the acquisition of Rio Tinto’sactivated alumina business make Axens aleader in the segment today 42%Axens is a leading pioneer (Nobel Prize) witha high performance product rangeHydroprocessing Gasoline: 50% of the world’s FCC gasoline isdesulfurized by Axens’ Prime-G processMiddle Distillates: Over 100 licenses forPrime-D & Prime-K Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 2013 20%of gasoline and dieselused in the world isproduced by refiningunits licensed by Axens9
Plan de la Présentation Axens en BrefEvolution des marchés À moyen Terme (2017) À long Terme (2030) Conséquences sur les outils de raffinage de pétrochimie Production de carburants et produits« pétrochimiques » à partir de biomasseConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 201310
GDP Growth (%)2010 – 2011 – 2012 – 20135.1 3.83.3 3.64.510 1112 13World2.0 1.4 -0.4 0.21010 11-0.810 11 12 1312 13JapanRussia10 11 12 132.4 1.8 2.2 2.12.2 1.24.3 4.3 3.7 3.8Euro area11 12 13United States10.410.16.84.96.09.27.8 8.27.52.74.0101.511 12 13India1011 12 13China10 11 12 13BrazilSource: International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook, October 2012)Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 20131111
Oil DemandShort Term Outlook922011, 2012 & 2013Oil DemandLatest 12011, 2012 & 2013Oil Demand Forecast(revised every month by IEA)Mbpd201220132012 Oil demand estimates: -1.4 Mbpd(from 91.1 Mbpd in August 2011 to 89.7 Mbpd in October 2012)Source: International Energy Agency (Oil Market Reports)Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 20131212
Oil DemandMedium Term OutlookMbpdOil 1.231.21.00.8910.88 0.840.8190.589.79089MbpdOil DemandAnnual Change88.90.60.4880.2870.02011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20172011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017Year-on-year oil demand differential may increase after 2013Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 2013Source: International Energy Agency(Medium Term Oil Market Report, October 2012)1313
Oil DemandMedium Term OutlookMbpdOil DemandOCDEOCDENon 048464442402011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20172011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20172014: Non-OCDE demand OCDE demandConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 2013Oil DemandAnnual ChangeSource: International Energy Agency(Medium Term Oil Market Report, October 2012)1414
Refinery FeedstockCurrent Feedstock Quality( API, Sulfur)Note: Size of lozenge is proportional to total productionChanges in Feedstock Quality API change2011-2017 ( API, Sulfur) r content (wt%)-0.6 0.10.0-0.1Sulfur content change (wt%)In contrast with past analyses, by 2017 refinery feedstockis expected to globally become lighter and sweeter(Strong US tight oil effect during the 2012-2014 period; API will decrease (heavier feedstock) after 2014)Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 2013Source: International Energy Agency(Medium Term Oil Market Report, October 2012)1515
Plan de la Présentation Axens en BrefEvolution des marchés À moyen Terme (2017) À long Terme (2030) Conséquences sur les outils de raffinage de pétrochimie Production de carburants et produits« pétrochimiques » à partir de biomasseConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 201316
2030 Oil DemandAxens Scenario110Global Oil Product Demand,Mbdoe10510599.899,81009590 88,28580 201020202030 100 Mbdoe oil demand by 2020 2010-2020 AAGR 1.2% 105 Mbdoe oil demand by 2030 2020-2030 AAGR 0.5%Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 2013Mbdoe Million barrel oil equivalent / daySource: Axens, IEA & other sources (2010)17
Global Oil Product Demand Outlook2010-2030 AAGRby ProductOther*LPGNaphthaMotor GasolineJet/KeroseneOn-road dieselOff-road dieselFuel Oil0.7%0.5%2.2%0.8%1.9%1.7%0.4%-0.5%Global 2010-2030 AAGR: 0.9%Market Structure2010 vs. 0%13%10%11%7%2010203088.2 Mbdoe 104.7 Demand growth driven by transportation fuel Mbdoemainly middle distillatesGasoline: lower growth than middle distillates, but main contributor by 2030Naphtha growth driven by petrochemicalsHeavy fuel oil demand only 7% of the global demand by 2030Source: Axens & Other sources (2011)Other* Kerosene ( Jet Kerosene), Refinery Gas, Petroleum Coke, NGL, Lubricants, Bitumen, Paraffin Wax, Refinery Losses, Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 201318
2020 Demand Growth Will be Driven byEmerging Countries 14,823,3 23,54,3 5,114,6FSU14,310,04,9EuropeNorth America7,49,53,4 4,3IndiaMiddle East3,36,1 7,4China4,5Japan10,5 12,34,2AfricaOther Asia PacificLatin AmericaGlobal demand20102020Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 2013Mbdoe88.299.8Unit: MbdoeSource: Axens Estimates19
2010-2020 Incremental Demandby orth AmericaFuel oilDistillate Diesel 0,40,60,30,0Latin America0,0Middle ,80,60,40,20,0Other Asia PacificAfricaGlobal demand20102020Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 20130,4Mbdoe88.299.8Unit: MbdoeSource: Axens Estimates20
Gasoline Specifications ChartSource: IFQC, WWFCEN 2281993Euro IIDir 98/702000Euro IIIDir 98/702005Euro IVDir 98/702009Euro VWWFCFourthCategory(Final Proposal)Aromatics, vol%, max-42353535Olefins , vol%, max-18181810Benzene, vol%, max5.01.01.01.01.0Oxygen, wt%, max-2.72.72.7/3.7 (2)2.7Sulfur, ppm, max50015050(10) (1)105-10RVP, kPa35 - 10060.0 / 70.060.0 / 70.060.0 / 70.0 (3)Lead, g/l max0.013NoneNoneNoneNone(1) 2005 introduction of 10ppm sulphur – Fuel must be geographically available in an appropriately balanced manner(2) 3.7% by mass in “high biofuel petrol” (Methanol: 3% vol, Ethanol: 10% vol, Iso-propyl alcohol: 12% vol, Tert-butyl alcohol:15% vol, Iso-butyl alcohol: 15% vol, ETBE: 22%vol, other oxygenates: 15%vol)(3) The legal vapor pressure limit remains at 60kPa for both gasoline grades and at 70kPa for Member States with arctic orsevere weather conditions. However, blending ethanol in gasoline results in a non-linear change of the vapor pressure, and, asoil refiners do not currently produce low vapor pressure gasoline, the commission has introduced a permitted vapor pressurewaiver that is directly linkedto the percentage of ethanol blended in gasoline (ranging from 0 vol% to 10 vol%).21
European Diesel SpecificationsSulfur, ppm maxPolyaromatics,vol% maxCetane Number,minDensity,@15 C, kg/m3, min-maxDistillation, C, T95, maxEN 590Euro II1993Dir 98/70Euro III2000Dir 98/70Euro IV2005Dir 98/70Euro 845845845360360360360* 2005 introduction of 10ppm sulphur – Fuel must be geographically available in an appropriately balancedmannerSource: IFQC22
Regional Gasoline & DieselQuality ForecastsSulfur, ppmSulfur, iesel Pool20152020Sulfur, ppmEuropeNorth AmericaAsia-PacificCISLatin AmericaAfricaMiddle East20252030Off-RoadDiesel Pool5000400030002000Source: Hart WRFS 10Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 2013100002010201520202025203023
Sulfur LimitsMarine Bunker FuelEmission Control Areas (ECA)1.5 wt% 1 wt%Current 20104.5 wt%0.1 wt%2012201520183.5 wt%202020250.5 wt%Review to assesssufficientavailability of0.5% sulfur FOIf notFinal adoption of0.5 wt% deferredGlobalSource: IFQC 2009Abatement technologies (e.g. exhaust-gas scrubbing) is allowed as an alternative to using compliantfuelImportant Scale Change and Uncertainty25
Refining & Petrochemicals SynergiesMarket AnalysisCrude Oil Demandby SectorWorld Demand IndexPolymer b/d80Power generation60Residential/other ind.GDP*400Transportation fuels403003.2%2.1%1.5%200100PetrochemicalsGas ProductionOil Production1980199020002013%00 1002010202020301980 2005 2030Polymer demand growth Crude oil production growthCrude oil demand share dedicated to petrochemicals increasesLet’s see the impact on polymer demandSource : TOTALConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 2013GDP*: Gross Domestic Product26
Polymer Demand 2010-2020Average Annual Growth RateNorthAmerica 2.0%Europe 2.0%China 6.0%Middle East 5.8%Rest of Asia 4.4%Rest of the World 5.4%Global Polymer Demand2010-2020 AAGR: 4.3%Source: TotalConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 201327
Plan de la Présentation Axens en BrefEvolution des marchés À moyen Terme (2017) À long Terme (2030) Conséquences sur les outils de raffinage de pétrochimie Production de carburants et produits« pétrochimiques » à partir de biomasseConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 201328
Raffinerie simple ‐ début des années 70Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 2013Source: IFP Training29
Raffinerie avec conversion classique ‐années 80‐‐90Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 2013Source: IFP Training30
Raffinerie d’aujourd’hui et de demain(2010 ‐ 2020)MTBETAMEHDSConversionConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 2013Source: IFP Training31
Resid UpgradingOption 1: H-OilRC Mild HCK FCCCDUFGPrime-DLPGC3 NaphthaV VGO MildDHCKUAR100GasolineFCCMDVRFuel OilH-OilRCHCO12620213 152 335wtLPG and C5 production28183Total: 952383732
Resid UpgradingOption 2: H-OilRC eVRH-OilRCFuel Oil17109LPG and C5 throughput42710817746wtTotal: 973375233
Resid UpgradingOption 3: Delayed Coker eVRDCCoke10917LPG and C5 production3302011518746wtTotal: 953255034
Resid UpgradingOption 4: HyK Hyvahl R2RCDUFGLPGC3 2RFuel Oil534849319 1321069LPG and C5 productionwtTotal: 94221424428635
Global Capacity Requirements for 2020Geographical Breakdown40%Source: Hart & Axens 0%13%8%10%0%8%40%0% 0%North %40%20%60%23%20%Europe0%FSU30%0%0% 0%37%35%34%23%Middle Latin AmericaCrude DistillationLight OilProcessing 10.0 Mbpd(Reforming,Isomerization,Alkylation) 1.5 MbpdConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 2013HydroprocessingConversion(Naphtha, gasoline,Middle Distillates HDTAR / VRDS)(HCK, Resid HCK,Coking,RFCC/FCC, MHC) 9.5 Mbpd 5.0 Mbpd40
Plan de la Présentation Axens en BrefEvolution des marchés À moyen Terme (2017) À long Terme (2030) Conséquences sur les outils de raffinage de pétrochimie Production de carburants et produits« pétrochimiques » à partir de biomasseConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 201341
Refining & Petrochemical Flow ExchangesRefiningTechnologyPetrochemicals Unsaturated ROG FCC C3 cut PRU FCC C4-C5 cuts Conversion to C3 FinalProducts(C3 ) PP Coker C3-C4 cuts Saturated ROG Purification Excess of C3, C4 DehydrogenationH2, C4, Pygas SR Naphtha Cracked Naphtha CCR Reformate Gas Oil HC bleedSteamCracker HDT & Splitter to Aromatics to SC VGO to SC or PetChem FCC AR/VR PetChem RFCCGasoline Pool BasesConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 2013(C2 ) PE, PVC(C3 ) PP Raffin.PygasAromaticsComplexParamaX(Styrene) PSPolyethyleneterephthalatePET 42
Case Study 1Refinery with HCK, HP FCC ParamaXSR NaphthaCDUNaphthaAromatic luene rich cut, A8 PoolA9 , raffinate, light naphthaKeroHCKVDUGasolineBleedVGOHP FCCDelayed HCGOCokerPropyleneLPGCokeRefinery production400,000 bbl/dDieselAromatics productionParaxylene: 700 kt/y (2.5% of 2010 PX world production)Benzene: 140 kt/yConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 201343
Case Study 2Existing Refinery with Steam Cracker ParamaXHeavy NaphthaAromatic ComplexParamaXBenzeneParaxyleneExisting refineryGasolineH2 exportPygasKeroDieselResiduePropyleneC2, LPG, raffinateLight NaphthaSCAromatics productionExisting Refinery production400,000 bbl/dEthyleneParaxylene: 1,400 kt/y (5% of 2010 PX world production)Benzene: 650 kt/yConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 201344
Case Study 3Refinery ParamaX HP FCC Steam CrackerNaphtha SRLPGCDU150 000bpsdKeroDieselLPGNaphthaHDT &SplitterVDULNKeroLCGOHCKHHNEthylene exportPygas&NaphthaHDTC4 recycleButadieneC4HP FCCPropyleneButadieneExtrac.NaphthaLPGDieselC4 HDTAromatics productionRefinery production150,000 araxylenePygasC5 RecycleHNLPGLN KeroBenzeneHDT Pygas rHNKeroHDTVGOAromaticComplexParamaXParaxylene: 780 kt/y (2.9% of 2010 PX world production)Benzene: 690 kt/yConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 201345
Refining & Petrochemicals IntegrationCase StudiesPetrochemical YieldCase Study 1&Refinery Aromatic Complex6-7 %Case Study 2&Refinery Aromatic Complex Steam Cracker Complex18-19 %Case Study 3&IncreasingintegrationRefinery Aromatic Complex Steam Cracker Complex Zero Gasoline 40 %Key Message 1Refining & Petrochemical integration generates CAPEX Advantages: optimized design capacities shared utility production OPEX Advantages: energy efficiencyby utilities consumptionlower CO2 emissions positive environment effectTechnology creates value by increasing asset profitabilityConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 201346
Focus on Shale GasDefinitions What is Shale Gas? Shale Gas: Natural gas trapped withinshale formationsShale: Dark fine-grained sedimentaryrock formed by the compression ofclay-rich sedimentShale constitutes about 50-60% of allthe sedimentary rock found in theEarth’s crustConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 2013 What makes it different fromconventional natural gas?Nature of the reservoirsExtraction Hydraulic fracturing: In conjunction withhorizontal drillingQuality Shale gas ethane content is higher thannatural gas ethane content47
Focus on Shale GasUS In the US, since late 2005, shale gas production increaseddrastically: 2010: 142 Gm3 (23% of total U.S. dry gasproduction) 2011: 207 Gm3 (32% of total) 2035: 385 Gm3 (49% of total)Number of drilling rigs in the US:Source: DOE EIAMain shale gas fields: Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 2013Barnett (Texas) - historicalMarcellus (North East) - attractiveHaynesville (Louisiana) - attractive48
Gas Prices20 /MMBtu181614121086420Jan-02Jan-03Annual averages( 12012(end Q3)Henry Hub (US)3.45.55.98.86.77.08.93.94.44.02.6Zeebrugge (NWE)2.63.64.47.37.96.110.94.96.79.29.2Indonesian LNG ence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 201349
Unités Vapocraquage En Opération34 Mt27 Mt4 MtNorthAmericaEurope49 units59 unitsCIS15 units16 Mt26 MtChinaMiddleEast30 units30 units2 Mt5 MtSouthAmerica33 MtAfricaAsiaOceania*60 units6 units15 unitsCapacity given for C2 in millions tonsChart bars given for C2 capacity*Does not include China264 running Steam Crackers worldwideTotal C2 capacity : 148 MtUtilization rate: 83%Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 201350
Steam Crackers FeedstockBy RegionGlobal Feedstock: 351 Mt/ySource: SuperProudConférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 201351
Shale Development ImpactsUSGC Olefins SpreadOlefins Margin Naphtha (Ethylene price – Naphtha price)Olefins Margin Ethane (Ethylene price – Ethane price)1200 6Jan-07Jan-08Jan-09Jan.10Jan.11Jan.12-200Annual averages nd Q2)Olefins Margin Naphtha USGC14419132545632326020549274287341Olefins Margin Ethane USGC189184342523436357390243520669966Conférence Maison des Arts & Métiers, C. Dupraz, 14 Janvier 201352
Plan de la Présentation Axens en BrefEvolution des march
a high performance product range Hydroprocessing Gasoline: 50% of the world’s FCC gasoline is desulfurized by Axens’ Prime-G process Middle Distillates: Over 100 licenses for Prime-D & Prime-K Axens Today 42% of worldwide refineries operate at least one refining unit licensed by Axens 20% of gasoline and diesel
Evolution 2250e and Evolution 3250e are equipped with a 2500 VApower supply. The Evolution 402e and Evolution 600e are equipped with a 4400 VA power supply, and the Evolution 403e and Evolution 900e house 6000 VA power supplies. Internal high-current line conditioning circuitry filters RF noise on the AC mains, as well as
Chapter 4-Evolution Biodiversity Part I Origins of life Evolution Chemical evolution biological evolution Evidence for evolution Fossils DNA Evolution by Natural Selection genetic variability and mutation natural selection heritability differential reproduct
Le Ministère des Mines et de l’Energie prévoit en effet d’augmenter la valeur de ces exportations à 150 millions de dollars d’ici 2015. Le potentiel de croissance de la capacité de raffinage est peut être plus modeste mais n’est pas hors de portée, éta
OIT Organisation internationale du travail PIB Produit intérieur brut RCA République centrafricaine SONARA Société nationale de raffinage TVA Taxe sur la valeur ajoutée . Lewis, Victoria Monchuk, Paul Moreno, Amadou Nchare, Sylvie Ndze, Hannah Nielsen, Carlo Del Ninno, Peter Osei,
Thèse de Doctorat : «Intelligence Economique Territoriale de l 'aire d 'influence du Port de Marseille-Fos» Lundi 02 avril 2007 1 CONTEXTE et CONSTATS Rôle d'Aménageur-Promoteur confié au Port Autonome de Marseille à sa création en 1967 15 usines ( plusieurs filières : sidérurgie, raffinage, pétrochimie, énergie
Production et distribution d'électricité, de gaz, de vapeur et d'air conditionné Cokéfaction et raffinage En hausse entre la fin des années 2000 et 2015, avec le développement des énergies renouvelables, la part de l'énergie dans la valeur ajoutée a baissé en 2016 et surtout 2017, avant de se stabiliser autour de 1,8 %.
1998 1999Evolution 2000 Evolution 2001 Evolution 2002 Evolution 2003 Evolution 2004 Evolution 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 Capacités d’accueil des académies 18 679 (2) 16 537 – 11,4% 14 927 – 9,7 % 13 591 – 8,9 % 15 537 14,3 % 16 858 8,5 % 15 137 – 10,3 %
bridge, none would address any of the safety issues identified, such as the narrowing of the road, low side (parapet) walls and the lack of protection against vehicles falling into the watercourse in an accident. By not addressing the safety issues as part of the scheme expenditure, the council would be in breach of its statutory obligations under the Act. A Road Safety Audit was completed at .
