Non-Functional Requirements - Michigan State University

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Non-Functional RequirementsAcknowledgements:Steve Easterbrook 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.Non-Functional Requirements(NFRs) Definitions– Quality criteria; metrics– Example NFRs Product-oriented Software Qualities– Making quality criteria specific– Catalogues of NFRs– Example: Reliability Process-oriented Software Qualities– Softgoal analysis for design tradeoffs 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.1

What are Non-functional Requirements? Functional vs. Non-Functional– Functional requirements describe what the systemshould do functions that can be captured in use cases behaviours that can be analyzed by drawing sequencediagrams, statecharts, etc. and probably trace to individual chunks of a program– Non-functional requirements are global constraints ona software system e.g. development costs, operational costs, performance,reliability, maintainability, portability, robustness etc. Often known as software qualities, or just the “ilities” Usually cannot be implemented in a single module of aprogram 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.NFRs The challenge of NFRs– Hard to model– Usually stated informally, and so are: often contradictory, difficult to enforce during development difficult to evaluate for the customer prior to delivery– Hard to make them measurable requirements We’d like to state them in a way that we can measure howwell they’ve been met 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.2

Example NFRs Interface requirements–how will the new system interface withits environment? User interfaces and “user-friendliness” Interfaces with other systems Performance requirements–time/space bounds workloads, response time, throughput andavailable storage space e.g. ”the system must handle 1,000transactions per second"– Operating requirements–physical constraints (size, weight),––––personnel availability & skill levelaccessibility for maintenanceenvironmental conditionsetcLifecycle requirements– Maintainability Enhanceability Portability expected market or product lifespanreliability the availability of components integrity of information maintained andsupplied to the system–security E.g. permissible information flows, or whocan do what–survivability E.g. system will need to survive fire,natural catastrophes, etc 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationlimits on development E.g development time limitations, resource availability methodological standards etc. e.g. "system must have less than 1hrdowntime per three months"–“Future-proofing”is available free for non-commerci alEconomic requirements–e.g. restrictions on immediate and/orlong-term costs.use with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.Approaches to NFRs Product vs. Process?– Product-oriented Approaches Focus on system (or software) quality Capture operational criteria for each requirement so that we can measure it once the product is built– Process-oriented Approaches Focus on how NFRs can be used in the designprocess Analyze the interactions between NFRs and designchoices so that we can make appropriate design decisions 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.3

Approaches to NFRs Quantitative vs. Qualitative?– Quantitative Approaches Find measurable scales for the quality attributes Calculate degree to which a design meets thequality targets– Qualitative Approaches Study various relationships between quality goals Reason about trade-offs etc. 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.Software Qualities Think of an everyday object– e.g. a chair - how would you measure it’s“quality”? construction quality? (e.g. strength of the joints, ) aesthetic value? (e.g. elegance, ) fit for purpose? (e.g. comfortable, ) All quality measures are relative– there is no absolute scale– we can sometimes say A is better than B but it is usually hard to say how much better! 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.4

Software Qualities For software:– construction quality? software is not manufactured– aesthetic value? but most of the software is invisible aesthetic value is a marginal concern (or is it )– fit for purpose? Need to understand the purpose 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.FitnessSource: Budgen, 1994, pp58-9 Software quality is all about fitness topurpose– does it do what is needed?– does it do it in the way that its users need itto?– does it do it reliably enough? fast enough?safely enough? securely enough?– will it be affordable? will it be ready when itsusers need it?– can it be changed as the needs change? 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.5

Fitness Quality is not a measure of software in isolation– it measures the relationship between software and itsapplication domain cannot measure this until you place the software into itsenvironment and the quality will be different in different environments!– during design, we need to predict how well thesoftware will fit its purpose we need good quality predictors (design analysis)– during requirements analysis, we need to understandhow fitness-for-purpose will be measured What is the intended purpose? What quality factors will matter to the stakeholders? How should those factors be operationalized? 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.Factors vs. Criteria Quality Factors– These are customer-related concerns Examples: efficiency, integrity, reliability, correctness,survivability, usability,. Design Criteria– These are technical (development-oriented)concerns such as anomaly management,completeness, consistency, traceability,visibility,. 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.6

Quality Factors and Design Criteria are related Each factor depends on a number ofassociated criteria:– E.g. correctness depends on completeness,consistency, traceability,.– E.g. verifiability depends on modularity, selfdescriptiveness and simplicity During Analysis:– Identify the relative importance of each quality factor From the customer’s point of view!– Identify the design criteria on which these factors depend– Make the requirements measurable 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.Boehm’s NFR listdevice-independenceSource: See Blum, 1992, nsistencyefficiencyaccountabilityAs-is utilitydevice standabilitystructurednessconcisenessmodifiability 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionlegibilityaugmentabilitylicense.under a creative commons7

McCall’s NFR listoperabilitySource: See van Vliet 2000, pp111-3trainingcommunicatativenessusabilityI/O volumeI/O rateintegrityAccess controlAccess auditefficiencyProduct operationStorage efficiencyexecution bilityaccuracyerror isenesssimplicityProduct eralitySelf-descriptivenessreusabilityProduct transition 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationmodularitymachine independenceportabilitys/w system independencecomms. commonalityinteroperabilityis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributiondata commonalitylicense.under a creative commonsMaking Requirements MeasurableSource: Budgen, 1994, pp60-1 We have to turn our vague ideas about quality intomeasurablesexamples.The Quality Concepts(abstract notions ofquality e Quantities(define some metrics)mean timeto failure?informationflow betweenmodules?time takento learnhow to use?run it andCounts taken fromDesign/Code Representations count crashes(realization of the metrics) per hour?countprocedurecalls?minutestaken forsome usertask? 2010-2021under a creative commonsBetty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionlicense.8

Example MetricsQualityMetricSpeedtransactions/secresponse timescreen refresh timeSizeKbytesnumber of RAM chipsEase of Usetraining timenumber of help framesReliabilitymean-time-to-failure,probability of unavailabilityrate of failure, availabilityRobustnesstime to restart after failurepercentage of events causing failurePortabilitypercentage of target-dependent statementsnumber of target systems 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.Example: Measuring Reliability Definition– the ability of the system to behaveconsistently in a user-acceptable mannerwhen operating within the environment forwhich it was intended. Comments:– Reliability can be defined in terms of apercentage (say, 99.999%)– This may have different meaning for differentapplications: 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.9

Concrete Examples Example Applications– Telephone network: the entire network canfail no more than, on average, 1hr per year,but failures of individual switches can occurmuch more frequently– Patient monitoring system: the system mayfail for up to 1hr/year, but in those casesdoctors/nurses should be alerted of thefailure. More frequent failure of individualcomponents is not acceptable. 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.Generalize– Best we can do may be something like: ".No more than X bugs per 10KLOC may bedetected during integration and testing; no morethan Y bugs per 10KLOC may remain in thesystem after delivery, as calculated by the MonteCarlo seeding technique of appendix Z; the systemmust be 100% operational 99.9% of the calendaryear during its first year of operation." 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.10

Transition back to Modeling 2010-2021Betty H.C. Cheng. This presentationis available free for non-commerci aluse with attributionunder a creative commonslicense.11

What are Non-functional Requirements? Functional vs. Non-Functional – Functional requirements describe what the system should do functions that can be captured in use cases behaviours that can be analyzed by drawing sequence diagrams, statecharts, etc. and probably trace to individual chunks of a program – Non-functional .

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