INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF MANITOBA
INDIGENOUS PEOPLEOF MANITOBAa guide for newcomersA resource guide compiled by Anika Reynar and Zoe Mattiesfor Mennonite Central Committee Manitoba
How to use this guideReaders may choose to read the whole booklet, or only the chapters that interest them.Each chapter has further resources, which are useful for seeking out more information.There is a glossary of terms at the end to define difficult or new terms. These termswill appear like this throughout the document.Further Resources:Government informationgoo.gl/amMh2vABOUT THIS RESOURCEThis resource was made with care for people who are newcomers to Canada and maybe learning English, but its content is relevant to all Manitobans. Those of us whoare not Indigenous Manitobans are settlers here and are “newcomers” in a sense. Weshare a responsibility to learn from our Indigenous neighbours and build relationshipsof friendship and respect.A note fromMennonite Central CommitteeAssembly of manitobachiefs manitobachiefs.comSouthern assembly ofchiefs scoinc.mb.caQUICK FACTS goo.gl/8zp4RFBuffalo Shout, SalmonCry: Conversations onCreation, Land Justice,and Life Together, ed. SteveHeinrichs (Herald Press, 2013).See more at goo.gl/w1g83vWe acknowledge the rich diversity of teachings and history within First Nations andeven within individual Nations. We have tried to be as accurate as possible, but thisresource is not as comprehensive as we would like it to be and does not include all ofthe distinctions that exist within First Nations. We are grateful for the Indigenouspeople who have had input into this resource and for their encouragement to publishit, and we hope that it will promote continued discussion and learning beyond whatis written in its pages.3
DAKOTAOJIBWAYDahlu T’uaTes-He-Olie TweOJI-CREEDENECREEKisipakamakMarcel Colomb(Black Sturgeon)O-Pipon-Na-PiwinMakaso nMooseocootNisichawayasihkMathias Colomb(Pukatawagan)BunibonibeePimicikamakManto SipiManto SakahiganMithkwamepin ThaakkahikanKinosao aadiwi-ziibiingLakeWinnipegWuskwi hewanoongKinonjeoshtegonIshkwaawinaaning k-Ko-SipiPinaymootangTootinaowaziibeengOchekwi SipiKa Ka Kwe Ke Je angaagChankagha OtintaWipazoka WakpaDakota eyaagChanupa WakpaMah’ piya hdes’ kaGaa-biskigamaagKisematawaBigwan Shkoo ZiibiNeyaashing
Table of ji-Cree17Dakota19Inuit22Métis24The Royal Proclamation 176325Treaties27The Indian Act of 187629Residential Schools33Truth and Reconciliation Commission34Current Issues34The Push for Self-Determination and Self-Governance35Idle No More36Further Learning Opportunities38Annual Events39Glossary42Acknowledgements5
IntroductionCanada is a country that values and is proud of its multi-cultural heritage. Peoplefrom all over the world come to make their homes in Canada. An important aspect ofCanada for newcomers to understand is the history and culture of Canada’s Indigenous people: the first people to live in Canada. Newcomers may not always have accessto accurate information about Indigenous people. Often newcomers are exposed tounhelpful stereotypes (oversimplified or wrong ideas) about Indigenous people.This booklet introduces newcomers to the different groups of Indigenous people ofManitoba, the history of the relationship between Indigenous people and the Government of Canada, and some current initiatives that Indigenous people are involved in.Each section includes resources for newcomers to learn more about the Indigenouspeople of Manitoba.6
SummaryThere are three groups of Indigenous people in Canada: First Nations, Inuit andMétis. Manitoba is located in the traditional territories of the Cree, Dakota, Dene,Ojibway, and Oji-Cree First Nations, as well as the Métis nation. Just over half ofIndigenous people in Canada live in cities.1Winnipeg, the capital of Manitoba, has the largest Indigenous population of any cityin Canada.2 Winnipeg is located in Treaty 1 territory. A treaty is a signed agreementbetween the government and Indigenous people. This is how we respectfully introducewhere we live, and acknowledge that Indigenous people first inhabited this country. Itis important to recognize what treaty territory you live in, or are a guest in, becauseall Canadians, not just Indigenous people, have rights and responsibilities that cameabout because of the treaties. For more information on treaties, see page 25.Indigenous cultures across Canada are very diverse. For example, there are over50 Indigenous languages spoken in Canada.3 This guide will describe some of theimportant details of the Indigenous cultures in Manitoba. Understanding the history of the relationship between Indigenous people and non-Indigenous people helpsus to better understand our own histories and where relationships are at today. Thisguide addresses some, but not all of the contemporary issues faced by Indigenouspeople today.“Fact Sheet-Urban Aboriginal Population in Canada.” Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development 4298/1100100014302 (accessed August 11, 2014).2News. “Winnipeg has most aboriginal people in Canada.” 4 (accessed August 11, 2014).3“Aboriginal languages in Canada.” Aboriginal languages in nt/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/98-314-x2011003 3-eng.cfm (accessed August 11, 2014).17
CreeThe name “Cree” was first written as “Kristineaux” by French European representatives. Later, the name was shortened to “Cri.” Finally the word became “Cree”in English.4 In the Cree language, the proper name for the people is Inninewak“In in o wak.”LanguageThe Cree language is the most widely spoken Indigenous language within Canada.Many Cree words have been adopted into the English vocabulary. For example, Winnipeg is a Cree word meaning muddy water, in reference to the Red River.5LocationFurther Resources:The Cree were traditionally a nomadic people. Their territory extends from Quebecto Alberta.The Canadian Encyclopediagoo.gl/TKlQ4gA simple summary of CreeCulture goo.gl/6z7sWhCree Cultural Institute,Quebec creeculture.caThere are four groups of Cree that live in different territories and speak differentdialects. The Plains Cree traditionally lived in Central Manitoba, Saskatchewanand Alberta. The Woods Cree lived in Northern Manitoba and Saskatchewan. TheSwampy Cree lived in Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec. There are also the Rock Cree,who live in Manitoba. These groups are somewhat different because of where theylive, but they are also very similar. The three groups share the same language andmany of the same customs.6In Manitoba today, there are 23 Cree communities, which are dispersed acrossNorthern Manitoba.Traditional Community StructureIn traditional Cree communities, there were three important groups: the family, thehunting group and the “macro band.” From August to June, the Cree organized themselves into hunting groups made up of 10-20 people. During the summer months, several hunting groups would come together and form “macro bands” of 75-150 people.These macro bands would fish together and hold many social events. Cree communities were based on communal principles of cooperation and respect for the land.784567Banting, Erinn. Canadian Aboriginal Art and Culture: Cree. Calgary: Weigl Educational Publishers Limited, 2008.Steckley, John, and Bryan David Cummins. Full Circle: Canada’s First Nations. Toronto: Prentice Hall, 2001.Banting, Erinn. Canadian Aboriginal Art and Culture: Cree. Calgary: Weigl Educational Publishers Limited, 2008.Steckley, John, and Bryan David Cummins. Full Circle: Canada’s First Nations. Toronto: Prentice Hall, 2001.
The Cree relied on hunting, fishing and collecting wild plants for their survival. Menand women engaged in specific roles. Men hunted and fished. Women set up camp,prepared and preserved food, cared for children and made clothing. The women carefully preserved meat and berries by drying, salting or smoking it. This way, food couldbe used throughout the winter. During the winter, an important food was pemmican.Pemmican is a cake made out of dried meat, animal fat, berries and nuts.Cree homes were different depending on the land. The Plains Cree lived in teepees.The Woodlands and Swampy Cree lived in wigwams made out of birch bark. Theway the Cree travelled also depended on the land. The Cree were well known for birchbark canoes.SpiritualityThe Cree believe that everything is interconnected; dividing the world into livingand non-living things has little meaning because everything is dependent on eachother. Cree understand that everything, including land, water, plant-life, animals andhumans must be respected. This respect is paid through various ceremonies, rituals,and songs. In hunting, for example, it is very important to the Cree to respect the animal. They do this by asking for the blessing of the animals being hunted.TraditionsIn Cree tradition, ceremonies and celebrations are very important. There are manycelebrations throughout the year to mark important events. One of these ceremoniesis the Walking Out ceremony. The Walking Out ceremony celebrates when a child firstlearns to walk.8 Music and dance are important parts of ceremonies. Cree songs userepeated notes and sounds. Drums, bells and whistles, often accompany these songs.9In Cree communities, sharing stories is also very important. Cree can be written butCree people mainly communicate orally. Atayohkewina, or sacred stories, are usedto teach children lessons about life. Through the telling of stories, the Cree preservecommunity wisdom.89“The Walking Out Ceremony.” Creeculture.ca. mony (accessed July 3, 2014).Banting, Erinn. Canadian Aboriginal Art and Culture: Cree. Calgary: Weigl Educational Publishers Limited, 2008.9
DenesulineThe Denesuline are one of the groups that make up the larger Dene Nation. The name“Dene” translates to “the people.”10LanguageFurther Resources:Saskatchewan IndianCultural Centregoo.gl/x7fWJwThe Dene Nation andAssembly of First NationsNWT goo.gl/WzvcyuNight Spirits: The Story of theRelocation of the Sayisi Dene, byIla Bussidor and Ustun BilgenReinart (University of ManitobaPress, 2000)Denendeh: A Dene Celebration,with photographs by ReneFumoleau (The Dene Nation,1984)The Denesuline people are a part of the Athapaskan language group. They speak alanguage called Denesuline.11 Denesuline is spoken in many dialects, but less than 4000people speak the language. The Government considers the Denesuline language tobe endangered.12LocationThe Dene people are one of the largest First Nations groups living in the subarcticregion. The Dene territory covers the western part of the Northwest Territories, andthe Northern Sections of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba.13 In Manitoba, thereare currently only two Dene communities. These communities are Lac Brochet andTadoule Lake. The Dene call their land Denendeh, which means “The Land of thePeople.”14Traditional Community StructureIn Dene society, leadership was shared between all members of the community. Everyone agreed on a leader, who was usually an elder. This leader was given the respectof the community. The leader oversaw the community, but big decisions were madetogether by the community instead of by the leader. People took turns as leaders whenthey were best suited for a job. This meant that no one had too much control.15In the community, the education of children was very important. Every part of life wasseen as an opportunity to teach children valuable survival and relational skills. Children were taught to relate to everyone with respect. They learned that everything wasto be shared. Most importantly, children were taught to show love for their people.Grandparents played an important part in this education. Grandparents told storiesthat passed down old values and traditions to the younger generation.161010111213141516“ABOUT US DENE NATION.” ABOUT US DENE NATION. http://www.denenation.com/about us.html (accessed July 7, 2014).Steckley, John, and Bryan David Cummins. Full Circle: Canada’s First Nations. Toronto: Prentice Hall, 2001.Koopmans, Carol. Canadian Aboriginal Art and Culture: Denesuline. Calgary: Weigl Educational Publishers Limited, 2008.Ibid.Fumoleau, René. Denendeh: A Dene Celebration. Yellowknife, Denendeh, N.W.T.: Dene Nation, 1984.Ibid.Ibid.
In traditional Dene community, the extended family was the most importantunit. The whole community cared for children. Children could easily be adoptedbetween families.17Like most First Nations communities, the Dene relied on hunting for survival. Hunting was done by the men. Caribou was the main source of food. Caribou was alsoimportant for shelter and clothing. Caribou hides were used to make teepees. Womenwere responsible for collecting roots and berries, fishing and food preparation, andmaking clothing.18SpiritualityThe Dene have a lot of respect for nature. They believe that everything has a spirit(Inkonze) that connects all things.19 The Dene believe that the land and spirituality areinseparable. They believe that the land is alive, and everything is sacred. They havevery strict hunting rules and ritual protocol. These rules and rituals pay respect to thelife of the animal.20In Dene spirituality, drum songs are very important. The Dene also believe in the powerof traditional medicine. In each Dene community, there are three or four people whohave medicine power or who have been given a drum song. Medicine men/women arethe spiritual guides of the group. Medicine men/women communicate with the spirits.The spirits provide the Medicine men/women with guidance and direction. The Medicine men/women then tell the community stories as a way to communicate what thespirits have said. Medicine people instruct the community to do certain things in orderto hold off evil and keep the spirits happy.21The drum is another way for the community to connect with the Creator. The drumserves many purposes. Sacred drum songs are used for praying, healing and seeing intothe future. There are also songs of thanksgiving. These songs are especially importantduring a Ti Dance. A Ti Dance is a celebration that happens every spring to thankthe Creator for bringing the communities back together after a winter of hunting inseparate groups.22“Profile of the Sayisi Dene Nation of Tadoule Lake in Northern Manitoba.” Tribal Law Journal 5 (2005). lume 5/profile of the sayisi dene nation of tadoule lake in northern manitoba/index.php (accessed July 7, 2014).18Koopmans, Carol. Canadian Aboriginal Art and Culture: Denesuline. Calgary: Weigl Educational Publishers Limited, 2008.19Ibid.20Fumoleau, René. Denendeh: A Dene Celebration. Yellowknife, Denendeh, N.W.T.: Dene Nation, 1984.21Ibid.22Ibid.1711
TodayToday in Manitoba there are two communities of Dene people located in Lac Brochet(T’suline Dene) and Tadoule Lake (Sayisi Dene). The history of the Sayisi Dene is astory of hurt and struggle. In 1956 the Sayisi Dene were forced to move from the location of their traditional homes to the edges of the town of Churchill.23 The Sayisi wereforced to move because the Government believed that the traditional hunting practicesof the Dene were depleting the Caribou population. Later the Government realizedthat the caribou population was healthy, and there was no need to relocate the Dene.24Before 1956, the Sayisi Dene lived by Duck Lake. After being relocated to Churchill,the Dene community spent over a decade living in shantytowns. In shantytowns, people lived in tents or poorly made houses. During this time it is estimated that nearlyone third of the Dene community died because of violence, poverty and racism.25In 1973, the Dene leadership found enough strength to set up a new community atTadoule Lake.Today, the Sayisi Dene at Tadoule Lake continue to struggle to heal and to regaintheir cultural identity.26 In 2010, the Government of Manitoba issued an apology forits involvement in the relocation. The Government stated that they intend to workalongside the Sayisi Dene to move towards reconciliation.2712“Profile of the Sayisi Dene Nation of Tadoule Lake in Northern Manitoba.” Tribal Law Journal 5 (2005). lume 5/profile of the sayisi dene nation of tadoule lake in northern manitoba/index.php (accessed July 7, 2014).24“News Release - Manitoba.” Province of Manitoba. http://news.gov.mb.ca/news/index.html?item 9346 (accessed July 7, 2014).25Ibid.26Petch, Virginia P. 1998. “Relocation and Loss of Homeland: The Story of the Sayisi Dene of Northern Manitoba”. University of /f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ32015.pdf (accessed July 7, 2014).27“News Release - Manitoba.” Province of Manitoba. http://news.gov.mb.ca/news/index.html?item 9346 (accessed July 7, 2014).23
OjibwayThe Ojibway call themselves Anishinaabeg, meaning “first” or “original people.”Ojibway is a name that settlers used to call the Anishinaabeg, although many Anishinaabeg call themselves Ojibway. In the eighteenth century the French called the Ojibway “Saulteaux” or “people of the falls.”28LanguageThe Ojibway speak Anishinabe.LocationThe Ojibway homeland was very large.29 It stretched from the northern plainsto the southeastern shores of the great lakes. In Canada, it extended from centralLomberg, Michelle. Canadian Aboriginal Art and Culture: Ojibwa. Calgary, Alberta: Weigl Educational Publishers Limited, 2008.29They Came for the Children: Canada, Aboriginal Peoples and Residential Schools. Winnipeg, Manitoba: The Truth andReconciliation Commission, 2012.2813
Saskatchewan through southern Manitoba to southern Ontario and southwestern Quebec. In Manitoba, the Ojibway have communities in the southern part ofthe province.Traditional Community StructureThere are two main groups of Ojibway. The Plains Ojibway and the Woodland Ojibway. In the plains, the Ojibway traditionally depended on bison hunting. Plains Ojibway rode horses, and relied on bison for food and clothing.30In the woodlands, Ojibway survived by hunting, fishing and gathering. They traveledby birch bark canoe in warm weather and snowshoes in the winter.Further Resources:Saskatchewan IndianCultural Roseau RiverFirst Nation websiteroseauriverfirstnation.caInformation on OjibwayCulture goo.gl/0TbKK7The Ojibwe People’sDictionary ojibwe.lib.umn.eduThe Ojibway Storygoo.gl/2JdASlThe Ojibway people lived in structures called wigwams, shaped like a dome. Theyused wooden poles covered with rush mats and birch bark. Some also lived in bisonhide teepees, which were easy to take down and move.31In their communities, a group of families that were related to each other was calleda clan. Clans were named after animals, for their unique abilities and skills. Groupsof people who were related through marriage were called bands. Chiefs led bandsof 300-400 people. In the summer, bands lived together in villages, and in the wintereach family would hunt on its own.32 Most people were treated equally in the community. Everyone, including children had an important role to play. Certain people heldrespected positions, such as the chief and the Medicine Man/Woman. A MedicineMan/Woman was a person believed to have special spiritual and healing knowledge.33SpiritualityOjibway groups believed in a creator called Kitchi Manitou, or Great Spirit.34 They
This booklet introduces newcomers to the different groups of Indigenous people of Manitoba, the history of the relationship between Indigenous people and the Govern-ment of Canada, and some current initiatives that Indigenous people are involved in. Each section includes resources for newcomers to learn more about the Indigenous people of Manitoba.
Manitoba Education and Training Cataloguing in Publication Data Mental math : grade 12 essential mathematics ISBN: 978-0-7711-8029-3 (print) ISBN: 978-0-7711-8030-9 (pdf) 1. Mathematics—Study and teaching (Secondary)—Manitoba. 2. Mental arithmetic—Study and teaching (Secondary)—Manitoba. I. Manitoba. Manitoba Education and Training. 510.712
Repeal 3 The Manitoba Building Code, Manitoba Regulation 127/2006, is repealed. Abrogation 3 Le Code du bâtiment du Manitoba, R.M. 127/2006, est abrogé. Coming into force 4(1) Subject to subsection (2), this regulation comes into force on April 1, 2011. Entrée en vigueur 4(1) Sous réserve du paragraphe (2), le présent règlement entre en vigueur le 1 er avril 2011.
2.5 Telling the story of Indigenous rights in Australia 2.6 Patterns in Indigenous and non-Indigenous relation 2.7 Exploring the timeline of Indigenous and non-Indigenous history 03 The intervention and human rights Worksheets: 3.1 The Amperlatwaty walk-off 3.2 The intervention and human rights 04 Land and Indigenous Peoples’ rights Worksheets:
3. Why are indigenous foods and food systems important? 20 3.1 Indigenous foods play in important health and nutrition role 20 3.2 Indigenous food systems enhance resilience 22 3.3 Indigenous foods have important cultural significance 23 4. Doing more to promote indigenous foods 24 4.1 The policy context 24 4.2 Re-valuing indigenous foods 25 5.
Feed for indigenous chicken from week 9 to onset of lay 3.5 Indigenous (Kienyeji) finisher diet Feed for indigenous chicken from 8 weeks to slaughter 3.6 Indigenous (Kienyeji) layer diet Feed for indigenous chicken from onset of lay 4 Requirements 4.1 General Requirements 4.1.1 Kienyeji Feed may be in form of a meal (or mash), crumbs or pellets.
Indigenous Self-Government A overview of what it is, why it matters plus some . better place for Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. Please note, the materials on our website, www.ictinc.ca, are provided for . the key building blocks for strengthening and supporting Indigenous
Indigenous Australian businesses, can share their experiences. DFAT has in place a five-year Indigenous Peoples Strategy to guide its work on issues affecting Indigenous Peoples across the foreign policy, aid, trade and corporate objectives for the department. Through its Indigenous Peoples Strategy and this Charter, DFAT will work with the
American Math Competition 8 Practice Test 8 89 American Mathematics Competitions Practice 8 AMC 8 (American Mathematics Contest 8) INSTRUCTIONS 1. DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOUR PROCTOR TELLS YOU. 2. This is a twenty-five question multiple choice test. Each question is followed by
