October 2008 - FWS
Holy Ghost Ipomopsis(Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus)5-Year Review:Summary and EvaluationPhoto: Phil TonneU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceNew Mexico Ecological Services Field OfficeAlbuquerque, New MexicoOctober 2008
5-YEAR REVIEWHoly Ghost Ipomopsis/Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus1.0GENERAL INFORMATION1.1ReviewersLead Regional Office: Region 2 - Susan Jacobsen, Chief, Threatened andEndangered Species, 505-248-6641; Wendy Brown, Recovery Coordinator,505-248-x6664.Lead Field Office: New Mexico Ecological Services Field Office Eric Hein, Terrestrial Ecosystems Branch Chief, 505-761-4735.1.2Methodology used to complete the review:This review was a collaborative effort with biologists’ input from the U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service’s (Service) Region 2 Regional Office, New MexicoEcological Services Field Office, New Mexico State Forestry Division (NMSF),and University of New Mexico (UNM). Phil Tonne, Botanist for NaturalHeritage New Mexico (UNM Biology Department), was contracted through aSection 6 grant to gather the relevant information and prepare a draft of thereview.1.3Background1.3.1FR Notice citation announcing initiation of this review:69 FR 43621, July 21, 2004.1.3.2Listing historyOriginal listingFR Notice: 59 FR 13836Date Listed: March 23, 1994Entity listed: Species, Ipomopsis sancti-spiritusClassification: Endangered1.3.3Associated rulemakings: Not applicable.1.3.4Review History: Not applicable.1.3.5Species’ Recovery Priority Number at start of 5-year review:2C - This indicates a high degree of threat, a high recovery potential, thelisted entity is a species, and there is conflict.1
1.3.6Recovery Plan or OutlineName of plan: Holy Ghost Ipomopsis (Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus)Recovery PlanDate issued: September 30, 2002.Dates of previous revisions: The recovery plan has not been revised.2.0REVIEW ANALYSIS2.1Application of the 1996 Distinct Population Segment (DPS) Policy2.1.12.2Is the species under review a vertebrate? No.Recovery Criteria2.2.1Does the species have a final, approved recovery plan? Yes.2.2.1.1 Does the recovery plan contain objective, measurablecriteria?Yes. The Holy Ghost Ipomopsis (Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus) RecoveryPlan (Recovery Plan) states: “Downlisting to threatened can occur when apopulation with at least 2,000 plants per year is maintained in Holy GhostCanyon, and when four additional populations, each with at least 400plants, are established and maintained for 10 years in the Upper PecosRiver Basin. In addition, the USFS must develop and implement amanagement plan for the Holy Ghost ipomopsis that ensures the continuedprotection of these established populations. Downlisting can occur whenappropriate population viability targets are identified and reached andwhen monitoring by the USFS demonstrates that the management plan issuccessful in protecting the necessary populations.”In addition, the step-down outline prescribes five primary recoveryactions that are necessary to alleviate threats and achieve the recoverycriterion:1. Establish a management plan that protects the current population fromexisting threats.2. Study the species’ biology and ecology.3. Establish a botanical garden population and a seed bank.4. Search for new populations.5. Reintroduce Holy Ghost ipomopsis in the upper Pecos River Basin andprotect reintroduced populations.2
2.2.2Adequacy of recovery criteria2.2.2.1 Do the recovery criteria reflect the best available andmost up-to-date information on the biology of the species andits habitat?Yes. The recovery criteria are well written to accommodate newinformation and to allow for studies to obtain that information.New information suggests that the ratio of flowering plants torosettes in Holy Ghost Canyon may be higher than previouslycalculated. Using recent data trends, the proportion of floweringplants to rosettes is discussed below and an updated relationship isdiscussed. New trends in the population only make the criteriamore necessary and urgent because the total numbers of plants,estimated from the number of flowering individuals, may havebeen overestimated prior to 2008. The implementation of recoveryactions should be accelerated to adequately meet the needs of thisspecies. The potential habitat of Holy Ghost ipomopsis withinHoly Ghost Canyon is changing, and favorable habitat for thisspecies is apparently more restricted than in the past.Implementation of all aspects of the recovery plan and increasedinteragency cooperation are needed to protect this species. As timepasses, the opportunities for conservation and recovery of HolyGhost ipomopsis may become increasingly limited, changing therelevance of the recovery criteria.2.2.2.2 Are all of the 5 listing factors that are relevant to the speciesaddressed in the recovery criteria (and is there no newinformation to consider regarding existing or new threats)?Yes. All listing factors given in the 2002 recovery plan remainrelevant to the species.2.2.3List the recovery criteria as they appear in the plan, and discuss howeach criterion has or has not been met, citing information.1. The Holy Ghost Canyon population must be maintained at an annualpopulation average of 2,000 plants for 10 years.This is the minimum acceptable population value that must be maintainedto recover the species despite threats from other forest uses andmanagement conflicts within its habitat. To that extent, it falls under thefollowing listing factors:3
A. Present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of itshabitat or range.B. Over utilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educationalpurposes.C. Disease and predation.E. Other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence.There are two population data sets covering the Holy Ghost Canyonpopulation along Forest Road 122 (F.R. 122) for Holy Ghost ipomopsis:one spanning from 2002 to 2005 (Maschinski, pers. comm., 2006) and theother from 2003 to 2008 (Sivinski and Tonne 2007, 2008). By estimatingflowering plants visible from the road, a yearly average of 334 floweringplants between 2002 and 2005 was found (Maschinski, pers. comm.,2006). The Recovery Plan states that maintenance of 300-400 floweringindividuals corresponds with a population estimate of 2,000 total plantsduring a normal precipitation year, a proportion ranging from 15% to 20%of the population. According to the Recovery Plan, an average of 334flowering adults falls at the lower end of the desired minimum range fornumbers of flowering plants.More recently, ongoing data have been collected using field counts inmonitored plots along F.R. 122, representing samples of the entire HolyGhost ipomopsis population. Between 2003 and 2008, an average of 703total plants was counted per year, ranging from 618 to 852. Of the totalnumber of plants, an average of 183 flowering plants and 520 rosettes peryear was recorded, with flowering plants comprising 26% of thepopulation (Sivinski and Tonne 2007, 2008). This average falls above thepercentage given in the Recovery Plan for calculating the number of totalplants. The most recent survey, conducted in September 2008, recorded117 flowering plants and 505 rosettes, totaling 622 individual plants, withflowering plants making up 19% of the population (Sivinski and Tonne2008). Based on an additional comprehensive field survey of longoccupied areas along F.R. 122 conducted in August 2008, the September2008 data from monitored plots represent 47 percent of the estimatedpopulation occurring in that area (Tonne, unpublished data, 2008).Augmentation of the Holy Ghost Canyon population of Holy Ghostipomopsis along F.R. 122 took place in 2007 using transplanted rosettesfrom the UNM greenhouse (Sivinski and Tonne 2008). Survival of the256 rosettes transplanted in 2007 was high, and many flowered, fruited,and set seed in 2008 (Sivinski and Tonne 2008). The 1,321 plants countedin the August 2008, comprehensive surveys revealed 464 flowering adultsand 857 rosettes, and included an unknown number of survivingindividuals transplanted as rosettes in July of 2007 (Sivinski and Tonne2008). Due to the presence of surviving transplants in 2008, the annuallymonitored plots may represent a proportion slightly larger than 47%. This4
recovery criterion has not been met. Yearly counts indicate that we arenot yet achieving the population parameters outlined by this criterion. It isunclear whether this is a temporary condition that is attributable to drierconditions during the sampling period. Recent population monitoring datashowed a spike in the abundance of rosettes following above-average andsustained late-monsoon rains during 2006 (Sivinski and Tonne 2006).Several years of increased precipitation may allow the population to reachestablished recovery parameters, but it appears prudent to augment thenatural population with greenhouse-grown material at this time.2. Establishment of four additional populations in the upper Pecos Basin.This criterion is an attempt to decrease the vulnerability of the singlepopulation species to chance events such as catastrophic fire or disease.Establishing multiple populations greatly reduces the chances that thespecies will suffer an unexpected loss of individuals, jeopardizing thesurvival of the species. This criterion falls under the same listing factorsmentioned in recovery criterion 1: factors A, B, C, and E.Establishing new Holy Ghost ipomopsis populations has been a process oftrial and error, but the current approach, supported by U.S. Forest Service(USFS) cooperation, shows promise. Attempts to establish a newpopulation through direct seeding and transplantation into Willow Creekappear to have failed (Sivinski and Tonne 2005). Efforts to establish newpopulations in the Winsor, Panchuella, and Indian Creek drainages, allclose to Holy Ghost Canyon in the Santa Fe National Forest, began in2005. Since the last transplanting of seedlings in 2006, the number ofadults has declined, due in part to the natural life cycle of monocarpicplants, which flower once and then die. Although seedlings frompreviously transplanted individuals have been found, it will be severalyears before we can properly assess the viability of these populations.Table 1 shows a plant count for the three experimental populations.Table 1. Plant counts at three experimental populations in the upperPecos River drainage, 2005-2008.SitePanchuelaCreekWinsor CreekIndian 36135*842157*93*11*Distinguishing seedlings and rosettes of Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus from the more common andsympatric Ipomopsis aggregata is unreliable.5
The methodology for raising and transplanting plants has been refined andappears to be reliable. Increased cooperation by the USFS has beencrucial to implementing this process. The human effort was approachingwhat was needed (cooperative efforts have made this project verypromising) but recovery efforts need to continue; the ability of the plantsto establish in the areas selected is unclear and will need to be monitoredfor several years. Drought conditions in the Pecos/Las Vegas RangerDistrict (Santa Fe National Forest) may be an important factor in theoutcome of the experimental plantations. Monsoon rains began just priorto planting the Holy Ghost ipomopsis in early July 2006. Rainfall wassteady through the months of July and August, allowing the plants tobecome well-rooted without the necessity of hand watering as had beennecessary in previous years. The break from drought conditions in thearea and timing of precipitation may prove critical in the establishment ofexperimental populations of this species. It will take years to determinewhether these experimental populations will become successfullyestablished.This recovery criterion has not been met.3. The Holy Ghost Canyon and additional populations must be protectedvia the development and implementation of a species-specific managementplan that protects the species and is consistent with land uses in the area.In addition, the designation of Holy Ghost Canyon as a Botanical Area tohighlight its unique botanical status should be considered.This criterion addresses listing factor D: Inadequacy of existingregulatory mechanisms. If this species is to be downlisted after meetingthe criteria in the Recovery Plan, it could easily decline in numbers andhave to be uplisted once again due to the fluctuating nature of monocarpicplant population trends. The existence of a USFS management plan thatestablishes conservation parameters for this species would not onlyexpedite the recovery of this species, but provide protection for it should itbe downlisted or delisted.The USFS is aware of this endangered species and its locations within theSanta Fe National Forest. The USFS, as well as the Service and State ofNew Mexico, prohibit the unauthorized collection of this species. As longas the Holy Ghost ipomopsis is listed as an endangered species, land useswithin its Federal jurisdiction habitats must be reviewed and assessedthrough the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) and theEndangered Species Act (ESA), section 7 consultation processes.This process has worked for many species and may have been adequatefor this species to date. However, there is a pressing need to create aspecies-specific USFS management plan for the Holy Ghost ipomopsis.6
While Holy Ghost ipomopsis receives blanket protections and reviewsunder NEPA and ESA provisions, this is one of the rarest known speciesin New Mexico. It is the rarest plant species on the Santa Fe NationalForest and has no designated critical habitat. The total occupied habitatfor this species consists of a few acres that are subjected to many land usepressures and vulnerable to management decisions. If this species’ habitatis inadvertently impacted during a fire-suppression operation or roadmaintenance project, the entire species may disappear. No steps havebeen taken to improve the habitat within Holy Ghost Canyon or to studywhat mechanisms might be useful in expanding the suitable habitat for thisspecies. Writing a USFS management plan and doing the necessarystudies to begin conservation activities within the known habitat of thisspecies is a necessary step to conserving this species. In lieu of a USFSmanagement plan for the Holy Ghost ipomopsis, it would be prudent tobegin interagency discussions of what conservation steps we might be ableto implement in Holy Ghost Canyon.This recovery criterion has not been met. Steps still need to be taken todevelop a USFS management plan for the Holy Ghost ipomopsis or forHoly Ghost Canyon itself. Management needs and habitat parameters ofthis species in Holy Ghost Canyon still are not clearly understood.2.3Updated Information and Current Species Status2.3.1Biology and habitat2.3.1.1 New information on the species’ biology and life history:Both greenhouse propagation and field survival recently have shownsuccess in terms of germination rates, seedling transplant establishment,and seed production from transplants in the field. Transplanting hasoccurred at the three experimental plots outside of Holy Ghost Canyonand within Holy Ghost Canyon (Sivinski and Tonne 2007, 2008).Greenhouse germination studies on Holy Ghost ipomopsis found agermination rate of 86% and 89% from samples of 100 and 101 seeds,respectively (Tonne, unpublished data, 2005). Seedlings were raised atthe UNM greenhouse between 2003 and 2007. During 2003 and 2004,greenhouse-raised seedlings were grown in preparation of transplanting tothe field (Sivinski and Tonne 2007). In July 2005, 381 greenhouseseedlings were transplanted to Panchuela and Winsor Canyons in theSanta Fe National Forest (Sivinski and Tonne 2007). The dry conditionsrequired hand watering twice per week for about a month until themonsoons arrived in mid-August (Sivinski and Tonne 2007). Theexperimental sites had survival rates of 69-89% through the dry winter andspring of 2005 and 2006. Within the next year, 67 percent had mature7
seed capsules and 29 new seedlings were found in September, 2006(Sivinski and Tonne 2007).In July 2006, 957 new rosettes from the greenhouse were transplantedamong the Panchuela Canyon, Winsor Canyon, and Indian Creekexperimental locations. Ninety-eight percent of the transplants weresuccessfully established by late September 2006 (Sivinski and Tonne2007). During the spring of 2007, 842 of the original plants (88%)remained as rosettes (Sivinski and Tonne 2008). By August 2008, 250rosettes and seedlings were counted, but the overall adult count dropped to11 individuals with the Panchuela Canyon population exhibiting noflowering adults.Regeneration within the sites is currently being monitored, but withoutcomparisons to identify adult flowering plants, this information will be oflimited use. The recent decrease in overall number likely reflects the lossof plants due to their monocarpic nature. While some transplants died asrosettes the majority flowered, fruited, and died following the natural stepsof their life cycle. It is unclear how much viable seed was produced in thisprocess. The survival and germination of seed will hopefully lead to thespread of this plant within these experimental populations.Seedbank longevity for Holy Ghost ipomopsis is unknown. Another rarecongener, Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. weberi, native to northern Colorado,is known to have relatively short-lived seed (Wilken 1996). Wilken(1996) speculated that the seed bank for this taxon “may become depletedafter 5 years.” This may or may not be the case with the Holy Ghostipomopsis. One trend that may confound potential limitations of the seedbank is that, not only is less seed produced during drought years, the seedthat is produced has a higher proportion of lower-weight seed. Droughtseed is relatively small and may have a reduced viability in the seed bank.2.3.1.2 Abundance, population trends, demographic features, ordemographic trends:The method introduced in the Holy Ghost Ipomopsis Recovery Plan forestimating population numbers is to survey the number of flowering plantsand estimate the number of immature, non-flowering rosettes based on theflowering adults comprising 15% to 20% of the total population. Recentpopulation data has revealed a wider range with a higher averageproportion of flowering adults to rosettes, although the lower range ofvariation falls within the original estimated ratio (Sivinski and Tonne2005, 2006, 2007, 2008). From 2003 to 2008, flowering plants haveranged from 15% to 50% of the total plant population of Holy Ghostipomopsis, with flowering plants representing an average of 26% of thepopulation (Sivinski and Tonne 2008). Assuming that monitored plots8
accurately represent the entire population, the original method ofestimating the population based on flowering plants comprising 17.5% ofthe total population appears to need modification to reflect more accurateratios. Population trends within monitoring plots can be seen in Figure 1below.Figure 1. Chart of monitoring plot trends over the last 12 years. Thechart shows two monitoring plot series: JM Data represents ten plotsmonitored by Joyce Maschinski, and RS Data represents seven plotsmonitored by Robert Sivinski. Numbers represent the total number ofindividuals (rosettes adults).Holy Ghost ipomopsis population estimates were made by multiplying thenumber of flowering adults observed by a number arrived at through anaverage ratio of rosettes to adults, e.g. if a 3:1 ratio is assumed and 100flowering plants are observed, using the multiplier of 4 we estimated apopulation total of 400. We believe it is more accurate to multiply by anumber derived from the current year’s observed ratio, which is compiledeach year for Service reports (Sivinski and Tonne 2007, 2008). Ifcombined with a total flowering plant count, there would be an improvedpopulation estimate for counts prior to
The Holy Ghost Ipomopsis (Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus) Recovery Plan (Recovery Plan) states: “Downlisting to threatened can occur when a population with at least 2,000 plants per year is maintained in Holy Ghost Canyon, and when four additional populations, each with at least 400
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