JP 3-0, Joint Operations, 17 January 2017, Incorporating .

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ENTTMHIT OF T HS W E' L LDEFEENDARDSTMTEERU NII CA MY DE PARJoint Publication 3-0AT E S O FAJoint Operations17 January 2017Incorporating Change 122 October 2018

PREFACE1. ScopeThis publication is the keystone document of the joint operations series. It providesthe doctrinal foundation and fundamental principles that guide the Armed Forces of theUnited States in all joint operations.2. PurposeThis publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff. It sets forth joint doctrine to govern the activities and performance of theArmed Forces of the United States in joint operations, and it provides considerations formilitary interaction with governmental and nongovernmental agencies, multinationalforces, and other interorganizational partners. It provides military guidance for the exerciseof authority by combatant commanders and other joint force commanders (JFCs), andprescribes joint doctrine for operations and training. It provides military guidance for useby the Armed Forces in preparing and executing their plans and orders. It is not the intentof this publication to restrict the authority of the JFC from organizing the force andexecuting the mission in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate to ensure unity of effortin the accomplishment of objectives.3. Applicationa. Joint doctrine established in this publication applies to the Joint Staff, commandersof combatant commands, subordinate unified commands, joint task forces, subordinatecomponents of these commands, the Services, and combat support agencies.b. The guidance in this publication is authoritative; as such, this doctrine will befollowed except when, in the judgment of the commander, exceptional circumstancesdictate otherwise. If conflicts arise between the contents of this publication and thecontents of Service publications, this publication will take precedence unless the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally in coordination with the other members of the JointChiefs of Staff, has provided more current and specific guidance. Commanders of forcesoperating as part of a multinational (alliance or coalition) military command should followmultinational doctrine and procedures ratified by the United States. For doctrine andprocedures not ratified by the US, commanders should evaluate and follow themultinational command’s doctrine and procedures, where applicable and consistent withUS law, regulations, and doctrine.For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:KEVIN D. SCOTTVice Admiral, USNDirector, Joint Force Developmenti

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SUMMARY OF CHANGESREVISION OF JOINT PUBLICATION 3-0DATED 17 JANUARY 2017 Revises Chapter V, “Joint Operations Across the Conflict Continuum,” toexpand the discussion of the changing balance of military activities in differenttypes of military operations. Distributes pertinent information from Chapter V, “Joint Operations Acrossthe Conflict Continuum,” into Chapters VI, “Military Engagement, SecurityCooperation, and Deterrence,” VII, “Crisis Response and LimitedContingency Operations,” and VIII, “Large-Scale Combat Operations” toenhance readability. Clarifies notional phasing model construct and associated graphics. Incorporates current information on joint electromagnetic spectrummanagement operations and protection of civilians. Reduces redundancies and improves continuity between Joint Publication(JP) 3-0, Joint Operations; JP 1, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the UnitedStates, and JP 5-0; Joint Planning. Establishes continuity with new JP 3-20, Security Cooperation. Updates information on assessment. Revises Chapter III, “Joint Functions,” to incorporate the information jointfunction as the seventh joint function. Revises the description of the information environment in Chapter IV. Adds new Appendix B, “Religious Affairs.” Updates the primary references in Appendix C. Updates terms and definitions.iii

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TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY . ixCHAPTER IFUNDAMENTALS OF JOINT OPERATIONS Introduction . I-1Strategic Environment and National Security Challenges . I-2Instruments of National Power and the Conflict Continuum. I-4Strategic Direction . I-5Unified Action . I-8Levels of Warfare . I-12Characterizing Military Operations and Activities . I-14CHAPTER IITHE ART OF JOINT COMMAND Introduction .II-1Commander-Centric Leadership .II-1Operational Art .II-3Operational Design .II-4Joint Planning.II-5Assessment .II-8CHAPTER IIIJOINT FUNCTIONS Introduction . III-1Command and Control . III-2Information . III-17Intelligence . III-27Fires . III-30Movement and Maneuver . III-37Protection . III-39Sustainment . III-47CHAPTER IVORGANIZING FOR JOINT OPERATIONS Introduction . IV-1Understanding the Operational Environment . IV-1Organizing the Joint Force . IV-4Organizing the Joint Force Headquarters . IV-8Organizing Operational Areas . IV-9v

Table of ContentsCHAPTER VJOINT OPERATIONS ACROSS THE CONFLICT CONTINUUM Introduction . V-1Military Operations and Related Missions, Tasks, and Actions . V-1The Range of Military Operations . V-4The Combatant Command Campaign . V-5A Joint Operation Model . V-7Phasing a Joint Operation . V-12The Balance of Offense, Defense, and Stability Activities . V-15Linear and Nonlinear Operations . V-17CHAPTER VIMILITARY ENGAGEMENT, SECURITY COOPERATION, AND DETERRENCE Introduction . VI-1Typical Operations and Activities . VI-5Other Considerations . VI-12CHAPTER VIICRISIS RESPONSE AND LIMITED CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS Introduction . VII-1Crisis Response and Limited Contingency Operations . VII-1Typical Operations . VII-2Other Considerations . VII-6CHAPTER VIIILARGE-SCALE COMBAT OPERATIONS Introduction . VIII-1Combatant Command Planning . VIII-2Setting Conditions for Theater Operations . VIII-4Considerations for Deterrence . VIII-6Considerations for Seizing the Initiative. VIII-11Considerations for Dominance . VIII-19Considerations for Stabilization. VIII-24Considerations for Enabling Civil Authority . VIII-28APPENDIXABCDviPrinciples of Joint Operations . A-1Religious Affairs .B-1References .C-1Administrative Instructions . D-1JP 3-0 CH1

Table of ContentsGLOSSARYPart IPart IIAbbreviations, Acronyms, and Initialisms . GL-1Terms and Definitions . es of Joint Operations . I-2Common Operating Precepts . I-3Unified Action . I-9Relationship Between Strategy and Operational Art . I-13Joint Planning Process .II-6Assessment Interaction .II-11Command Relationships Synopsis . III-3Building Shared Understanding . III-15Risk Management Process . III-16A Systems Perspective of the Operational Environment . IV-4Notional Joint Force Headquarters and Cross-FunctionalStaff Organization . IV-9Operational Areas within a Theater . IV-11Contiguous and Noncontiguous Operational Areas . IV-13Examples of Military Operations and Activities . V-2Notional Operations Across the Conflict Continuum . V-4Notional Joint Operations in a Combatant CommandCampaign Context . V-6A Notional Joint Combat Operation Model . V-8Notional Balance of Activities for a Joint Strike . V-11Notional Balance of Activities for a Foreign HumanitarianAssistance Operation . V-12Phasing an Operation Based on PredominantMilitary Activities . V-13Notional Balance of Offense, Defense, and Stability Activities . V-16Combinations of Areas of Operations and Linear/NonlinearOperations . V-19The Conflict Continuum. VI-2vii

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCOMMANDER’S OVERVIEW Presents the Fundamentals of Joint Operations Describes the Art of Joint Command Covers Joint Functions Explains Organizing for Joint Operations Characterizes Joint Operations across the Conflict Continuum Discusses Military Engagement, Security Cooperation, and Deterrence Addresses Crisis Response and Limited Contingency Operations Describes Large-Scale Combat OperationsFundamentals of Joint OperationsJoint operations are militaryactions conducted by joint forcesand those Service forcesemployed in specified commandrelationships with each other,which of themselves do notestablish joint forces. A jointforce is one composed ofsignificant elements, assigned orattached, of two or more MilitaryDepartments operating under asingle joint force commander.Joint Publication (JP) 3-0 is the keystone documentin the joint operations series and is a companion tojoint doctrine’s capstone JP 1, Doctrine for theArmed Forces of the United States. It providesguidance to joint force commanders (JFCs) andtheir subordinates to plan, execute, and assess jointmilitary operations. It also informs rganizations, nongovernmental organizations(NGOs), and other civilian decision makers offundamental principles, precepts, and philosophiesthat guide the employment of the Armed Forces ofthe United States.Principles of Joint OperationsJoint doctrine recognizes the nine principles of war(objective, offensive, mass, maneuver, economy offorce, unity of command, security, surprise, andsimplicity). Experience gained in a variety ofirregular warfare situations has reinforced thevalue of three additional principles—restraint,perseverance, and legitimacy.Strategic Environment andNational Security ChallengesThe strategic environment is fluid, withcontinually changing alliances, partnerships, andix

Executive Summarynational and transnational threats that rapidlyemerge, disaggregate, and reemerge. Significantand emerging challenges include, but are notlimited to, traditional armed conflict, cyberspaceattacks, terrorism involving weapons of massdestruction (WMD), adversary informationoperations campaigns, and proliferation ofadversary antiaccess and area denial capabilities.Instruments of National Powerand the Conflict ContinuumUS instruments of national power are the nationallevel means our national leaders can apply invarious ways to achieve strategic objectives (ends).US national leaders can use military capabilities ina wide variety of activities, tasks, missions, andoperations that vary in purpose, scale, risk, andcombat intensity along the conflict continuum.The potential range of military activities andoperations extends from military engagement,security cooperation, and deterrence in times ofrelative peace up through major operations andcampaigns that typically involve large-scalecombat.Strategic DirectionIn general, the President frames the strategiccontext by defining national interests and goals indocuments such as the National Security Strategy(NSS), Presidential policy directives, executiveorders, and other national strategic documents, inconjunction with the National Security Counciland Homeland Security Council. The documentsoutline how the Department of Defense (DOD)will support NSS objectives and provide aframework for other DOD policy and planningguidance, such as the Guidance for Employment ofthe Force (GEF); Defense Planning Guidance;Global Force Management Guidance; andChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction3110.01, (U) 2015 Joint Strategic CapabilitiesPlan (JSCP) (simply known as the JSCP).National strategic direction isgoverned by the Constitution,federal law, United StatesGovernment policy,internationally recognized law,and the national interest asrepresented by national securitypolicy.Unified ActionxUnified action is a comprehensive approach thatfocuses on coordination and cooperation of the USmilitary and other interorganizational participantstoward common objectives, even if the participantsare not necessarily part of the same command ororganization. This publication uses the termJP 3-0 CH1

Executive ctively to US Government departments andagencies (i.e., interagency partners); state,territorial, local, and tribal agencies; foreignmilitary forces and government agencies (i.e.,multinational partners); NGOs; and the privatesector. Joint forces must be prepared to plan andexecute operations with forces from partnernations (PNs) within the framework of an allianceor coalition under US or other-than-USleadership. By law, the President retainscommand authority over US forces.Three levels of warfare—strategic, operational,and tactical—model the relationship betweennational objectives and tactical actions.Theoperational level of warfare links the tacticalemployment of forces to national strategicobjectives.Levels of WarfareThe Art of Joint CommandIntroductionCommand is the authority that a commander in thearmed forces lawfully exercises over subordinatesby virtue of rank or assignment. While commandauthority stems from orders and other directives,the art of command resides in the commander’sability to use leadership to maximize performance.Commander-Centric LeadershipClear commander’s guidance and intent, enrichedby the commander’s experience and intuition,enable joint forces to achieve objectives. Thecommand and control (C2) function iscommander-centric and network-enabled tofacilitate initiative and decision making at thelowest appropriate level. If a commander losesreliable communications, mission command—akey component of the C2 [joint] function—enablesmilitary operations through decentralizedexecution based on mission-type orders.Commanders delegate decisions to subordinateswherever possible, which minimizes detailedcontrol and empowers subordinates’ initiative tomake decisions based on the commander’sguidance rather than constant communications.xi

Executive SummaryOperational ArtThe commander is the centralfigure in operational art, notonly due to education andexperience, but also because thecommander’s judgment anddecisions guide the staffthroughout joint planning andexecution.Operational art is the cognitive approach bycommanders and staff

Joint Publication (JP) 3-0 is the keystone document in the joint operations series and is a companion to joint doctrine’s capstone JP 1, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States. It provides guidance to joint force commanders (JFCs) and their subordinates to plan, execute, and assess joint military operations.

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