Academic Writing Tips With Useful Phrases

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Academic Writing Tips with Useful PhrasesCross off any tips below which you (definitely, totally) disagree with. If you aren’t sure or itdepends, leave it as it is. Don’t tick anything, just cross off ones that are obviously wrong.Academic writing introductions tips with useful phrasesStart the introduction by answering the question which you have been set or you have setyourself (“I believe that the government’s policy on ” etc).Start the introduction by setting out the background to the question that you have been setor that you have set yourself (“In our globalised society, ”, “Over the last few years, ”,“For many people in modern society, ”, “According to some recent research, ”, “It hastraditionally been believed that ”, “Many people believe that ”, “Until recently, it wasthought that ”, “Recently there has been much debate over ”, “There are two verydifferent points of view on the topic of ”, etc).In the middle of the introduction, you should paraphrase the question which you have beenset or you have set yourself (“However, is really true that ?”, “This paper aims to judgethe real influence of ”, “It has not, however, been conclusively shown if these results arealso true for ”, etc).At the end of the introduction, you should set out the structure of the body of the writing (“Iwill look at the advantages and disadvantages of this approach below”, “Three reasons forthis view are given below”, “This essay will look at the advantages of the first approachand the disadvantages of the second approach, in that order”, etc).Body of academic writing tips with useful phrasesYou should usually start the first paragraph of the body of the writing with “Firstly, ”, “First(of all), ”, etc.You can start the first paragraph of the body with expressions for changing topic like “Asfor ”, “Turning (our attention) to ” and “Moving onto ”You can start the first paragraph with general giving the topic phrases like “Looking at ”,“If we look at ” and “On the topic of ”.It’s good to start paragraphs and the whole piece of writing with the most importantinformation (“The main/ most important/ most significant/ most obvious ”, “The thing thatstands out is ”, etc).Start subsequent paragraphs or sections with other number-based expressions(“Secondly, ”, “Thirdly, ”, “Fourth, ” etc).Start the last paragraph or section of the body with expressions explaining its final positionlike “Finally, ”, “Lastly, ” and “Last of all, ”.Use as many linking expressions (“However, ”, “Therefore, ”, “Subsequently, ”, “Forexample, ”, “In addition, ”, “ because”, “unless”, “i.e.”, “in conclusion”, “in order to”,etc) as you can.Written by Alex Case for UsingEnglish.com 20171

It is okay to just repeat the same few linking expressions, e.g. “ also ” every time thatyou want to add another similar idea.“However”, “On the other hand”, “In contrast” and “On the contrary” all have the samemeanings.Some linking expressions like “because”, “but”, “whereas” and “and” should be used to linktwo ideas in one sentence (so not two ideas in two different sentences).Avoid all abbreviations (acronyms etc, such as “NATO”, “asap”, “NB”, “OK”, “info”, “etc”,“e.g.”, “i.e.”, “c.f.”, “pp.”, “ca.”, “ibid”, “par. 2”, and “fig. 1”)Avoid jargon and foreign expressions that general readers wouldn’t understand like“biomechanics”, “post-structuralism” and “parasite singles”.Put jargon and foreign words that general readers wouldn’t understand in italics orquotation marks the first time that you use them, then define their meanings with phraseslike “This is usually defined as ”, “According to the 2007 edition of the Oxford AdvancedLearner’s Dictionary, this means ”, “ , used here to mean ”, and “ used in this paperwith the specific meaning of ”.English speakers don’t like repeating words, so you should rephrase as much as possible(“important”/ “vital”/ “crucial”/ “essential”, “problem”/ “issue”/ “barrier”, “advantage”/ “sellingpoint”/ “benefit”/ “positive aspect”, “etc)You should also try to avoid repeating jargon, using similar expressions like “the climate”/“our weather”/ “weather systems” instead.Use brackets (), quotation marks “”, underlining, bold script, or CAPITAL LETTERS toemphasise important information.Use language like “Please note that ”, “It is important to note that ” and “NB ” toemphasise important information.To show your objectivity, it is best to use passive expressions without a subject such as “Itis thought that ”, “It has been shown that ” and “ is considered to be ”To make your writing persuasive, it is best to use a range of different support for yourarguments, e.g. examples (“ e.g ”, “A good example of this is ”), quotations (“ saidthat ”, “According to ”), logical arguments (“ inevitably causes ”, “ obviouslymeans that ”), rephrasing and explaining further (“To put that another way, ”, “ i.e .”,etc), comparing (“This is significantly more than ”, “In complete contrast to this, ”,etc), referring to data and/ or visuals (“As can be seen from the line graph, ”, etc), andpersonal experience (“The author found that ”, “Comparing this to my own experience, ”etc)Written by Alex Case for UsingEnglish.com 20172

Academic vocabulary tends to be long Latin-based words, often with prefixes and suffixeslike “re-” and “-less”, rather than collections of short words such as phrasal verbs (“get onwith”) and other idioms. For example, it’s better to write “the elderly” rather than “oldpeople”, “obtain” rather than “get”, “pursue” rather than “chase after”, “artificial” rather than“man-made”, and “substantial” rather than “quite a lot”.Referencing in academic writing tips with useful phrasesYou can usually choose any system of academic referencing that you like, e.g. numbers insquare brackets (“[1]” etc) or family name plus page number in circular brackets (“(Smith,1976)” etc).Quoting directly (“Smith (2001) wrote that ”) is always better than paraphrasing (“Smithbelieved that ”)Only sources which are cited in the paper should be included in the list of references.Punctuation in Academic Writing tipsSingle quotation marks (‘’) and double quotation marks (“”) have completely differentmeanings, so you need to be careful which ones you use at each point.Even native speakers have problems using semi colons (;) correctly, so it’s best to avoidthem as much as possible, usually just by starting a new sentence.Some punctuation such as contractions (“I’m”, “We’ve”, etc), dashes (“–”) and exclamationmarks (“!” and “!!”) are considered too informal for most academic writing.Ending academic writing tips with useful phrasesA final paragraph can be a summary of the information given in the body of the writing (“Tosummarise the information given above, ”, etc) and/ or a conclusion leading on from theinformation given in the body (“Although I have shown both benefits and drawbacks to thisapproach, I believe that for most people the most important factor is and therefore thepros outweigh the cons”).It is okay to avoid any clear conclusion in your writing (“As I have shown above, there areboth arguments for and against this course of action and which is better depends on thecircumstances”, etc).Hint: There should be 17 crosses above.Compare your answers as a class or with the answer key.Ask about any tips or language above which you aren’t sure about.Written by Alex Case for UsingEnglish.com 20173

Answer keyThe underlined ones below are not good advice.Academic writing introductions tips with useful phrasesStart the introduction by answering the question which you have been set or you have setyourself (“I believe that the government’s policy on ” etc).Start the introduction by setting out the background to the question that you have been setor have set yourself (“In our globalised society, ”, “Over the last few years, ”, “For manypeople in modern society, ”, “According to some recent research, ”, “It has traditionallybeen believed that ”, “Many people believe that ”, “Until recently, it was thought that ”,“Recently there has been much debate over ”, “There are two very different points ofview on the topic of ”, etc).In the middle of the introduction, you should paraphrase the question which you have beenset or that you have set yourself (“However, is really true that ?”, “This paper aims tojudge the real influence of ”, “It has not, however, been conclusively shown if theseresults are also true for ”, etc).At the end of the introduction, you should set out the structure of the body of the writing (“Iwill look at the advantages and disadvantages of this approach below”, “Three reasons forthis view are given below”, “This essay will look at the advantages of the first approachand the disadvantages of the second approach, in that order”, etc).Body of academic writing tips with useful phrasesYou should usually start the first paragraph of the body of the writing with “Firstly, ”, “First(of all), ”, etc.You can start the first paragraph of the body with expressions for changing topic like “Asfor ”, “Turning (our attention) to ” and “Moving onto ”You can start the first paragraph with general giving the topic phrases like “Looking at ”,“If we look at ” and “On the topic of ”.It’s good to start paragraphs and the whole piece of writing with the most importantinformation (“The main/ most important/ most significant/ most obvious ”, “The thing thatstands out is ”, etc).Start subsequent paragraphs or sections with other number-based expressions(“Secondly, ”, “Thirdly, ”, “Fourth, ” etc).Start the last paragraph or section of the body with expressions explaining its final positionlike “Finally, ”, “Lastly, ” and “Last of all, ”.Use as many linking expressions (“However, ”, “Therefore, ”, “Subsequently, ”, “Forexample, ”, “In addition, ”, “ because ”, “unless ”, “i.e.”, “in conclusion”, “in orderto”, etc) as you can.Written by Alex Case for UsingEnglish.com 20174

It is okay to just repeat the same few linking expressions, e.g. “ also ” every time thatyou want to add another similar idea.“However”, “On the other hand”, “In contrast” and “On the contrary” all have the samemeanings.Some linking expressions like “because”, “but”, “whereas” and “and” should be used to linktwo ideas in one sentence (so not two ideas in two different sentences).Avoid all abbreviations (acronyms etc, such as “NATO”, “asap”, “NB”, “OK”, “info”, “etc”,“e.g.”, “i.e.”, “c.f.”, “pp.”, “ca.”, “ibid”, “par. 2”, and “fig. 1”)Avoid jargon and foreign expressions that general readers wouldn’t understand like“biomechanics”, “post-structuralism” and “parasite singles”.Put jargon and foreign words that general readers wouldn’t understand in italics orquotation marks the first time that you use them, then define their meanings with phraseslike “This is usually defined as ”, “According to the 2007 edition of the Oxford AdvancedLearner’s Dictionary, this means ”, “ , used here to mean ”, and “ used in this paperwith the specific meaning of ”.English speakers don’t like repeating words, so you should rephrase as much as possible(“important”/ “vital”/ “crucial”/ “essential”, “problem”/ “issue”/ “barrier”, “advantage”/ “sellingpoint”/ “benefit”/ “positive aspect”, “etc)You should also try to avoid repeating jargon, using similar expressions like “the climate”/“our weather”/ “weather systems” instead.Use brackets (), quotation marks “”, underlining, bold script, or CAPITAL LETTERS toemphasise important information.Use language like “Please note that ”, “It is important to note that ” and “NB ” toemphasise important information.To show your objectivity, it is best to use passive expressions without a subject such as “Itis thought that ”, “It has been shown that ” and “ is considered to be ”To make your writing persuasive, it is best to use a range of different support for yourarguments, e.g. examples (“ e.g ”, “A good example of this is ”), quotations (“ saidthat ”, “According to ”), logical arguments (“ inevitably causes ”, “ obviouslymeans that ”), rephrasing and explaining further (“To put that another way, ”, “ i.e .”,etc), comparing (“This is significantly more than ”, “In complete contrast to this, ”,etc), referring to data and/ or visuals (“As can be seen from the line graph, ”, etc), andpersonal experience (“The author found that ”, “Comparing this to my own experience, ”etc)Written by Alex Case for UsingEnglish.com 20175

Academic vocabulary tends to be long Latin-based words, often with prefixes and suffixeslike “re-” and “-less”, rather than collections of short words such as phrasal verbs (“get onwith”) and other idioms. For example, it’s better to write “the elderly” rather than “oldpeople”, “obtain” rather than “get”, “pursue” rather than “chase after”, “artificial” rather than“man-made”, and “substantial” rather than “quite a lot”.Referencing in academic writing tips with useful phrasesYou can usually choose any system of academic referencing that you like, e.g. numbers insquare brackets (“[1]” etc) or family name plus page number in circular brackets (“(Smith,1976)” etc).Quoting directly (“Smith (2001) wrote that ”) is always better than paraphrasing (“Smithbelieved that ”)Only sources which are cited in the paper should be included in the list of references.Punctuation in Academic Writing tipsSingle quotation marks (‘’) and double quotation marks (“”) have completely differentmeanings, so you need to be careful which ones you use at each point.Even native speakers have problems using semi colons (;) correctly, so it’s best to avoidthem as much as possible, usually just by starting a new sentence.Some punctuation such as contractions (“I’m”, “We’ve”, etc), dashes (“–”) and exclamationmarks (“!” and “!!”) are considered too informal for most academic writing.Ending academic writing tips with useful phrasesA final paragraph can be a summary of the information given in the body of the writing (“Tosummarise the information given above, ”, etc) and/ or a conclusion leading on from theinformation given in the body (“Although I have shown both benefits and drawbacks to thisapproach, I believe that for most people the most important factor is and therefore thepros outweigh the cons”).It is okay to avoid any clear conclusion in your writing (“As I have shown above, there areboth arguments for and against this course of action and which is better depends on thecircumstances”, etc).Written by Alex Case for UsingEnglish.com 20176

Brainstorming stageWithout looking above, brainstorm useful phrases to do the things mentioned below. Manyphrases not above are also possible.Academic writing introductions tips with useful phrasesStart the introduction by setting out the background to the question that you have been setor have set yourself().In the middle of the introduction, you should paraphrase the question which you have beenset or you have set yourself ().At the end of the introduction, you should set out the structure of the body of the writing()Body of academic writing tips with useful phrasesYou can start the first paragraph with general giving the topic phrases likeIt’s good to start paragraphs and the whole piece of writing with the most importantinformation ().Some linking expressions likeshouldbe used to link two ideas in one sentence (so not two ideas in two different sentences).Put jargon and foreign words that general readers wouldn’t understand in italics orquotation marks the first time that you use them, then define their meanings with phraseslikeEnglish speakers don’t like repeating words, so you should rephrase as much as possible(“important”/ ,“problem”/ ,“advantage”/ )Use language liketo emphasise important information.Written by Alex Case for UsingEnglish.com 20177

To make your writing persuasive, it is best to use a range of different support for yourarguments, e.g. examples (),quotations (),logical arguments (),rephrasing and explaining further (),comparing (),referring to data and/ or visuals (),and personal experience ()Referencing in academic writing tips with useful phrasesYou can usually choose any system of academic referencing that you like, e.g. numbers insquare brackets ( etc) or family name plus pagenumber in circular brackets (“( )” etc).Quoting directly ( ) is always betterthan paraphrasing ( )Punctuation in Academic Writing tipsSome punctuation such as contractions ( , etc), dashes (“–”) andexclamation marks ( ) are considered too informal for most academic writing.Ending academic writing tips with useful phrasesA final paragraph can be a summary of the information given in the body of the writing(“ , ”, etc)and/ or a conclusion leading on from the information given in the body (“”).Compare your phrases with those on the worksheets above. Many other phrases arepossible, so if you wrote something different please check it with your teacher.Written by Alex Case for UsingEnglish.com 20178

Academic writing introductions tips with useful phrases Start the introduction by answering the question which you have been set or you have set yourself (“I believe that the government’s policy on ” etc). Start the introduction by setting out the background to the question that you have been set or have set yourself (“In our globalised society, ”, “Over the last few years .

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