Discussion Guide Discovering Dominga - PBS

Discussion GuideDiscoveringDomingaA Film by Patricia Flynn with Mary Jo McConahaywww.pbs.org/pov

Discussion Guide Discovering DomingaLetter From The FilmmakersS AN F RANCISCO , 2003Dear Viewers,When we first heard about Denese Becker, we knew hers was a story that had to be told. Denese was a thoroughlyAmericanized refugee from Guatemala, living the life of an ordinary Midwestern housewife and mother —raising two children,married to a K-Mart manager, working in a beauty salon. But she also had an extraordinary story to tell as the survivor ofone of hundreds of brutal massacres carried out during Guatemala’s civil war. Even in her adopted hometown in Iowa,Denese had never spoken openly of these terrible memories, and now she was ready to tell her story publicly. As journalistswho had covered the Guatemalan conflict in the early 1980s, when Denese’s parents died, we knew first hand of the politicalviolence that had claimed so many innocent lives, and still plagued Guatemala even after a peace treaty was signed in 1996.We also knew that few Americans were aware of this shameful chapter in U.S. history. It began with a 1954 CIA coup thatoverthrew Guatemala’s elected government, and continued with U.S. support for a series of military leaders, including thoseresponsible for the massacres.We hope that viewers who follow Denese’s journey in this film experience their own voyage of discovery. Some of you maylearn for the first time about the events in Guatemala. Others may be familiar with the history of U.S. intervention inGuatemala and other Latin American countries, where the United States has all too often supported repressivegovernments.We hope that all of you will be led by this film to ask some difficult questions, and to begin to explore some possibleanswers: how could the crimes of war that left some 200,000 civilians dead have gone virtually ignored by the rest of theworld? What should be our role as Americans today, when human rights violations continue in Guatemala, and thoseresponsible go unpunished? And what is the responsibility of the international community vis-à-vis past crimes of war?Although this is a film about Guatemala, these same questions can be asked about other conflicts around the world—fromBosnia to Rwanda to Sri Lanka. And as we think about Iraq, Americans will have to face a reality that Denese’s story sopoignantly illustrates: that the wounds of war do not heal when the bombing stops. Refugees from global conflicts haveresettled in communities across America; we hope that this film might encourage viewers to learn more about the stories ofthese new neighbors from foreign lands.Patricia FlynnProducer/DirectorMary Jo McConahayCo-Producer American Documentary, Inc.2

Discussion Guide Discovering DomingaTable of Contents4Introduction4Key Issues4Potential Partners5Background Information5Dominga5Mayan Culture6Guatemala’s Civil War6Rio Negro6Credits, AcknowledgementsWritersDr Faith RogowInsighters Educational ConsultingPatricia FlynnProducer/Director, Discovering DomingaMary Jo McConahayCo-Producer, Discovering DomingaU.N. Truth Commission7Using This Guide7Planning an Event8Facilitating a Discussion8Preparing Yourself9Preparing the Group10General Discussion Questions11Discussion Questions / Taking Action13ResourcesProducersEliza LichtCommunity Engagement Manager, P.O.V.Cara MertesExecutive Director, P.O.V.Theresa RileyDirector of P.O.V. InteractiveDesign: Rafael JiménezCopyeditor: Claudia ZuluagaThanks to those who reviewedthis guide:Michelle McVickerOutreach Manager, Nashville Public TelevisionChris RossiExecutive Director, Humanities Iowa CouncilElaine ShenDirector of Partnerships and Training, Active Voice,American Documentary, Inc.Jim SommersNational Outreach Manager, ITVS American Documentary, Inc.3

Discussion Guide Discovering DomingaIntroductionPotential PartnersWhen 29-year-old Iowa housewife Denese Becker decides toThe themes of Discovering Dominga will resonate with manyreturn to the Guatemalan village where she was born, shedifferent groups of people in your community. In addition tobegins a journey towards finding her roots, but one filled withgroups with direct connections to Guatemala andharrowing revelations. Denese, born Dominga, was nine whenGuatemalan-American populations, the film is especiallyshe became her family's sole survivor of a massacre of Mayanrecommended for use with groups that deal with:peasants. Two years later, she was adopted by an Americanfamily. In Discovering Dominga, Denese's journey home isboth a voyage of self-discovery that permanently alters her Immigration and support for immigrants College student groups or departments dealingrelationship to her American family and a political awakeningwith Guatemala, Spanish language, politicalthat sheds light on an act of genocide against thisscience, and sociologyhemisphere’s largest Indian majority. Your Local PBS StationDiscovering Dominga takes viewers on a compelling journey Community Organizations with a mission towhere allegiance, identity, and memory cross in complicatedpromote education and learning such asand unpredictable ways. This complex web of issues providesP.O.V.’s national partners Elderhostel Learningan excellent springboard for reflection and discussion aboutin Retirement Centers, members of the Listenhuman rights, the definition of justice, and the central role ofUp! network, or your local library.family and cultural heritage in our lives.Key IssuesDiscovering Dominga is an excellent tool for dialogue becauseit raises difficult questions and avoids easy answers. It will beof special interest to people interested in exploring or workingon the issues below: adoption, especially cross-cultural andinterracial adoption bicultural identity Central America globalization Guatemala human rights issues international justice peace & reconciliation efforts School of the Americas U.S. foreign and military policy Indigenous peoples American Documentary, Inc.Photo: Mary Jo McConahay4

Discussion Guide Discovering DomingaBackground InformationDomingaDenese Becker (Dominga Sic Ruiz), Maya by birth, was nineyears old at the time of the 1982 massacres at Rio Negro.She was adopted at the age of 11 by an Iowa Baptistminister and his wife, who raised her as an American. Sheeventually married Blane Becker, became a housewife,manicurist, and mother of two sons, Sturling and Skylar.Denese first returned to Guatemala in June, 2000 at age 27and became a witness in a landmark human rights case,which for the first time in Guatemalan history, seeks toprosecute former military commanders responsible for thegenocide. In the last year, Blane and Denese separated.Mayan CultureThe Maya created one of the most advanced civilizations inthe ancient world, making lasting contributions tomathematics, astronomy, literature, philosophy, and art. Inthe 1500s, Spanish conquistadors decimated much ofMayan culture in Central America and made Mayans slavesin their own land, a practice that continued until it wasoutlawed in 1842.Despite the odds, the Maya of Guatemala have survivedand maintained their heritage, religion, and languages.Today, Mayans constitute 60 to 80 % of Guatemala’spopulation, but they are subjected to racial discriminationand repression. Stripped of their lands and effective politicalrepresentation, they remain second-class citizens, sufferingfrom very high rates of malnutrition, illiteracy, and infantmortality.5 American Documentary, Inc.Photo: Mary Jo McConahay

Discussion Guide Discovering DomingaBackground InformationGuatemala’s Civil WarU.N. Truth CommissionFrom 1944-1954, two popularly elected GuatemalanThe 1996 peace accords established the Commission forPresidents began land reform initiatives aimed at helping theHistorical Clarification (CEH) to address the human rightsrural poor. Those initiatives were opposed by the nation’sviolations that had occurred during Guatemala’s civil war. Thelargest landowner, the United Fruit Company. The companyU.N. report, presented in 1999 and based on the testimonysought help from the American government that, under theof 9,200 people from all sides of the conflict, found that theguise of fighting “communism,” sent the CIA to train, arm,Guatemalan army was responsible for 93% of the total warand fund military dissidents. That CIA-funded army overthrewcrimes. The report also noted that the United States financedthe Guatemalan government and installed a military dictator-the military campaign, collaborated with military units thatship that remained in power until 1968.carried out death squad activities, and trained GuatemalanA bloodbath ensued as those who objected to the over-military personnel at the School of the Americas and otherthrow of Guatemala’s democratically elected governmentmilitary centers.opposed the military government. The opposition includedIn 1992, the Rio Negro community began to speak out andtrade unions, teachers, peasant organizations, and eventual-take steps to document and address the crimes committedly armed resistance. Soon the military moved to suppress theagainst them. In 1999, the CEH officially classified theopposition. Military-backed death squads and soldiers killedviolence in Rio Negro as an act of genocide and cited thesome 200,000 civilians and 440 Mayan villages were wipedforced resettlement related to the dam construction as a rea-from the map. Extreme torture was commonplace andson that Rio Negro was eliminated. Residents also soughtChristian missionaries who ministered to poor Mayan villagersjustice from the World Bank, which sent a mission to investi-were forced to flee or “disappeared.” A final peace accordgate and which recognized the massacre, but denies anywas signed in 1996, ending more than 35 years of civil war.responsibility.Despite threats, thefts of evidence, and lack of govern-Rio NegroThe Mayan town of Rio Negro found itself embroiled inGuatemala’s civil war when its residents refused to relocate tomake way for a dam being funded by the World Bank. Acampaign of intimidation ensued, culminating in the 1982massacre that left Dominga Sic Ruiz an orphan and most ofher village dead.ment support, exhumations of secret mass graves, like thoseexhumed in Rio Negro in 1993-1995, continue. The exhumedremains are evidence of the war crimes, but the Guatemalangovernment has failed in all but a handful of instances toprosecute human rights abuse cases. Throughout 2003,Amnesty International has reported that the human rights situation in Guatemala is, once again, deteriorating. The militaryand its supporters still remain a powerful force in the country.For more detailed background information on Guatemala andRio Negro, see additional materials posted on the DiscoveringDominga website: www.pbs.org/pov/pov2003/discoveringdominga American Documentary, Inc.6