CONTROL STATION COMBINER DESIGN GUIDE
CONTROL STATION COMBINER DESIGN GUIDEMay 7, 2013Revised July 18, 2017INTRODUCTIONRFI Control Station Combiners (CSC) enable customers to conveniently combine multiplecontrol stations at a dispatch facility to a common or separate transmit and receive antennas.This eliminates the need for separate antennas for each station and also provides improvedisolation between the various stations.This design guide will cover the operation of both the standard and short haul CSC’s andpresent a number of examples of specialized applications. Standard configurations of the CSC’sare provided in the CSC User Manuals.DEFINITION OF A CONTROL STATIONA control station is a radio which is generally located at a dispatch point and provides thatlocation with an RF link into a repeater system, either conventional or trunked. The radio isessentially a fixed mobile radio. The radios are not duplex and are equipped with a singleantenna connector which is used for both transmit and receive. When multiple repeatersystems require access, or multiple dispatchers each require radio communications, controlstations provide an effective solution.CONTROL STATION COMBINER TYPESThe two types of Control Station Combiners are “Standard” and “Short Haul”. The standardmodels are essentially hybrid combiners and their insertion loss, on both transmit and receive,correlates well with similarly sized, high power hybrid combiners.Short haul combiners are designed for applications where the control stations and repeatersare in relatively close proximity to each other. These models have a significantly higherinsertion loss. Short haul combiners, however, require no duplexer and have a single antennaoutput connector for both transmit and receive.RFI Control Station Combiner Design GuidePage 1
APPLICATIONSAs tower and rooftop antenna locations are generally limited, it becomes impractical todedicate an antenna to each individual control station. Using individual antennas generallyresults in less than optimum isolation between the various stations. The control stationcombiner allows combining of the control station radios while maintaining a high degree of RFisolation, 60 dB minimum TX – TX and TX - RX, between them.The standard CSC has a single input port for each station and separate TX and RX output ports.The TX and RX output ports may be combined onto a single antenna through the use of anappropriate duplexer, or separate antennas may be used. When separate antennas are used, itis generally beneficial to incorporate some bandpass filtering in each antenna line (TX and RX)to improve the T-R isolation.DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSA key design consideration when implementing control station combiners is the overall systemlink analysis. The link analysis evaluates the overall gains and losses between the control pointand the repeater site. A complete analysis will confirm the received level of the control stationat the repeater receiver and the received level of the repeater transmitter at the control stationreceiver. Sufficient level, along with a comfortable design margin, must be obtained in order toguarantee system reliability. The Motorola link analysis spreadsheet is found in Appendix “A”.As with any transmit combiner or receiver multicoupler, a thorough IM analysis needs to beperformed to ensure that the control stations and any other on-site transmitters do notproduce any IM products which could degrade any on-site receivers. This is especiallyimportant at control points where there are control stations for multiple repeater systems.RFI Control Station Combiner Design GuidePage 2
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIONSSTANDARD CONTROL STATION COMBINERAs previously mentioned, the standard control station combiner is essentially a hybrid combineron the transmit side. On the receive side, the RX Antenna port is routed to a splitter which thenfeeds each control station. A functional block diagram for a four port combiner is shown below:In the transmit direction, each control station feeds into two circulators and then onto a -3 dBhybrid coupler. The output from the two hybrids is then fed to a final -3 dB hybrid and then outto the TX antenna port. The circulators and hybrid couplers provide the TX to TX isolationbetween the input ports of the combiner. TX to TX isolation is specified as 60 dB.In the receive direction, the incoming signals are routed to a 4-way (-6 dB) splitter. The outputsof the splitter are then fed to the third port of the first circulator for each input port. Since theRF applied to the third port “rotates” in a clockwise direction, it exits the first circulator towardsthe control station with minimal loss.With this configuration, the TX to RX isolation is essentially equal to the insertion loss of the RXsplitter plus the TX insertion loss of the combiner and the external TX to RX antenna isolation.The external isolation is the determining factor. Since antenna isolation is difficult to achieve,RFI Control Station Combiner Design GuidePage 3
these control station combiners are generally used with external duplexers connected to the TXand RX ports and then to a single, common antenna. If two antennas are to be used, filteringshould be used on both the TX and RX antenna lines to improve the TX to RX isolation andminimize the amount of extraneous RF appearing at the control station receiver inputs. Thegoal is to minimize any desensitization of a control station receiver by a control stationtransmitter.As the number of control stations increases, multiple CSC’s can be combined to achieve thedesired number of ports, up to 32. Note that the insertion losses increase as the number ofports increases. Typical losses, excluding any external duplexer or filtering, vary from 8 dB for a4 port combiner to 18 dB for a 32 port combiner. Note that these combiners are band and subband specific due to bandwidth limitations on the circulators. Models exist to cover the LMRbands and sub-bands where necessary. See CSC specifications in Appendix “B”.SHORT HAUL CONTROL STATION COMBINERIn applications where the control stations are located relatively close to the associated repeatersites, a cost effective option may be to utilize a Short Haul Control Station Combiner. Theseunits utilize resistive pads and splitters / combiners and are therefore broadband in nature.The Short Haul combiners have an operating frequency range of 40 – 960 MHz and cantherefore be used to combine control stations from multiple bands. Due to their design, theyare extremely lossy in both the transmit and receive directions (27.5 dB 1.5 dB for 4 ports to38.5 dB 2.5 dB for 32 ports). With a single antenna port, no duplexer is required.RFI Control Station Combiner Design GuidePage 4
The isolation between the control station ports is specified as 60 dB minimum.Since these is can be used in multi-band applications, an IM study is critical to ensure that thereare no significant mix products which fall on any of the control station receive frequencies.Note also that the Short Haul combiner can handle simplex stations using the same frequencyfor both transmit and receive. See Short Haul CSC specifications in Appendix “C”.CUSTOM APPLICATIONSMULTI-BAND OPERATIONAs previously mentioned, the standard models are band specific. That, however, does notpreclude the interconnection of multiple combiners on separate bands to save on feedline andinstallation costs. Through the use of crossband couplers, multiple bands can be combinedonto a feedline at the base and then split out to multiple antennas on the tower or rooftop.Several examples of crossband coupling are illustrated here:66 - 180 MHz400 - 540 MHzCBC66 - 180 MHz400 - 540 MHzCBCFEEDLINESP0000-1119-11CROSSBAND COUPLERSIn the above example, VHF and UHF can be combined onto a single feedline using the specifiedcrossband couplers.In the following example, VHF, UHF and 700/800 MHz are combined onto a single feedline:VHF30 - 180 MHz330 - 520 MHz740 - 960 MHzCBCFEEDLINEUHF700 / 800CBCSP0000-1151-11CROSSBAND COUPLERSRFI Control Station Combiner Design GuidePage 5
Using other couplers, most combinations of frequency bands can be achieved. Specificationsfor a number of couplers are contained in Appendix D.Specifications for a number of available duplexers for standard Control Station Combiners arecontained in Appendix E.For custom applications, please contact Technical Support / Applications Engineering at:RFI Americas2023 Case ParkwayTwinsburg, OH 44087(330) 486-0706www.rfiamericas.comRFI Control Station Combiner Design GuidePage 6
CONTROL STATION COMBINER DESIGN GUIDEAPPENDIX “A”LINK ANALYSISRFI Control Station Combiner Design GuidePage 7
The link analysis is the critical factor which determines which type of combiner, standard orshort haul, is applicable to a particular situation. The more accurate the analysis, the morereliable the system performance will be.Information required for the link analysis includes: Distance between the repeater site(s) and the control station locationOutput power into the repeater transmit antenna lineRepeater transmit feedline lossRepeater transmit antenna gainRepeater receive antenna gainReceive antenna system reserve gain (discussed later)Desired receive level at repeater receiverControl station antenna gainControl station antenna feedline lossControl station duplexer loss (if equipped)Control station transmit powerDesired receive level at control station receiver“Blockage” loss between control station and repeater for non line of sight pathsDesired system design marginControl Station Combiner lossAll of the above parameters are utilized in the Motorola Control Station Combiner designspreadsheet along with all required Motorola design margins and signal level requirements.Control stations are selected via drop-down menus by model and frequency band. The controlstation combiner models are also selected via drop down menus and both standard and shorthaul models are included so that both types can be evaluated for a given system.RFI Americas technical support can assist you with navigating the program. Sample screenshots are on the following pages.RFI Control Station Combiner Design GuidePage 8
MAIN PAGECSC SITE PAGERFI Control Station Combiner Design GuidePage 9
TOWER SITES AND RESULTS SUMMARY PAGERFI Control Station Combiner Design GuidePage 10
CONTROL STATION COMBINER DESIGN GUIDEAPPENDIX “B”STANDARD CSC SUMMARY SPECIFICATIONS
Control Station CombinerStandard SN Series132 - 869 MHzModel 7486-xx05-SNModel number 040812162432Number of Frequency range132-150MHz150-174MHz380-450MHzMinimum Tx to Tx frequencyseparation between channels0MHzInput power per channel(maximum)50WInsertion Loss (typical /-1dB)8dB11dB 14dB 14dB 18dB 8dB11dB 14dB 14dB 18dB8dB 11.5dB 14dB 14dB 17dBAntenna to Tx Isolation (typical)55dBTx to Tx Isolation (typical)60dBTx to Rx Isolation (typical)60dBInput port Return Loss / VSWRN (F)FinishPainted BlackDepthRFIwww.rfiamericas.comPhone: 330 486 0706Fax:330 486 070511.5dB 14dB 14dB 17dB 8.5dB 11.5dB 15dB 15dB 18.5dB 18.5dB50 OhmTermination connectorsTemperature Range8dB746-869MHz 14dB / 1.5:1ImpedanceTotal 19 inch Rack Units (height)450-520MHz22.12”1RU3RU4RU5RU 11RU 1RU17.8”3RU4RU5RU 11RU 1RU3RU4RU5RU 11RU 1RU14 F to 122 FCopyright RF Industries Pty Ltd 2012. Subject to change without notice.16.5”3RU4RU5RU 11RU1RU1RU3RU3RU4RU5RU
CONTROL STATION COMBINER DESIGN GUIDEAPPENDIX “C”SHORT HAUL CSC SUMMARY SPECIFICATIONS
Control Station CombinerBroad Band Series40 - 960 MHzModel NumberChannel uency Range40-960MHzInsertion Loss T/R to Antenna Port (typical)27.5dB /- 1.5dB31dB /- 1.5dB35dB /- 2.5dB38.5dB /- 2.5dB38.5dB /- 2.5dBAntenna Port to T/R Port Isolation (typical)27.5dB31dB35dB38.5dB38.5dB /- 2.5dBT/R Port to T/R Port Isolation 60dBT/R Port Return Loss 20dBAntenna Port Return Loss 14dBInput power rating per channel (maximum)50W (note1)Temperature range - operational (operational)-22 to 122 FRF Termination ConnectorsDepth Dimensions mm / inchs - Approx (exclconn)Rack Unit Height requirementWeight kg / lbs (approx)GroundingRFIwww.rfiamericas.comPhone: 330 486 0706Fax:330 486 0705N 2lbs53.7lbsM6 Eath StudCopyright RF Industries Pty Ltd 2012. Subject to change without notice.
CONTROL STATION COMBINER DESIGN GUIDEAPPENDIX “D”CROSSBAND COUPLERS
Crossband Couplers50-520 / 746-2500MHzSP0000-1123-11These crossband couplers are ideal for low and medium powerapplications requiring VHF, FM Broadcast or UHF signals to becombined with 700/800/900MHz radio, Cellular or WLAN frequencies.Typical applications include the combining or separating of signals foruse with signal distribution systems including Bi-Directional Amplifiers(BDAs) and Radiating Cable systems.These models feature small size, low insertion loss, high isolationbetween bands and excellent temperature stability. Silver-platedconnectors are utilised to improve multi-carrier Passive Intermodulation(PIM) performance. Models are available to suit other frequency bandcombinations, or to provide “cascaded” combining of multiple frequencybands from 50MHz to 2500MHz thereby providing for the combining orseparation of VHF, UHF, Cellular and WLAN services.Features:nCompact Package SizenIdeal for Radiating Cable SystemsnSuits Mobile ApplicationsnRugged Construction StyleElectricalModel NumberSP0000-1123-11Frequency MHz50-520 / 750-2500Insertion Loss dB 0.6 (typ)Return Loss dB 20Isolation dB 50Power Rating W50Impedance W50MechanicalConstructionDimensions mm/inchesMilled aluminium, painted blackH23 / 1W95 / 3.7L118 / 4.6Weight kg/lb0.5 / 1.1ConnectorsSilver plated N femaleTemperature-20 to 60 C / -4 to 140 FP-40836-47Copyright RF Industries Pty Ltd 2011. Subject to change without notice.1rfi.com.au
Crossband Couplers60-110 / 140-180 MHzSP0000-1121-11These crossband couplers are ideal for low and medium powerapplications requiring 66-88MHz or FM Broadcast 88-108MHz to becombined with VHF Hiband 144-174MHz. Typical applications includethe combining or separating of signals for use with dual-band mobileradios or antennas, or for signal distribution systems including BiDirectional Amplifiers (BDAs) and Radiating Cable systems.These models feature small size, low insertion loss, high isolationbetween bands and excellent temperature stability. Silver-platedconnectors are utilised to improve multi-carrier Passive Intermodulation(PIM) performance. Models are available to suit other frequency bandcombinations, or to provide “cascaded” combining of multiple frequencybands from 60MHz to 2500MHz thereby providing for the combining orseparation of VHF, UHF, Cellular and WLAN services.Features:nCompact Package SizenIdeal for Radiating Cable SystemsnSuits Mobile ApplicationsnRugged Construction StyleElectricalModel NumberSP0000-1121-11Frequency MHz60-110/140-180Insertion Loss dB 0.6 (typ)Return Loss dB 20Isolation dB 40Power Rating W50Impedance W50MechanicalConstructionDimensions mm/inchesWeight kg/lbMilled aluminium, painted blackH23 / 1W105.5 / 4.1L78.5 / 30.35 / 0.77ConnectorsSilver plated N femaleTemperature-20 to 60 C / -4 to 140 FP-40836-46Copyright RF Industries Pty Ltd 2011. Subject to change without notice.1rfi.com.au
UHF Crossband Couplers66-180 / 400-540 MHzSP0000-1119-11These crossband couplers are ideal for low and medium powerapplications requiring 66-88MHz, FM Broadcast 88-108MHz or VHFHiband 132-174MHz to be combined with UHF. Typical applicationsinclude the combining or separating of signals for use with dual-bandmobile radios or antennas, or for signal distribution systems includingBi-Directional Amplifiers (BDAs) and Radiating Cable systems.These models feature small size, low insertion loss, high isolationbetween bands and excellent temperature stability. Silver-platedconnectors are utilised to improve multi-carrier Passive Intermodulation(PIM) performance. Models are available to suit other frequency bandcombinations, or to provide “cascaded” combining of multiple frequencybands from 60MHz to 2500MHz thereby providing for the combining orseparation of VHF, UHF, Cellular and WLAN services.Features:nCompact Package SizenIdeal for Radiating Cable SystemsnSuits Mobile ApplicationsnRugged Construction Style-10 1234-200-30-40-50-60-70-80-9060600ElectricalModel NumberSP0000-1119-11Frequency MHz60-180/400-540Insertion Loss dB 0.3 (typ)Return Loss dB 20Isolation dB 40Power Rating W50Impedance W50MechanicalConstructionDimensions mm/inchesMilled aluminium, painted blackH23 / 1W65 / 2.6L65 / 2.6Weight kg/lb0.3 / 0.66ConnectorsSilver plated N female (optional BNC Female)Temperature-20 to 60 C / -4 to 140 FP-40836-45Copyright RF Industries Pty Ltd 2011. Subject to change without notice.1rfi.com.au
Cross-Band CouplerTri-band / Triplexer30-180MHz / 330-520MHz / 740-960MHzSP0000-1151-11The three banded compact cross-band coupler provides low insertion loss and high port-to-port isolation for the desiredVHF, UHF and 7/8/900MHz frequency bands. Designed for indoor and outdoor use, the cross-band coupler is providedwith stainless steel mounting brackets suitable for either flat surface or pole mounting requirements. Suited for use wherea single feeder cable is required to connect to banded antennas or coupling onto a single coaxial feeder in multi-bandedsystems.Features:nCovers full VHF, UHF and 7/8/900MHz commercial bandsnProvided with wall or pole mount stainless steel mounting bracketn30W (CW) power rating per frequency banded portnLow insertion loss across respective pass bandsn 45dB isolation across portsnSuitable for both indoor and outdoor environments - IP66SpecificationsModel NumberSP0000-1151-11TypeCross-Band Coupler / MHzPass Bandwidth930MHz150MHz190MHz220MHzInsertion Loss 1.2dB 1.2dB 1.2dB 1.2dBPass Band Ripple 0.8dBN/A 0.8dB 0.8dB 45dB@30-180MHz 45db@740-960MHz30W 45dB@30-520MHzPortsFrequency RangeStop Band attenuationPower rating (CW)Return Loss18dB / 1.29:1 45dB@ 330-960MHz30W50ΩEnvironmental protectionIP66MountingFinishCross-band coupler dimensions (exclconnectors and brkt)Weight - approx (including mountingbrackets)Temperature RangeP41011-130W 18dBImpedanceTermination Connectors 0.8dBN (F)Pole or Wall (flat surface)Painted Black with S/S Mounting BracketH 182mm (7.2”) x W 127mm (5”) x D 20mm (1.2”)1.3kg / 2.9lbs-30 to 60deg C / -22 to 140deg FCopyright RF Industries Pty Ltd 2012. Subject to change without notice.1rfi.com.au
Cross-Band CouplerTri-band / Triplexer30-180MHz / 330-520MHz / 740-960MHzSP0000-1151-11Mechanical mounting dimensionsOrdering InformationDescriptionSP0000-1151-11Cross-Band Coupler, Tri-band 30-180MHz/330-520MHz/740-960MHz, 30W N(F)P41011-1Copyright RF Industries Pty Ltd 2012. Subject to change without notice.2rfi.com.au
CONTROL STATION COMBINER DESIGN GUIDEAPPENDIX “E”DUPLEXERS (700/800 MHz)Contact RFI Americas for VHF and UHF duplexers
DuplexerBand Pass762-806HzDP7680-0801-32RFI’s range of compact multi-resonator milled aluminium band pass duplexers are ideal for use where space is restrictedor at a premium. The relatively broad pass band characteristic, good duplex port to port isolation, high power and multicarrier capability make these ideal duplexers for either single carrier or combined multicarrier systems. The temperaturestable resonators provide a wide operational temperature range ensuring important electrical specifications such asinsertion loss and Tx port to Rx port isolation are maintained.Features:n14MHz Pass Band low & high portsn30MHz Tx to Rx duplex splitn100W (CW) Power ratingnLow insertion loss and pass band ripplen100W (CW) per port power ratingn2RU 19” Rack mount front panelnCompact temperature stable designSpecificationsModel NumberDP7680-0801-32TypeBand PassFrequency range - Low Pass Port762-776MHzFrequency range - High Pass Port792-806MHzPass Band - High and Low Ports14MHzTx to Rx Separation30MHzLow & High Pass Port Insertion Loss - typical. 1.5dBLow & High Pass Port - ripple 0.4dBPort to Port Isolation - typical 80dBInput Power (single carrier CW) - max100W*Impedance50ΩReturn Loss / VSWR 19dB / 1.25:1Termination ConnectorsN (F)Mounting Option2RU 19" Rack mount front panelFinishPainted BlackDuplexer only dimensions (mm/inches excl connectors)H 45 (1.7") x W 124 (4.9") x D 153 (6.0")Duplexer with panel dimensions (mm/inches excl connectors)H 89 (3.5") x W 483 (19") x D 156 (6.14")Weight - approx1.9kg / 4.18lbsTemperature Range-30º to 60º C / -22º to 140º F* Please refer to RFI for multi-carrier power ratingsOrdering InformationDescriptionDP7680-0801-32Duplexer B.P 762-806MHz 14MHz PB, 30MHz T/R, 100W, 2RUP41011-3Copyright RF Industries Pty Ltd 2012. Subject to change without notice.1rfi.com.au
DuplexerBand Pass806-869MHzDP8086-0801-32RFI’s range of compact multi-resonator milled aluminium band pass duplexers are ideal for use where space is restrictedor at a premium. The relatively broad pass band characteristic, good duplex port to port isolation, high power and multicarrier capability make these ideal duplexers for either single carrier or combined multicarrier systems. The temperaturestable resonators provide a wide operational temperature range ensuring important electrical specifications such asinsertion loss and Tx port to Rx port isolation are maintained.Features:n18MHz Pass Band low & high portsn45MHz Tx to Rx duplex splitn100W (CW) Power ratingnLow insertion loss and pass band ripplen2RU 19” Rack mount front panelnCompact temperature stable designSpecificationsModel NumberDP8086-0801-32TypeBand PassFrequency range - Low Pass Port806-824MHzFrequency range - High Pass Port851-869MHzPass Band - High and Low Ports18MHzTx to Rx Separation45MHzLow & High Pass Port Insertion Loss - typical. 1.5dBLow & High Pass Port - ripple 0.4dBPort to Port Isolation - typical 80dBInput Power (single carrier CW) - max100W*Impedance50ΩReturn Loss / VSWR 19dB / 1.25:1Termination ConnectorsN (F)Mounting Option2RU 19" Rack mount front panelFinishPainted BlackDuplexer only dimensions (mm/inches excl connectors)Duplexer with panel dimensions (mm/inches excl connectors)Weight - approxH 45 (1.7") x W 124 (4.9") x D 153 (6.0")H 89 (3.5") x W 483 (19") x D 156 (6.14")1.9kg / 4.18lbsTemperature Range-30º to 60º C / -22º to 140º F* Please refer to RFI for multi-carrier power ratingsOrdering InformationDescriptionDP8086-0801-32Duplexer B.P 806-869MHz 18MHz PB, 45MHz T/R, 100W, 2RUP41011-4Copyright RF Industries Pty Ltd 2012. Subject to change without notice.1rfi.com.au
Triplexer1 1 Port Dual Pass Band762-776 / 851-869, 792-824MHzDP767985-0801-32RFI’s range of compact multi-resonator aluminium triplexers are ideal for use where space is restricted or at a premium.The pass bands are designed for specific applications or markets where low insertion loss and ripple with excellentport to port isolation characteristics provide ideal solutions for multi-band systems. The power rating and multi-carriercapability make these Triplexers ideal for either single carrier or combined multi-carrier systems. The temperature stableresonators provide a wide operational temperature range.Features:n2 Port Triplexer - 3 Pass Bandsn1.5dB Insertion Loss (typical, all pass bands)nLow pass band insertion loss ripplen 70dB Port 1 to Port 2 Isolationn100W (CW) per port power ratingnCompact temperature stable designn2RU 19” Rack mount front panelSpecificationsModel NumberDP767985-0801-32TypeTriplexerPort 1 Pass Bands762-776MHz / 851-869MHzPort 2 Pass Band792-824MHzPort 1 Insertion Loss - typical 1.5dBPort 2 Insertion Loss - typical 1.5dBPort 1 & Port 2 Pass band ripple - typical 0.5dBPort 1 to Port 2 Isolation - typical 70dBInput Power (single carrier CW) - max per port100W*Impedance50ΩReturn Loss / VSWR - all ports 19 dB / 1.25:1Termination ConnectorsN (F)Mounting2RU 19" Rack Mount Front PanelFinishPainted BlackTriplexer only dimensions (mm/inches excl connectors)Triplexer with 2RU panel dimensions (mm/inches exclconnectors)Weight - approxH 65 (2.5") x W 207 (8.15") x D 260 (10.23")H 89 (3.5") x W 483 (19") x D 263 (10.35")3.6kg / 7.92lbsTemperature Range-30º to 60º C / -22º to 140º F* Please refer to RFI for multi-carrier power ratingsOrdering InformationDescriptionDP767985-0801-32Triplexer 762-776/851-869MHz, 792-824MHz PB, 100W, N (F) 2RUP41011-2Copyright RF Industries Pty Ltd 2012. Subject to change without notice.1rfi.com.au
In the above example, VHF and UHF can be combined onto a single feedline using the specified crossband couplers. In the following example, VHF, UHF and 700/800 MHz are combined onto a single feedline: C B C B C FEEDLINE 30 - 180 MHz 330 - 520 MHz 740 - 960 MHz VHF UHF 700 / 800 SP0000-1151-11 CROSSBAND COUPLERS
Mount the RSD Combiner under the PV module, away from rain and sun. Do not mount the RSD Combiner in a position that allows long-term exposure to direct sunlight or in a vertical orientation that allows water to collect in the DC connector area. Tighten the RSD Combiner fasteners to a torque of 45-50 in-lbs (5 Nm) for 1/4'' (6
Station 3: Five-Finger Retell card Station 3: Green Questions card Station 3: Key Words card Station 3: Problem-Solution card Station 3: Red Questions card Station 3: Shared Retelling Cards Station 3: Story Retelling Rope Station 3: SWBS card Station 3: Track the Character’s Feelings card Station 3: V.I.P. Fiction card Station 3: V.I.P .
4. DIGITAL DIFFRACTIVE COMBINER SOLUTION In order to address the various requirements described in the previous section, we propose to use a plastic diffractive combiner replicable in mass by UV embossing. Our first architecture works in tran
Designing and Constructing a TV Combiner Using Phase Line Method Abstract: - TV combiner is a device which can be used to transmit two or more TV or FM programs with different frequencies and power levels by a single wide band antenna simultaneously.
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years - depending on how often the system is powered down. The more the system's power is off, the shorter the battery's life. Connection points for the CO and station DDK connectors. 82400 - 36 Station 1 Trunk 4 Battery Trunk 3 Trunk 2 Trunk 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5 Station 6 Station 7 Station 8 HDWR1B.QXD 5/18/98 4:51 PM .
3 1st station: jesus is condemned to death 2nd station: jesus takes up his cross 3rd station: jesus falls for the first time 4th station: jesus meets his mother 5th station: simon of cyrene helps jesus to carry the cross 6th station: veronica wipes the face of jesus 7th station: jesus falls for the second time 8th station: jesus consoles the women of jerusalem 9th station: jesus falls for the .
