Impact Of Measurement Error On Synchrophasor Applications

2y ago
35 Views
2 Downloads
2.95 MB
70 Pages
Last View : 1m ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Wren Viola
Transcription

ORNL/TM-2015/314Impact of Measurement Error onSynchrophasor ApplicationsApproved for public release:distribution is unlimited.Jiecheng ZhaoJin TanLing WuLingwei ZhanYilu LiuJose R. GraciaPaul D. EwingJuly 2015

DOCUMENT AVAILABILITYReports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via US Department of Energy(DOE) SciTech Connect.Website http://www.osti.gov/scitech/Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from thefollowing source:National Technical Information Service5285 Port Royal RoadSpringfield, VA 22161Telephone 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847)TDD 703-487-4639Fax 703-605-6900E-mail info@ntis.govWebsite http://www.ntis.gov/help/ordermethods.aspxReports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchangerepresentatives, and International Nuclear Information System representatives from the followingsource:Office of Scientific and Technical InformationPO Box 62Oak Ridge, TN 37831Telephone 865-576-8401Fax 865-576-5728E-mail reports@osti.govWebsite http://www.osti.gov/contact.htmlThis report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by anagency of the United States Government. Neither the United StatesGovernment nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees,makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liabilityor responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of anyinformation, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or representsthat its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference hereinto any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name,trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constituteor imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the UnitedStates Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions ofauthors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those ofthe United States Government or any agency thereof.

ORNL/TM-2015/314Electrical and Electronics Systems Research DivisionIMPACT OF MEASUREMENT ERROR ON SYNCHROPHASOR APPLICATIONSJiecheng Zhao*Jin Tan*Ling Wu*Lingwei Zhan*Yilu Liu†*Jose R. Gracia†Paul D. Ewing†*University of Tennessee, Knoxville†Oak Ridge National LaboratoryDate Published: July 2015Prepared byOAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORYOak Ridge, TN 37831-6283managed byUT-BATTELLE, LLCfor theUS DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYunder contract DE-AC05-00OR22725

CONTENTSLIST OF FIGURES . vLIST OF TABLES . viACRONYMS . viiACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ixABSTRACT. 11.INTRODUCTION . 11.11.21.31.42.IMPACT ON EVENT LOCATION . 52.12.22.32.43.APPROACH . 17RESULTS AND ANALYSIS . 19SUMMARY OF OSCILLATION DETECTION IMPACT . 21IMPACT ON ISLANDING DETECTION. 234.14.24.35.APPROACH . 5NORTHEAST POWER COORDINATING COUNCIL MODEL-BASEDSIMULATION . 6REAL-EVENT-BASED SIMULATION . 10SUMMARY OF EVENT LOCATION IMPACT . 16IMPACT ON OSCILLATION DETECTION . 173.13.23.34.PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT APPLICATIONS. 1PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT ERRORS . 2INSTRUMENTATION CHANNEL ERRORS . 2ASSUMPTIONS IN THIS REPORT . 3APPROACH . 23RESULTS AND ANALYSIS . 24SUMMARY OF ISLANDING DETECTION IMPACT . 28IMPACT ON DYNAMIC LINE RATING . 295.15.25.3APPROACH . 29RESULTS AND ANALYSIS . 315.2.1 Scenario 1. 315.2.2 Scenario 2. 335.2.3 Scenario 3. 35SUMMARY OF DYNAMIC LINE RATING IMPACT. 366.CONCLUSION . 377.REFERENCES . 39APPENDIX A. APPLICATIONS OF PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNITS . A-1APPENDIX B. DYNAMIC LINE RATING MODEL . B-1APPENDIX C. INPUT DATA FOR DYNAMIC LINE RATING MODEL . C-1iii

LIST OF FIGURES1.1. Typical instrumentation channel for a phasor measurement unit. 32.1. Angle curves with error band . 62.2. Northeast Power Coordinating Council model . 72.3. Angle curves of the first six buses . 82.4. Angle curves of the first six buses with 0.15 error . 82.5. Angle curves of the first six buses with 0.6 error . 92.6. Triangulation failure caused by 1.2 error . 92.7. The processed phase angle curves measured by frequency difference recorders in ageneration trip event. 102.8. Phase angle curves of 2010/01/03 generation trip. 112.9. Phase angle curves of 2010/03/14 generation trip. 112.10. Phase angle curves of 2010/07/16 generation trip. 122.11. Phase angle curves of 2011/05/09 generation trip. 122.12. Phase angle curves of 2011/06/26 generation trip. 132.13. Phase angle curves of 2011/10/12 generation trip. 132.14. Angle curves of 03/12/2010 event . 142.15. Angle curves of 03/12/2010 event with 0.1 error . 142.16. Angle curves of 03/12/2010 event with 0.6 error . 152.17. Triangulation failure caused by 1.2 error . 153.1. Angle measurement vs. frequency measurement in oscillation detection . 183.2. Schematic of the angle-based oscillation detection. 193.3. Phasor measurement unit error impact on an oscillation signal . 193.4. Phasor measurement unit error impact on a nonoscillation signal . 203.5. Phasor measurement unit error impact on oscillation signal . 214.1. Flow chart of the islanding detection method . 244.2. Frequency measured by frequency disturbance recorders in theHurricane Sandy case . 254.3. Frequency with 0.35 Hz error in the Hurricane Sandy case . 254.4. Frequencies measured by frequency disturbance recorders in the2010/06/01 Western Electricity Coordinating Council islanding case . 264.5. Frequencies with 0.2 Hz error in the 2010/06/01 Western ElectricityCoordinating Council islanding case . 264.6. Frequencies measured by frequency disturbance recorders in the2010/07/22 Western Electricity Coordinating Council islanding case . 27v

4.7. Frequencies with 0.2Hz error in the 2010/07/22 Western ElectricityCoordinating Council islanding case . 275.1. Transmission line with phasor measurement units at both ends . 295.2. Overall framework of phasor measurement unit (PMU)–baseddynamic line rating technology . 305.3. Dynamic line rating error on 1 day in summer . 345.4. Dynamic line rating error on 1 day in winter . 345.5. Impact of wind speed, temperature, and solar heat gain ondynamic line rating error . 35LIST OF TABLES5.1. Phasor measurement unit error impact on dynamic line rating withdifferent error directions . 317.1. Effect of measurement error on applications . 37vi

inum conductor, steel-reinforcedanalog-to-digital convertercurrent transformercapacitive coupled voltage transformerdiscrete Fourier transformdistributed generationdynamic line ratingEastern Interconnectionfrequency deviationfrequency disturbance recorderFrequency Monitoring NetworkGlobal Positioning Systemintegration of frequency deviationleast significant bitNortheast Power Coordinating Councilpower spectral densityphasor measurement unitpulse-per-secondSiemens Power System Simulator for Engineeringroot mean squarestatic line ratingsignal-to-noise ratiotime difference of arrivaltotal harmonic distortiontotal vector errorCoordinated Universal Timevoltage transformerWestern Electricity Coordinating Councilvii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors would like to thank Ye Zhang [University of Tennessee–Knoxville (UTK)], Dao Zhou(UTK), Jiahui Guo (UTK), Gefei, Kou (UTK), Dr. Kai Sun (UTK), Denis Osipov (UTK), DavidBertagnolli (ISO New England) and Kyle Thomas (Dominion Virginia Power) for discussions andtechnical assistance in creating this report. The authors would also like to acknowledge the careful anddetailed review on language by Samantha White (UTK) and technical editing by Vj Ewing (Oak RidgeNational Laboratory).ix

ABSTRACTPhasor measurement units (PMUs), a type of synchrophasor, are powerful diagnostic tools that can helpavert catastrophic failures in the power grid. Because of this, PMU measurement errors are particularlyworrisome. This report examines the internal and external factors contributing to PMU phase angle andfrequency measurement errors and gives a reasonable explanation for them. It also analyzes the impact ofthose measurement errors on several synchrophasor applications: event location detection, oscillationdetection, islanding detection, and dynamic line rating. The primary finding is that dynamic line rating ismore likely to be influenced by measurement error. Other findings include the possibility of reportingnonoscillatory activity as an oscillation as the result of error, failing to detect oscillations submerged byerror, and the unlikely impact of error on event location and islanding detection.1.INTRODUCTIONFirst introduced in the 1980s, synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs) have now become amature technology used for many applications essential to power system efficiency and integrity (seeAppendix A). Linked in synchronized networks, PMUs are capable of reflecting the status of the wholemeasured power system and are useful for power system stability monitoring, postmortem analysis, andadaptive protection and control and to improve efficiency and lower costs. The measurement of frequencyand phase angle, which is used by most applications, is subject to measurement errors from both internaland external factors, which may influence the accuracy of the applications or even cause their failure.This report analyzes the range of PMU measurement errors and then discusses their influence on severalapplications.Measurement errors typically originate in the PMU and instrumentation channels between the power lineand the PMU. In this section, errors from these two sources are discussed and assumptions for the errorimpacts are given.1.1PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT APPLICATIONSPMUs, a kind of synchrophasor, were developed to monitor and analyze power system behavior. Thedevice provides a way to monitor a wide-area power system with very high precision in both distance andtime, through the use of its high resolution and time synchronization. Compared to many traditionalpower system devices, PMUs provide precise frequency and phase angle measurement results. Thisfeature is the basis of many applications for power system monitoring and protection.Event location estimation is one PMU application. When events such as generation trip or load sheddingoccur, a sudden mismatch of active power will happen and cause a significant frequency and phase angleincrease or decrease depending on the event type. Because these perturbations travel through the grid aselectromechanical waves dispersing at finite speeds, PMUs located throughout the grid are able to detectthe variation of frequency and angle with unique time delays proportional to the distance from the PMUto the disturbance. Applications based on this have been developed to estimate the event location [1].Oscillation detection is another PMU application. Disturbances ranging from a small amount of loadvariation to the loss of a large generator typically evoke voltage, angle, and frequency oscillations in thepower system. A system that lacks sufficient ability to damp oscillations can become unstable and evenexperience cascading blackouts. It wasn’t until the advent of PMUs that oscillations could be easilyobserved [2]. Similar to generation trip events, frequency oscillations propagate through the system aselectromechanical waves and therefore can be observed by PMUs.1

As distributed generation (DG) has been more broadly used, it has brought new kinds of problems, one ofthe most important of which is islanding. Islanding is the situation where a distributed energy resourcecontinues to supply loads when the DG system is disconnected from the utility power system. Anislanding occurrence not only poses a threat to power quality and the safety of maintenance crews, butmay also seriously damage the DG network and delay restoration [3–5]. When islanding occurs, theislanded part cannot synchronize with the bulk power system, and therefore, a frequency differencebetween the two parts occurs. By detecting this difference, PMUs can discover the islanding event.Dynamic line rating (DLR) is used to evaluate the maximum allowable currents of the transmission line inreal time. It is essential to maximizing use of the transmission line while avoiding equipment degradationor failure [6]. Using PMUs for DLR can save the cost of installing additional devices while providingreal-time, accurate results [7].1.2PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT ERRORSThe standard for PMU accuracy is IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Measurements for Power Systems(IEEE Std C37.118.1-2011) [8]. According to IEEE Std. C37.118.1-2011, to evaluate the measurementerror of PMUs on amplitude and phase difference, total vector error (TVE), defined in Eq. (1.1), is used.22(𝑋̂𝑟 (𝑛) 𝑋𝑟 (𝑛)) (𝑋̂𝑖 (𝑛) 𝑋𝑖 (𝑛)) 𝑇𝑉𝐸(𝑛) ,(𝑋𝑟 (𝑛))2 (𝑋𝑖 (𝑛))2(1.1)where 𝑋̂𝑟 (𝑛) and 𝑋̂𝑖 (𝑛) are the sequences of estimates given by the PMU under testing and 𝑋𝑟 (𝑛) and𝑋𝑖 (𝑛) are the sequences of theoretical values of the input signal at the instant of time (n) assigned by theunit to those values.According to this definition, a phasor angle error of 0.57 (0.01 radian) will cause 1% TVE,corresponding to a time error of 26 µs for a 60 Hz system. Meanwhile, the standard requires that themaximum steady-state frequency error be less than 0.005 Hz.1.3INSTRUMENTATION CHANNEL ERRORSThe instrumentation channel refers to the transmission path between the PMU and the measured powerline. The instrumentation channel scales down the amplitude of voltage and current on the power line andpasses them to the PMU. Components on the channel usually include transformers, cables, andattenuators, as shown in Fig. 1.1 [9].2

Fig. 1.1. Typical instrumentation channel for a phasor measurement unitThe cable is the main contributor to instrumentation ch

Phasor measurement units (PMUs), a type of synchrophasor, are powerful diagnostic tools that can help avert catastrophic failures in the power grid. Because of this, PMU measurement errors are particularly worrisome. This report examines the internal and external factors contributing to PMU phase angle and

Related Documents:

Min Longitude Error: -67.0877 meters Min Altitude Error: -108.8807 meters Mean Latitude Error: -0.0172 meters Mean Longitude Error: 0.0028 meters Mean Altitude Error: 0.0066 meters StdDevLatitude Error: 12.8611 meters StdDevLongitude Error: 10.2665 meters StdDevAltitude Error: 13.6646 meters Max Latitude Error: 11.7612 metersAuthor: Rafael Apaza, Michael Marsden

We can overcome these medication errors by educating physicians, nurses regarding the areas where medication errors are more prone to occur. Key words: Medication error, Prescribing error, Dispensing error, Administration error, Documentation error, Transcribing error, EPA (Electronic prior authorization), Near miss, Missed dose. INTRODUCTION

Physics 215 - Experiment 1 Measurement, Random Error & Error analysis σ is a measure of the scatter to be expected in the measurements. If one measured a large number of

LG Air Conditioning Multi F(DX) Fault Codes Sheet Macedo - November 2007 - 8 - Fault Code 07 On Multi split systems, the first unit switched on is the cool heat master, the master tells the condensing unit what to do. If the condenser is in heating and any slave is set to cooling a CH07 fault code will appear.File Size: 863KBPage Count: 19Explore furtherLG AC Error Codes and Troubleshootingacerrorcode.comLG AC Error Code Solution Inverter Air Conditioner HVAC .helpdeskminority.comHow-to & Tips: Error Codes - Room Air Conditioner LG .www.lg.comFix Lg Art Cool Error Code Ch 07 (Solved)cdbug.orgRecommended to you b

LAMPIRAN 9 Perhitungan Reliabilitas Angket Uji Coba Self Efficacy. Error! Bookmark not defined. LAMPIRAN 10 Skor Angket Uji Coba Self Efficacy. Error! Bookmark not defined. LAMPIRAN 11 Kisi-kisi Angket Self Efficacy.Error! Bookmark not defined. LAMPIRAN 12 Angket Self Efficacy.Error! Bookmark not defined.

TEST 1 SECTION 1 TASK 1 - SPELLING No. Error Correction No. Error . . sea. ) ) )

1. Describe the role that biostatistics serves in biomedical and public health research. 2. Describe the basic principles and practical importance of random variation, systematic error, sampling error, measurement error, hypothesis testing, type I and type II errors, and con dence l

2 IIG IMPACT REPORT 2019 CONTENTS AUTHORS: DR ERIN CASTELLAS, CHIEF IMPACT OFFICER JOSHUA ZAIL, IMPACT ANALYST 3 About Us 5 Our Impact at a Glance 6 Our Performance Highlights 7 Renewable Energy 9 Venture Capital: Giant Leap Fund 11 Real Estate & Place-based Investing 13 Catalyst Fund 14 IIG Operational Impact 15 Our Impact Processes 17 About the Impact Management Project