Industrial Wastewater Treatment

2y ago
51 Views
3 Downloads
5.65 MB
164 Pages
Last View : 3m ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Amalia Wilborn
Transcription

Industrial WastewaterTreatment

This page intentionally left blank

Industrial WastewaterTreatmentNG Wun JernNational University of SingaporeICPImperial College Press

Published byImperial College Press57 Shelton StreetCovent GardenLondon WC2H 9HEDistributed byWorld Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HEBritish Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENTCopyright 2006 by Imperial College PressAll rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrievalsystem now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the CopyrightClearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission tophotocopy is not required from the publisher.ISBN 1-86094-580-5ISBN 1-86094-664-X (pbk)Editor: Tjan Kwang WeiTypeset by Stallion PressEmail; enquiries@stallionpress.comPrinted in Singapore.KwangWei - Industrial Wastewater.pmd111/27/2006, 1:13 PM

FAApril 3, 2006 16:43 SPI-B354: Industrial Wastewater Treatment(Ed: Kwang Wei)PREFACEStudents and engineers new to industrial wastewater treatment have often posedquestions regarding the subject which may be answered from experience gainedduring multiple field trips. Organizing such site visits can however, be a difficult task because of time-management issues as well as the difficulties in gainingaccess to the various factories. This book was written to address some of thesequestions and to substitute a few of the site visits. It is a discussion of the materialthat goes into industrial wastewater treatment plants, the reasons for their selectionand, where appropriate, how things may go wrong. Many photographs have beenincluded so that the reader can get a better feel of the subject matter discussed.Typically, students and engineers who wish to pursue a career in wastewaterengineering begin from the study of domestic sewage and the design of sewagetreatment plants. Their studies would then most likely extend to municipal sewage,which is a combination of domestic, commercial, raw and pretreated industrialwastewaters. Following which, some of these students may be briefly introducedto industrial wastewater treatment but their exposure to the subject would unlikelybe of the same level as that of domestic sewage. Indeed, much of the expertise inthe subject is gained through work experience. Many engineers, at least early intheir careers, attempt to use the sewage treatment plant template or a modificationof it for an industrial wastewater treatment plant.How different is industrial wastewater treatment from sewage treatment? Isthere a need to highlight the differences? Would these differences be large enoughto result in differences in conceptualization, design and operation of industrialwastewater treatment plants? What are the potential pitfalls engineers should beaware of? There are obviously lessons to be learnt in sewage treatment which arerelevant to industrial wastewater treatment. There is then the issue regarding theamount that can be transferred and the considerations that need to be taken intoaccount to ensure an appropriate design is generated and the plant successfullymanaged.vfm

FAApril 3, 2006 16:43 SPI-B354: Industrial Wastewater Treatmentvi(Ed: Kwang Wei)PrefaceIndustrial wastewaters can be very different from sewage in terms of theirdischarge patterns and compositions. Notwithstanding this, many industrialwastewater treatment plants, for example and like sewage treatment plants, usebiological processes as key unit processes in the treatment train. Given thevariations in wastewater characteristics, ensuring these biological processes andupstream/downstream unit processes are appropriately designed presents a greatchallenge. The problems intensify when information on the wastewaters and theirtreatment is lacking. Textbooks frequently emphasize on the theories and equations used in designing unit processes. However, industrial wastewaters are sovaried that it is difficult for the aspiring engineer to imagine why a certain process is selected over another, or why a particular variant is even selected at all.Additionally, there is a scarcity of books on “Asian” wastewaters and treatmentfacilities, which seems to be incongruous to the growing demand for Asia-focusedbooks because of Asia’s rapid economic development.This book is intended to introduce the practice of industrial wastewater treatment to senior undergraduate and postgraduate environmental engineering students. Practitioners of the field may also find it useful as a quick overview of thesubject. The book focuses on systems that incorporate a biological treatment process within the treatment train, with the material of the book largely drawn fromthe author’s practice and research experiences. It does not delve into the details oftheory or the “mathematics” of design, but instead discusses the issues concerningindustrial wastewater treatment in an accessible manner. Some prior knowledge ofthe theory behind the unit processes discussed and the manner in which they aresupposed to work is assumed. A description of a typical sewage treatment plant isprovided to afford readers a point of familiarity and basis for comparison so thatthe differences can be more apparent. The book approaches the develpment of suitable treatment strategies by first identifying and addressing important wastewatercharacteristics. In the latter part of the book, a number of specific wastewaters areidentified to serve as case studies so that individual treatment strategies and plantconcepts can be move clearly illustrated.Ng Wun JernApril 2005fm

FAApril 3, 2006 16:43 SPI-B354: Industrial Wastewater Treatment(Ed: Kwang Wei)fmCONTENTSPrefacevChapter 1 — Introduction1Discussion on the impact of industrial wastewater discharges on the environmentwith a focus on Asia.Chapter 2 — Nature of Industrial Wastewaters12Discussion on a number of the key industrial wastewater characteristics whichmay impact on plant design and successful plant operation. Tables showing thecharacteristics of wastewaters arising from a variety of industries are included.A portion of this information is on wastewaters not usually found outside of tropical or sub-tropical regions. It is intended this chapter becomes a reference forprofessionals seeking information on wastewaters.Chapter 3 — The Sewage Treatment Plant Example28Brief description of the possible treatment trains in a sewage treatment plant —based on the continuous-flow bioreactor and cyclic bioreactor. This is intendedto provide a framework for comparison so that readers can more readily appreciate the differences and similarities between sewage treatment plants (STPs) andindustrial wastewater treatment plants (IWTPs).Chapter 4 — The Industrial Wastewater TreatmentPlant — Preliminary Unit Processes42Discussion on the preliminary treatment required to prepare industrial wastewaters for secondary treatment. This chapter includes discussions on removal ofsuspended solids, O&G, inhibitory substances, pH adjustment, nutrients supplementation, and equalization.vii

FAApril 3, 2006 16:43 SPI-B354: Industrial Wastewater Treatmentviii(Ed: Kwang Wei)ContentsChapter 5 — The Industrial Wastewater TreatmentPlant — Biological61Discussion on the biological processes used for secondary treatment of industrialwastewaters to remove organics and nutrients (where necessary). Aside from discussion on aerobic processes such as the conventional activated sludge and thecyclic SBR, space is also devoted to anaerobic processes used as the first stage ofa biological treatment train to reduce organic strength prior to aerobic treatment.The difficulties faced by biological processes in industrial wastewater treatmentare highlighted.Chapter 6 — The Industrial Wastewater TreatmentPlant — Sludge Management99The preliminary and secondary treatment stages generate sludges. These may beorganic, inorganic, or a combination of the two. This chapter discusses sludgemanagement approaches commonly adopted at IWTPs.Chapters 4, 5 and 6 draw on experiences with actual wastewaters to illustratepoints made in the discussions. These three chapters and Chapters 7–10 are provided with numerous photographs of plants, equipment, and site conditions so thatthe reader can develop a “feel” for the issues inherent in industrial wastewatertreatment.Chapter 7 — Chemicals and PharmaceuticalsManufacturing Wastewater106The pharmaceutical wastewater example provides a framework for discussion onthe importance of segregation and blending, and the impact of inhibition.Chapter 8 — Piggery Wastewater112The piggery wastewater example provides a framework for discussion on thenecessity to note the differences in wastewaters which may arise because of differences in industry practices (between Asia and Europe in this instance) and theapproach taken to deal with high concentrations of SS in a highly biodegradablewastewater.Chapter 9 — Slaughterhouse Wastewater125The slaughterhouse wastewater example provides a framework for discussion onthe importance of pretreatment to reduce a nitrogenous oxygen demand so thatfm

FAApril 3, 2006 16:43 SPI-B354: Industrial Wastewater TreatmentContents(Ed: Kwang Wei)ixtotal oxygen demand may be reduced. Failing this the strong nitrification mayrequire alkalinity supplementation with attendant implications in terms of treatment chemicals and construction materials needed.Chapter 10 — Palm Oil Mill and Refinery Wastewater134The palm oil mill wastewater example provides a framework for discussion on theuse of anaerobic processes to treat wastewaters and not as is usually encounteredin STPs to treat sludges.References145Index147fm

This page intentionally left blank

FAApril 3, 2006 16:43 SPI-B354: Industrial Wastewater Treatment(Ed: Kwang Wei)CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1. The BackdropIn many parts of the world, economic, social and political problems have arisenfollowing rapid industrial development and urbanization, resulting in adverseeffects on the quality of life. Urbanization in general initially places pressureon and overstrains public amenities. However, long-term and wider issues wouldeventually also be encountered as industrialization and urbanization exert pressureon the larger resource base that supports the community. This larger resource baseincludes forestry, freshwater and marine resources, as well as space suitable forfurther development. The difficulties associated with environmental degradationoften originate from industrial development. They are amplified by rapid urbanization that is responsible for the growth of many major cities. In Asia, urbanization is exacerbated by large rural–urban migrations. These migrations emerge inresponse to perceived opportunities for a better livelihood in industrialized, economically booming urban areas. Rapid industrialization and its concentration inor near urban centers have placed very high pressures on the carrying capacityof the environment at specific locations. At these locations waterbodies such asrivers, lakes, and coastal waters have typically been severely affected.Freshwater is a vital natural resource that will continue to be renewable aslong as it is well managed. Preventing pollution from domestic, industrial, andagro-industrial activities is important to ensure the sustainability of the locale’sdevelopment. Undoubtedly the water pollution control efforts which have beenunderway in many countries have already achieved some success. Nevertheless theproblems that are confronted grow in complexity and intensity. It is estimated that785 million people in Asian developing countries have no access to sustainablesafe water (Sawhney, 2003). The pollution of freshwater bodies with the consequent deterioration in water quality can only worsen the situation. Such pollutionhas been brought about by the discharge of inadequately treated sewage and industrial wastewaters. This book focuses on the latter. Perhaps not unexpectedly, as thedemand for more water is met, the volumes of wastewater can also be expected1ch01

FAApril 3, 2006 16:43 SPI-B354: Industrial Wastewater Treatment2(Ed: Kwang Wei)Industrial Wastewater Treatmentto increase. Coastal waters are also under pressure as they receive effluents discharged directly into them or indirectly from rivers. While most communities inAsia do not use coastal waters as a source of potable water (via desalination),there is already a movement towards this direction, as in the case of Singapore.Even though coastal waters are not yet a major source of potable water, they are,nevertheless, very important since they support fisheries and tourism industries.The ecosystems in many of Asia’s coastal waters are fragile; damage to theseecosystems as a result of pollution can adversely affect fishery industries. Thelatter, in many instances, depend on mangrove forests as spawning grounds formarine life which are subsequently harvested.Industrial wastewaters (including agro-industrial wastewaters) are effluents thatresult from human activities which are associated with raw-material processingand manufacturing. These wastewater streams arise from washing, cooking, cooling, heating, extraction, reaction by-products, separation, conveyance, and qualitycontrol resulting in product rejection. Water pollution occurs when potential pollutants in these streams reach certain amounts causing undesired alterations to areceiving waterbody. While industrial wastewaters from such processing or manufacturing sites may include some domestic sewage, the latter is not the majorcomponent. Domestic sewage may be present because of washrooms and hostels provided for workers at the processing or manufacturing facility. Examples ofindustrial wastewaters include those arising from chemical, pharmaceutical, electrochemical, electronics, petrochemical, and food processing industries. Examplesof agro-industrial wastewaters include those arising from industrial-scale animalhusbandry, slaughterhouses, fisheries, and seed oil processing. Agro-industrialwastewaters can be very strong in terms of pollutant concentrations and hence cancontribute significantly to the overall pollution load imposed on the environment.It is perhaps ironic that the very resources which promoted industrial development and urbanization in the first place can subsequently come under threat fromsuch development and urbanization because of over and inappropriate exploitation. Appropriate management of such development and resources is a matter ofpriority. The South Johore coast was such a case (ASEAN/US CRMP, 1991). Thiswas then, economically, one of the fastest growing areas in Malaysia and potential damage to the environment of such development, if not properly managed,was recognized.The impact of industrial wastewater discharges on the environment and humanpopulation can be tragic at times. Some 50 years ago, the Minamata diseasewhich spread among residents in the Yatsushiro Sea and the Agano River basinareas in Japan was attributed to methyl mercury in industrial wastewater (Matsuo,1999). However, tragedies as dramatic as the Minamata episode have not occurredfrequently. Nevertheless, instances of pollution with potentially adverse impactsch01

FAApril 3, 2006 16:43 SPI-B354: Industrial Wastewater TreatmentIntroduction(Ed: Kwang Wei)ch013in the longer term have continued to occur. In the interim before the realization ofthese longer term impacts, a decline in the quality of life arising from the deterioration in water quality which various populations must access may become increasingly discernable. Examples of these, their recognition, and the efforts made toremedy the situations in the 1980s include the protection of Malaysian coastalwaters from refinery wastewater (Yassin, 1987), the Tansui River in Taiwan wherepesticides and heavy metals were discovered in the sludge (Liu & Kuo, 1988), theNam Pong River in Thailand which was polluted by the pulp and paper industry(Jindarojana, 1988), and the Buriganga River in Bangladesh which had been polluted by, among other industries, tanneries (Ahmed & Mohammed, 1988). Similar reports in the 1990s include the Kelani River in Sri Lanka (Bhuvendralingamet al., 1998), the Laguna de Bay in the Philippines (Barril et al., 1999), andthe Koayu River which had occurrences of Cryptosporidum oocysts and Giardia cysts after receiving inadequately treated piggery wastewater (Hashimoto &Hirata, 1999). Such reports are still frequent in the 2000s and caused concerns inVietnam (Nguyen, 2003) and Korea (Kim et al., 2003). The fact that water pollution due to discharges of inadequately treated industrial wastewater has occurredover decades in Asia obviously means solutions have not been found for all suchoccurrences. Towards the end of 2004, the Huai River in China was reportedto have been so seriously polluted by paper-making, tanning and chemical fertilizer factories, farmers in Shenqiu County had fallen very ill after using theriver water (The Strait Times, 2004). There has, however, been progress and anexample is the successful ten year river pollution clean-up program in Singapore(Chiang, 1988).Agro-industrial wastewaters, as a sub-class of industrial wastewaters, can haveconsiderable impact on the environment because they can be very strong in termsof pollutant strength and often the scale of the industry generating the wastewaterin a country is large. Citing ASEAN countries in Asia as examples, agro-industrialwastewaters had and in some instances still contribute very significantly to pollution loads. For example in 1981 the Malaysian palm oi and rubber industries contributed 63% (1460 td 1 ) and 7% (208 td 1 ) of the BOD (Biochemical OxygenDemand) load generated per day respectively. This is compared with 715 td 1of BOD from domestic sewage (Ong et al., 1987). In the Philippines, pulp andpaper mills generated 90 td 1 of BOD load (Villavicencio, 1987). Agro-industrialsites are therefore often the largest easily identifiable point sources of pollutantloads. While there are exceptions, individual industrial wastewater sources associated with manufacturing in Asia are, in contrast, more often small to mediumsized compared to the former. The classifications of a small and medium-sizedmanufacturing facility have been defined in terms of the numbers of employeesemployed at such sites — 10 49 persons and 50 199 persons respectively.

FAApril 3, 2006 16:43 SPI-B354: Industrial Wastewater Treatment4(Ed: Kwang Wei)Industrial Wastewater TreatmentNotwithstanding their small to medium sizes, the collective contribution fromsuch enterprises to pollution is not necessarily negligible.It should also be noted that while industrial wastewater sources may be smallto medium-size, they are generally located in urban centers where building congestion is already a problem. To aggravate the situation, such factory operationsmay have no long-range project planning and are also unable to exploit advantagesassociated with economies of scale. A number of such operations may also try tomaximize profits by reducing overheads and “unnecessary” expenditure associated with pollution control requirements — the result of an absence of an appropriate corporate culture and hence a weaker social conscience in terms of carefor the environment. On a positive note, however, economic development over thelast few decades has enabled necessary managerial, financial, and technologicalcapabilities to address problems of pollution and environmental degradation overthe broad spectrum of factory sizes.

The difficulties faced by biological processes in industrial wastewater treatment are highlighted. Chapter 6 — The Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant — Sludge Management 99 The preliminary and secondary treatment stages generate sludges. These may be organic, inorganic, or a combination of the two. This chapter discusses sludge

Related Documents:

3.5 million people that still discharge their wastewater directly to rivers and lakes, rather than to improve the industrial wastewater treatment further. The treatment rate of the industrial wastewater has reached 97%, but the municipal wastewater treatment rate has only reached 70%.

Principal Notation xv List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii 1 What is Domestic Wastewater and Why Treat It? 1 Origin and composition of domestic wastewater 1 Characterization of domestic wastewater 2 Wastewater collection 5 Why treat wastewater? 5 Investment in wastewater treatment 6 2 Excreta-related Diseases 8

Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Bruce J. Lesikar Professor Texas AgriLife Extension Service Overview ¾What is wastewater? ¾Why are we concerned about wastewater? ¾The big picture. ¾Goals for wastewater treatment are evolving ¾How do we implement our infrastructure? ¾Wastewater Treatment Processes - The end result is based upon your design

4 Wastewater Treatment ANNUAL REPORT 2020 Wastewater Treatment Process 1. INFLUENT PUMP STATION Wastewater from the serviced area in Thunder Bay enters the Water Pollution Control Plant at the Influent Pump Station (IPS) where five pumps are available to deliver the wastewater to the preliminary treatment process. The wastewater then flows by .

Wastewater treatment plants : wastewater resource recovery facilities ? NITROGEN and PHOSPHOROUS The process is distinguished by the fact that municipal sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants with simultaneous phosphate elimination with iron salts could be used without any changes in the process of wastewater treatment.

of wastewater treatment; industrial wastewater sometimes contains nutrients necessary to develop optimum treatment process, which should be artificially added if separate treatment is applied; if there is one common treatment plant, wastewater treatment cost is lower; also the investment value of only one station is lower;

Information Centre of the Ministry of the Environment of Estonia (Wastewater inflow part of the database of wastewater treatment plants reports). Wastewater factors In order to reach full coverage of industrial sector on NACE 2 digit level on water use (by purpose types) and wastewater generation the factors were developed. Wastewater

5.3 Types of Wastewater Collection, Treatment, and Disposal Systems 10 5.4 Joint Treatment and Pretreatment Program 10 6. Structure of the Regulations 12 7. On-Site Wastewater Management 13 7.1 Obligation of Wastewater Treatment 13 7.2 Admissible Discharges 13 7.3 Design and Implementation of On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Facilities 14