Sustainable Development And Climate Change CHAPTER
Sustainable Development andClimate Change06CHAPTER loZsHkoUrqlqf u%A loZs lUrq fujke;k%AloZs Hkækf.k i';UrqA ekdfpr nqq% HkkXHkosRk AAMay all be happy; May all be without disease;May all have well-being; May none have misery of any sort— (Brihadaaranyaka Upanishad 1.4.14)The 2030 agenda for Sustainable Development with 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) and 169 associated targets encompasses a comprehensive developmental agendaintegrating social, economic and environmental dimensions. Several initiatives havebeen taken at both the national and the sub national level to mainstream the SDGs intothe policies, schemes and programmes of the Government. India has been taking severalproactive climate actions to fulfill its obligations as per the principles of common butdifferentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities and equity. As mandated in theUNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, the climate actions of the developing countries wouldhave to be supported by finance flows from the developed to the developing countries. TheNationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submitted by the country has been formulatedkeeping in mind the developmental imperatives of the country and is on a “best effort basis”.In its NDC, India has sought to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35 percent below 2005 levels by the year 2030; achieve 40 per cent of cumulative electric powerinstalled capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030; and enhance forest and tree cover tocreate additional carbon sink equivalent to 2.5 to 3 billion tons of carbon dioxide by 2030.We need to strive for equity across nations and within a nation, and equity across and withinthe generations. The COVID-19 pandemic and the iniquitous impact of the consequentlockdown reemphasizes the fact that sustainable development is the only way forward.INTRODUCTION6.1 As the official adoption of SDGs reached its 4th anniversary, World Health Organizationdeclared the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), on 30th January 2020. Theresultant public health emergency, which was later pronounced to be a pandemic, has led toconsiderable human and economic costs setting countries back on their developmental goals andcreating serious impediments to the attainment of the SDGs.6.2 The year 2020 was supposed to be the year by which developed country Parties were tofulfill the goal of jointly mobilizing US 100 billion a year for climate finance, an essentialcomponent of the commitments made by the developed countries, which has remained elusive.The postponement of COP 26 to 2021 also gives less time for negotiations and other evidencebased work to inform the post-2025 goal.
Sustainable Development and Climate Change2056.3 India is no exception to the unprecedented crisis unleashed by the pandemic. It is facedwith remarkable challenges emerging from the need to provide substantive economic stimulus,address livelihood losses, introduce and implement wide ranging economic reforms. The needto develop sustainably, however, remains at the core of the country’s development strategy.INDIA AND THE SDGs6.4 India has taken several proactive steps at both the national and the sub national level tomainstream the SDGs into the policies, schemes and programmes of the Government. In 2020,the highlight of India’s SDG initiatives has been the Voluntary National Review (VNR) presentedto the United Nations High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) on Sustainable Development which isthe highest international platform for review and follow-up of the SDGs under the auspices of theUnited Nations Economic and Social Council. The reviews are voluntary and country -led andare aimed at facilitating the sharing of experiences, including successes, challenges and lessonslearned. NITI Aayog presented India’s second VNR to the HLPF in July 2020, which highlightedthe country’s accomplishments and the way forward on its journey towards achieving the SDGs. Inaddition to the progress achieved in various sectors, the VNR Report also presented the Indian modelof SDG localisation, perspectives from various stakeholder consultations, strategies of integratingbusinesses with the implementation of SDGs, and ways to strengthen the means of implementation.6.5 Consultations with over 1000 Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) have been the cornerstoneof the VNR Report preparation process. The consultations involved fourteen specific groups(Figure 1). The focus of the consultations was the principle of “Leaving No One Behind”, whichlies at the heart of SDGs.Figure 1: Stakeholder Consultations ProcessSource: Niti Aayog6.6 These stakeholder consultations provided a platform for engagement and feedbackon India’s progress towards the SDGs. This platform was widely acknowledged among theparticipants as a conduit for institutionalised dialogue. For state and market action to keep up
206Economic Survey 2020-21 Volume 1with the myriad manifestations of these challenges, the nature of engagement will have to beadaptive, iterative and based on feedback, which institutionalised dialogue can provide.6.7 The preparation of the VNR also provided an excellent opportunity to strengthen theengagement with the private sector on SDGs. In the recent past, private sector spending underCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives has been a major avenue for private sectorinvolvement in the SDG framework. The VNR process enhanced the uptake in adoption of businessresponsibility and sustainability frameworks and created greater consciousness among industryleaders for the same. This is echoed in the ‘Report of the Committee on Business ResponsibilityReporting’ which was released in 2020. Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report(BRSR) frameworks outlined in this report emanate from the National Guidelines on ResponsibleBusiness Conduct (NGRBC) which are aligned to the SDGs, and the United Nations GuidingPrinciples on Business & Human Rights (UNGPs). BRSR formats incorporate the growingsalience of non-financial disclosures along with the annual financial disclosures ensuring therecognition of environmental and social responsibilities.Localization of the SDGs6.8 Localisation of SDGs is crucial to any strategy aimed at achieving the goals under the 2030Agenda. Essentially, localising SDGs involves the process of adapting, planning, implementingand monitoring the SDGs from national to local levels by relevant institutions and stakeholders.In terms of engagement and collaboration of institutions, it is consequential how the Centre,State and Local Governments work together to achieve the SDGs at the national level; and howSDGs provide a framework for subnational and local policy, planning and action for realisationof the SDG targets at local levels. To accelerate SDG achievements, the country has adopted theapproach of cooperative and competitive federalism which is based on Centre-State collaborationin nation building and healthy competition among the States in various development outcomes.The SDG India Index and Dashboard, designed and developed by NITI Aayog, is the principaltool to measure and monitor SDG performance at the national and sub-national levels. Thestates are institutionally empowered and positioned to achieve the SDGs with the support of theCentral Government and allied institutions. Hence, the States are the key actors in the processof localisation of SDGs with the Central Government playing an enabling role.Figure 2: SDG LocalisationA. From Global to Local to Meet the GoalsMapping of SDG targets to schemes/programmes/policiesCoordination with central ministriesCoordination with State PlanningDepartmentsDeveloping monitoring framework andcapacitiesSource: Niti AayogNational levelleadership
Sustainable Development and Climate Change207B. Handholding States/UTs through planning Departments SDG Visiondocument/roadmap for thestate (23states/UTs) Mapping oftargets withrelevantdepartments (25states/UTs) Coordinate withdepartments anddistricts. SDG Cells /Coordinationcenters Linking ofBudget withSDGs (16States/UTs) Periodic SDGreviews Capacity buildingof state anddistrict levelofficials (23States/UTs)Source: Niti Aayog6.9 States and UTs have created discrete institutional structures for implementation of SDGsin their own specific contexts. Several states have also created nodal mechanisms within everydepartment and at the district levels to make coordination, convergence and data managementmore precise and predictable. Figure 2 (A and B) shows the institutional set up for SDGlocalisation.SDG related intervention of the Centre Governments during the pandemic6.10 The COVID-19 pandemic has, further, underscored the need to keep sustainabledevelopment at the very core of any development strategy. The pandemic has challengedthe health infrastructure, adversely impacted livelihoods and exacerbated the inequality inthe food and nutritional availability in the country. This has reemphasized the criticality ofhaving institutions and mechanisms that can facilitate the country to absorb exogenous shockswell. The period of the pandemic has seen coordinated efforts of both the Centre and theState Governments in preserving and creating livelihoods, ensuring that food and nutritionalrequirements are met and that the health facilities are augmented to cope with the pressurecreated by the contagion. Initiatives addressed the immediate impact of COVID-19 pandemicand enabled the country to progress on its SDGs even in these very difficult times. In additionseveral reforms measures have been brought in such as in agricultural labour and MSME reformswhich will directly or indirectly impact the SDGs. The State Governments also responded withseveral measures to support those affected by the pandemic through various initiatives andreliefs to fight this pandemic.CLIMATE CHANGE6.11 India has been taking several proactive climate actions to fulfil its obligations as per theprinciples of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities and equity.The Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submitted by the country has been formulatedkeeping in mind the developmental imperatives of the country and is on a “best effort basis”.In its NDC, India has sought to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35 per cent
208Economic Survey 2020-21 Volume 1below 2005 levels by the year 2030; achieve 40 per cent of cumulative electric power installedcapacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030; and enhance forest and tree cover to createadditional carbon sink equivalent to 2.5 to 3 billion tons of carbon dioxide by 2030. The othergoals pertain to adoption of sustainable lifestyles based on traditional values of conservationand moderation, adaptation to climate change, clean economic development and environmentfriendly technology, etc.Prominent Government initiatives on mitigation & adaptationactions and their progress6.12 India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) was launched in 2008. Ithas through 8 National Missions focussed on advancing the country’s climate change relatedobjectives of adaptation, mitigation and preparedness on climate risks. The Governmenthas decided to revise the NAPCC in line with the NDC submitted by India under theParis Agreement to make it more comprehensive in terms of the priority areas. The majordevelopments under the NAPCC are captured in Table 1 below.Table 1: National Missions under NAPCCMissions1. National SolarMission (NSM)Major objective/TargetProgressAchieve 100 GW of solar power in The cumulative capacity of 36.9 GWseven years starting from 2014-15.was commissioned till November 2020.Around 36 GW solar energy capacity isunder installation, and an additional 19GW capacity has been tendered.2. NationalMission for To achieve growth with ecological The Perform Achieve and Tradesustainability.(PAT) Scheme is one of the initiativesunder the NMEEE, and was initiatedEnhanced Energy Mandating reduction in energyin March 2012.Efficiencyconsumption in large energy(NMEEE) PAT Cycle I (2012-2015) has overconsuming industries, Financing for PPP to reduce energyachieved the target, saving aroundconsumption through demand-side31 million tonnes of CO2 (Mt CO2).management programs in the mu- PAT Cycle II (2016-17 to 2018-19)nicipal, buildings, and agriculturalemission reduction of 61.34 MtCO2sectors,was achieved. Energy incentives, including re- PAT Cycle III (2017-18 to 2019duced taxes on energy-efficient ap-20) concluded on 31 March 2020,pliances.results of this cycle are awaited. Currently PAT Cycle IV is underimplementation.
Sustainable Development and Climate ChangeMissionsMajor objective/Target3. National Mission ImprovedProgressby A sum of 343.08 crore has been releasedfor a Green India Increasing forest/tree cover by 5 m ha to 13 states during the period 2015-16 to(GIM)4. National Missionon SustainableHabitat (NMSH)ecosystem209servicesand improving quality of forest cover 2019-20 for undertaking afforestationon another 5 m ha (a total of 10 m ha). activities over an area of 1.42 lakh ha. Development of sustainable habitat The mission is being implementedstandards.through Promoting energy efficiency as athreeprogrammes:AtalMission on Rejuvenation and Urbancore component of urban planningTransformation,by extending the existing EnergyMission, and Smart Cities Mission.ConservationBuildingSwachhBharatCode Under the ECBC, 335 demonstration(ECBC).buildings have been supported with Strengthening the enforcement oftechnical assistance for complianceautomotive fuel economy standards,in the states/UTs. Cumulative built-andup area of 0.16 billion m2 ensures an Using pricing measures to encouragethe purchase of efficient vehiclesapproximate energy saving of 0.17BU.and incentives for the use of public Under the Smart Cities Mission,1987 projects have already beentransportation.completed so far, while 4375 projectsare under completion. Smart CitiesMission requires cities to have at least10 per cent energy coming from solarand at least 80 per cent buildings to beenergy efficient and green. Urban Transport Modal Shift: As onJune, 2020, 700 km of metro rail wasoperational in 18 major cities and aBus Rapid Transit (BRT) network ofabout 450 km was operational in 11cities across the country carrying 10million passengers daily. Smart Cities Mission: As on June2020, the value of tendered smart cityprojects was over 1,66,000 crores,including 1,25,000 crores of workorders issued and 27,000 crores ofcompleted projects.
210Economic Survey 2020-21 Volume 1MissionsMajor objective/TargetProgress Smart roads, smart solar, smart water,PPPs and vibrant public spaces projects are being implemented under theMission. Swachh Bharat Mission: 6.2 millionhousehold toilets, against the missiontarget of 5.8 million, and 0.59 millioncommunity & public toilets, againstthe mission target of 0.50 million,have been constructed as in December 2020. Under the mission, 100 percent door-to-door waste collection hasbeen achieved in more than 83 thousand wards. 4340 (99 per cent) of the total 4372cities have been declared Open Defecation Free (ODF) in the country.5. National WaterMission (NWM) Focuses on monitoring of ground The National Institute of Hydrologyis the nodal agency to get the Statewater, aquifer mapping, capacitySpecific Action Plan (SSAP) for thebuilding, water quality monitoringwater sector for 16 selected states.and other baseline studies.Five States have completed the first Promoting citizen and state action forphaseof SSAP.water conservation, augmentation, 6,376 new ground water monitoringwells created. Focusing attention on overexploitedareas.and preservation. Promoting basin-level integratedwater resources management.6. National Mission Enhancing food security by making 7960 farm machinery banks estabforSustainable agriculturelished in 2018-19 to reduce crop resmoreproductive,Agricultureidue burning.sustainable, remunerative, and climate Under Rainfed Area Developresilient.ment Programme, an area of about.74,175.41 ha and 55,902.92 ha wasbrought under different IntegratedFarming System approach in 2018-19and 2019-20 respectively. During 2018-19 & 2019-20, anarea of 4.14 lakh ha was covered under organic farming. Atpresent, 25.34 lakh ha, is underorganic farming.
Sustainable Development and Climate ChangeMissions7. National Missionfor SustainingHimalayan EcosystemsMajor objective/TargetProgress To continuously assess the health The key achievements include settingstatus of the Himalayan Ecosystem.up of the Centre of Glaciology at WadiaEnable policy bodies in their policyInstitute of Himalayan Geology.formulation functions. A national network programme on Start of new centres relevant to cliHimalayan Cryosphere has beenmate change in the existing institulaunched.tions in the Himalayan States. A mega programme named Human Regional cooperation with neighbouring countries in Glaciology.8. National Missionon StrategicKnowledge forClimate Change(NMSKCC)211and Institutional Capacity Building(HICAB) programme for the Indian Himalayan Region was launchedduring the 2018-19 and six state level knowledge networks have beensupported in the states of Jammu &Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Assam,Meghalaya, Manipur and ArunachalPradesh in the Himalayan Region. Under this programme, 18 projects and 7Major R&D programmes are gettingimplemented. In addition, three Centres of Excellence,one each at Kashmir University, SikkimUniversity and Tezpur University havebeen supported under the mission. To gain a better understanding Key achievements include setting upof climate science, formation ofof 12 Centres of Excellence and 10knowledge networks among theState Climate Change Centres.existing knowledge institutions 8 Global Technology Watch Groupsengagedinresearchand(GTWGs) in the areas of Renewabledevelopment.Energy Technology, Advance Coal Development of national capacityfor modeling the regional impactof climate change on differentecological zones within the country.Technology,EnhancedEnergyEfficiency, Green Forest, SustainableHabitat,Water,SustainableAgriculture and Manufacturing havebeen set up.Source: MoEFCC6.13 The Government launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) in 2010with the aim to (i) deploy 20,000 MW of grid connected solar power by 2022 to be achieved in3 phases, (ii) 2,000 MW of off-grid solar applications including 20 million solar lights by 2022and (iii) 20 million sq. m. solar thermal collector area. The above targets are divided phase wiseas presented in Table 2 below:
212Economic Survey 2020-21 Volume 1Table 2: Phase wise distribution of Targets under JNNSMS. No Application segment Cumulative TargetCumulative TargetCumulative Targetfor Phase I (2010-13) for Phase 2 (2013-17) for Phase 3 (2017-22)1Solar collectors7 million sq meters15 million sq meters20 million sq meters2Off grid solarapplications200 MW1000 MW2000 MW3Utility grid power,including roof top1,000-2000 MW4000-10,000 MW20000 MWSource: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy6.14 Subsequently, Government had revised the target of grid connected solar power projectsfrom 20,000 MW by the year 2021-22 to 100,000 MW by the year 2021-22 under the NationalSolar Mission in 2015. Figures 3 & 4 highlight the target and achievement under the off-gridsolar programme and the grid connected solar projects under NSM.Figure 3: Target & Achievements under Off-grid Solar ProgrammeSource: Ministry of New and Renewable EnergyFigure 4: Physical Target and Achievement of Grid connected Solar Projects under NSMSource: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Sustainable Development and Climate Change2136.15 The National Mission for a Green India (GIM) was introduced with the aim to protect,restore and enhance India’s forest cover. It takes a holistic view on greening and focuseson multiple ecosystem services along with carbon sequestration and emission reduction
Sustainable Development and 06 Climate Change loZsHkoUrqlqf u%A loZs lUrq fujke;k%A . (Brihadaaranyaka Upanishad 1.4.14) The 2030 agenda for Sustainable Development with 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 associated targets encompasses a comprehensive developmental agenda . Around 36 GW solar energy capacity is under .
Food Security and Nutrition 1.1.Climate Change and Agriculture Climate change shows in different transformations of climate variables that are causing significant economic, social and environmental effects. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in 2002, has defined climate change as “any change in climate over time,
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