Mapping Saldaňa’s Coding Methods Onto The Literature .
Journal of Educational IssuesISSN 2377-22632016, Vol. 2, No. 1Mapping Saldaňa’s Coding Methods onto the LiteratureReview ProcessAnthony J. Onwuegbuzie (Corresponding author)Department of Educational Leadership and Counseling, Box 2119Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341-2119, USATel: 1-936-294-4509E-mail: tonyonwuegbuzie@aol.comRebecca K. FrelsDepartment of Counseling and Special PopulationsLamar University, 223 Education Building, Beaumont, Texas 77710, USAE-mail: rebecca.frels@gmail.comEunjin HwangDepartment of Educational Leadership and Counseling, Box 2119Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341-2119, USAE-mail: eunjinhwang education@yahoo.comReceived: January 24, 2016doi:10.5296/jei.v2i1.8931Accepted: March 28, 2016Published: March 29, 2016URL: uegbuzie and Frels (2014) provided a step-by-step guide illustrating how discourseanalysis can be used to analyze literature. However, more works of this type are needed toaddress the way that counselor researchers conduct literature reviews. Therefore, we present atypology for coding and analyzing information extracted for literature reviews based onSaldaňa’s (2012) coding methods. We present stages for conducting these analyses using anactual body of published works and illustrate how to use a computer-assisted qualitative dataanalysis software program, namely, QDA Miner. Finally, we delineate how using thissystematic approach promotes counselor identity and addresses the call for ethical,transparent research and evidence-based practices.130www.macrothink.org/jei
Journal of Educational IssuesISSN 2377-22632016, Vol. 2, No. 1Keywords: Literature review, Saldaňa’s coding methods, Analyzing the literature, Coding theliterature, Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software program, QDA Miner1. IntroductionThe promotion of evidence-based practice and outcome research has moved to the foregroundin the ongoing dialogue of the counseling profession. Evidenced-based practice is dependentupon rigorous and transparent methodology outlined in the manifestoes of professionalorganizations such as the American Counseling Association’s (2014) Code of Ethics, theAmerican Evaluation Association’s (2004) Guiding Principles, and the Council forAccreditation of Counseling and Related Education Program’s (2016) Standards. Researchbuilds upon and expands the knowledge of a practice or topic and, without fail, is based uponprior research. Yet, conducting the literature review represents the most difficult componentof the research process and is seldom discussed within the scope of methodology and ethicalreporting standards. Regardless of research methodology (i.e., quantitative, qualitative, mixedmethods), at some point, the research is linked to prior literature. Interestingly, whenconsidering how long the practice of literature reviewing has been part of scholarship, it issurprising that reporting standards do not better affirm the importance of a systematic processfor delineating and building upon prior research.The American Psychological Association (APA) Publication Manual (2010) situates theconcept of literature review as a “critical evaluation(s) of material that has already beenpublished” (p. 10) and reveals that authors of literature reviews organize, integrate, andevaluate the state of research. To this end, when the goal of the literature review is to informprimary research, then the literature reviewer should conduct a series of literature reviews, asneeded, throughout the conduct of the primary research (Onwuegbuzie & Frels, 2014).Indeed, as outlined by Onwuegbuzie and Frels (2016), the review of the literature can informany or all of the 12 components of a primary research report: problem statement, literaturereview, theoretical/conceptual framework research question(s), hypotheses, participants,instruments, procedures, analyses, interpretation of the findings, directions for future research,and implications for the field. Simply put, a difficulty for many literature reviewers is torecognize that the literature review process does not end at the onset of the primary study.That is, the literature review typically should take place throughout the researchprocess—before, during, and after the primary research study (Onwuegbuzie & Frels, 2016).As such, with very few exceptions (e.g., grounded theory research (Glaser & Strauss, 1967),wherein some proponents argue against an initial literature review before data collection), theliterature review can be the most intense and time-consuming component of the researchprocess, especially when the extant literature for the underlying topic is extensive.A second difficulty of the literature review process stems from the fact that it is not a linearprocess (Onwuegbuzie & Frels, 2016). Even though the literature review typically precedesthe primary research study in most instances, it is very common for research to oscillatebetween the primary research study and the extant information. This non-linearity addscomplexity to the literature review process.A third difficulty is that literature reviews cannot be value neutral (Onwuegbuzie & Frels,131www.macrothink.org/jei
Journal of Educational IssuesISSN 2377-22632016, Vol. 2, No. 12012). Indeed, in every case, literature reviewers make a series of decisions such as whatsources are used to inform the literature review, what literature is included and excluded,what literature is emphasized or criticized, and so on. As such, any given literature review canbe framed in numerous ways that reflect the value system of the literature reviewer.With the valuable resources available via the Internet, a common misconception is thatliterature reviewers fail to recognize that salient information on a topic reaches beyondpublished works (Onwuegbuzie & Frels, 2016). Valuable information that informs literaturereviews often can be gleaned from unpublished works. One example of such unpublishedworks is grey literature (or gray literature). Grey literature includes the following: reports(e.g., pre-prints, preliminary progress and advanced reports, technical reports fromgovernment agencies or scientific research groups, statistical reports, memoranda, marketresearch reports, state-of-the art reports, working papers from research groups or committeeswhite paper), conference proceedings, technical reports, technical specifications andstandards, bibliographies, non-commercial translations, technical and commercialdocumentation, and official documents that have not published commercially such asgovernment reports and documents (Alberani, Pietrangeli, & Mazza, 1990). As noted byAugur (1989), grey literature often is generated by organizations such as associations, countycouncils, churches, federations, institutes, laboratories, libraries, museums, private publishers,research facilities, societies, trade unions, universities, and other educational establishments.As such, for any given topic of interest, the literature review process can be extended greatlyby reviewing grey literature. For example, in the field of counseling, preliminary researchfindings and cutting-edge findings are presented at the annual conferences for the Associationof Counselor Education and Supervision, the American Counseling Association, and otherestablished venues.Because the literature review should represent more than a summary of the extant literature, afifth difficulty of conducting a literature review is that researchers often fail actually tosynthesize multiple sources. Unfortunately, many authors of research methodology textbooksfail to provide researchers in training the means to conduct an integrative review of literature(Onwuegbuzie & Frels, 2012). In addition to summarizing each work (i.e., body ofinformation; e.g., research article, book, conference paper), a reviewer should evaluate eachwork before deciding whether to include the work in the literature review section of the finalempirical report, or any other section of the report for that matter. More specifically, literaturereviewers should interpret the collection of previous research findings through summarizing,analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing (Onwuegbuzie & Frels, 2016). These fourobjectives—which, as a set, make the literature review complex—should be fulfilled in orderto conduct a comprehensive literature review.Further, and a sixth difficulty is that literature reviews involve much more than a review ofliterature, as its name falsely suggests (Onwuegbuzie, Leech, & Collins, 2011). In addition toreviewing printed and digital published and unpublished literature, reviewers should considerextracting knowledge to inform their literature reviews via such means as formally orinformally interviewing (e.g., via face-to-face, email, Skype) experts in the topic area andreviewing visual data such as drawings, photographs, and videos (Onwuegbuzie & Frels,132www.macrothink.org/jei
Journal of Educational IssuesISSN 2377-22632016, Vol. 2, No. 12016). Reviewing information from these additional modes also increases the complexity ofthe literature review process.A seventh difficulty of the literature review stems from the use of the literature review as amethodology (Onwuegbuzie & Frels, 2016) because, optimally, literature reviews provide a“coherent foundation for inquiry with tightly interconnected logics of justification,positioning, procedures, and rationales” (Greene, 2006, p. 94). Indeed, supporting thiscontention is the fact that, optimally, the literature review process involves the collection,analysis, and interpretation of both qualitative and quantitative data (i.e., information). Forexample, with respect to the analysis of information, optimally, the reviewer should becompetent in conducting quantitative-based (e.g., meta-analysis; Glass, 1976),qualitative-based (e.g., meta-synthesis; Sandelowski & Barroso, 2003), and mixedresearch-based (e.g., meta-summary; Sandelowski & Barroso, 2003) syntheses.These seven challenges make it surprising that the vast majority of graduate students do notreceive any formal training on how to conduct and write literature reviews (Onwuegbuzie etal., 2011). Recently, several authors have attempted to make the literature review processmore transparent by providing a step-by-step guide to conducting literature reviews (for alisting of these works, see Onwuegbuzie and Frels (2016)). However, although these worksare very informative, virtually none of these textbooks provide explicit instructions as how toanalyze and to interpret selected literature using existing data analytic techniques. However,there are two notable exceptions. Specifically, Onwuegbuzie, Leech, and Collins (2012)identified 17 qualitative data analysis techniques that are optimal for analyzing sources thatinform a literature review. Further, Onwuegbuzie and Frels (2014) provided a step-by-stepguide as to how discourse analysis can be used to analyze literature. However, many moreworks of this type are needed. Thus, the purpose of this article is to provide an extensivetypology—mapping Saldaňa’s coding methods—for analyzing information extracted forliterature reviews.2. Conceptual FrameworkSaldaňa (2012), in his seminal book, identified 32 coding methods. These methods aresummarized in Table 1. Saldaňa (2012) conceptualized these 32 coding methods as beingrepresentative of either the first cycle or second cycle, with one hybrid method lying inbetween them. According to Saldaňa (2012), First Cycle methods are coding strategies thatoccur during the initial coding of data, and which are sub-divided into the following sevensubcategories (with their methods in parentheses): Grammatical methods (i.e., attributecoding, magnitude coding, subcoding, simultaneous coding); Elemental methods (i.e.,structural coding, descriptive coding, in vivo coding, process coding, initial coding); Affectivemethods (i.e., emotion coding, values coding, versus coding, evaluation coding); Literary andLanguage methods (i.e., dramaturgical coding, motif coding, narrative coding, verbalexchange coding); Exploratory methods (i.e., holistic coding, provisional coding, hypothesiscoding); and Procedural methods (i.e., protocol coding, outline of cultural materials coding,domain and taxonomic coding, causation coding). Conversely, the Second Cycle methods arecoding strategies that “require such analytic skills as classifying, prioritizing, integrating,133www.macrothink.org/jei
Journal of Educational IssuesISSN 2377-22632016, Vol. 2, No. 1synthesizing, abstracting, conceptualizing, and theory building” (p. 58), as follows: Patterncoding, Focused coding, Axial coding, Theoretical coding, Elaborative coding, andLongitudinal coding. Finally, Theming the data, which includes eclectic coding. lies inbetween the first and second cycles. Table 2 presents a summary of how each of Saldaňa’s(2012) 32 coding methods can be applied to analyzing and interpreting information thatinform literature reviews. In any case, the various attributes identified in the 32 codingmethods reveal how a literature review might be framed to focus on any one or more areaswhen synthesizing prior research.Table 1. A summary of Saldaňa’s (2012) 32 coding methodsCoding MethodDefinition1Attribute CodingProvide essential information about data for future reference2Axial CodingDevelop a category by grouping/sorting/reducing the number ofcodes generated from the first cycle of coding3Causation CodingAnalyze the causality by identifying causes, outcome, and linksbetween them4Descriptive CodingDescribe the topic of data with descriptive nouns (i.e., topic coding)5Domain and Taxonomic CodingAnalyze the cultural knowledge participants use and organize theminto categories and reorganize them through further analysis into ataxonomic tree diagram6Dramaturgical CodingApply dramaturgicaltermsto qualitative datatoanalyzeinterpersonal and intrapersonal participant experiences7Eclectic CodingCombine two or more similar First Cycle of coding methodspurposefully8Elaborative CodingDevelop codes to refine theoretical constructs emerged fromprevious research or investigations9Emotion CodingApply codes accompanying emotion(s) to explore the interpersonaland/or intrapersonal participants’ experiences10Evaluation CodingApply non-quantitative codes (e.g., /-) to qualitative data for theevaluative purpose11Focused CodingDevelop categories with significant or frequent codes that emergedfrom In Vivo, Process, and/or Initial Coding12Holistic CodingAnalyze the data corpus as a whole and identify the basic themes orissues in the data13Hypothesis CodingApply pre-established codes to qualitative data to examine aresearcher-generated hypothesis14In Vivo CodingApply the words verbatim that participants use to examine thepossible dimensions or ranges of categories134www.macrothink.org/jei
Journal of Educational IssuesISSN 2377-22632016, Vol. 2, No. 115Initial CodingApply provisional and tentative codes in the First Cycle of coding16Longitudinal CodingOrganize collected qualitative data across time; Categorize data intomatrices for further analysis and interpretation17Magnitude CodingApply supplemental or sub-codes to quantitize or qualitize thephenomenon’s intensity, frequency, direction, presence, or evaluativecontent18Motif CodingApply original index codes utilized to classify the elements of folktalks, myths, and legends; This method can be utilized forstory-based data such as journals or diaries19Narrative CodingDevelop codes representing participant narratives from a literaryperspective (e.g., storied, structured forms)2021Outline of Cultural MaterialsIt was created as a specialized index for anthropologists andCoding (OCM)archeologists; Provide coding for the categories of social lifePattern CodingDevelop meta-codes that identify similarly coded data by groupingthem and generate major themes; Appropriate for Second Cyclecoding22Process CodingApply codes by using -ing words to indicate actions23Protocol CodingApply codes or categories in a previously developed system toqualitative data (e.g., ALCOH alcoholism or drinking)24Provisional CodingUtilize the preset codes emerged from preliminary investigations orliterature review and anticipated to be modified, revised, or deletedduring the data analysis25Simultaneous CodingApply two or more different codes to a single qualitative datum inthe different dimensions26Structural CodingCategorize the data corpus into segments by similarities, differences,relationships by using conceptual phrases27SubcodingDevelop sub-categories in the hierarchies and taxonomies added tothe primary codes28Theoretical CodingDevelop the central category that covers all other codes andcategories by integrating and synthesizing them29Values CodingApply codes consisting of three elements, value, attitude, and beliefto examine a participant’s perspectives or worldviews30Verbal Exchange CodingInterpret data through the researcher’s experience and reflection toexplore cultural practices; Extensive written reflection is preferred totraditional margined coding methods31Versus CodingIdentify phenomena in a dichotomy terms and exhibit itself as X VS.Y32Theme, Theming the DataIdentify codes in the form of sentences capturing the essence andessentials of participant meanings135www.macrothink.org/jei
Journal of Educational IssuesISSN 2377-22632016, Vol. 2, No. 1Table 2. A summary of Saldaňa’s (2012) 32 coding methods mapped onto the literaturereview process1Coding MethodsHow to Apply to Literature ReviewAttribute CodingApply Attribute Codes to log information about the literature (e.g.,empirical/theoretical paper, qualitative/quantitative research/ academicdisciplines). By utilizing Attribute Codes, previous studies can be sortedout by year, methodology (quantitative or qualitative), or journals. Forexample, a reviewer can identify the gap between years in terms of thenumber of conducted studies by organizing literature by Attribute Codes.2Axial CodingLike Focused Coding, Axial Coding involves determining which codesstemming from the literature are dominant or less dominant to organizethem systematically or thematically (e.g., crossing out, getting rid ofredundant codes). Also, Axial Coding can be utilized to specify thedimension of categories generated by Focused Coding of the literature.Axial Codes can be utilized to identify different dimensions of constructs.3Causation CodingCausation Coding can be utilized to analyze causality among variables,mediate variables, and outcomes in empirical reports. Causation Codingcan be employed for both within- and between-literature analysis.Causation Codes can be created into a causation model.4Descriptive CodingDescriptive Coding is applied with descriptive nouns, after the reviewergenerates Descriptive Codes. Also, Descriptive Codes can be utilized forvisual data. After generating descriptive codes, a reviewer can determinethe frequency of Descriptive Codes by utilizing tools such as WordCloud, a graphical representation of content analysis software programs(e.g., WordStat) or computer-assisted qualitative data analysis softwareprograms (e.g., QDA Miner, NVivo, MaxQDA, ATLAS-ti) that facilitatethe counting of words or codes. Examining Descriptive Codes might helpa reviewer to identify “key words” to explore the topic.5Domain and TaxonomicDomain and Taxonomic Coding can be employed to analyze and toCodingsynthesize research findings by distinguishing relationships or patternsamong terms used in the literature and by organizing them into ataxonomy.6Dramaturgical CodingDramaturgical coding involves items such as objectives, conflicts orobstacles, strategies to deal with conflicts or obstacles, strategies,attitude, emotions, and subtexts. Dramaturgical coding can be utilized toanalyze text or talk data that inform a literature review and might beuseful to understanding power relationship among constituencies.7Eclectic
literature review can be the most intense and time-consuming component of the research process, especially when the extant literature for the underlying topic is extensive. A second difficulty of the literature review process stems from the fact that it is not a linear process (Onwuegbuzie & Frels, 2016).
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concept mapping has been developed to address these limitations of mind mapping. 3.2 Concept Mapping Concept mapping is often confused with mind mapping (Ahlberg, 1993, 2004; Slotte & Lonka, 1999). However, unlike mind mapping, concept mapping is more structured, and less pictorial in nature.
Argument mapping is different from mind mapping and concept mapping (Figure 1). As Davies described, while mind mapping is based on the associative connections among images and topics and concept mapping is concerned about the interrelationships among concepts, argument mapping “ is interested in the inferential basis for a claim
Mapping is one of the basic elements in Informatica code. A mapping with out business rules are know as Flat mappings. To understand the basics of Mapping in Informatica, let us create a Mapping that inserts data from source into the target. Create Mapping in Informatica. To create Mapping in Informatica, open Informatica PowerCenter Designer .
Mind mapping Mind mapping (or ‘‘idea’’ mapping) has been defined as ‘visual, non-linear representations of ideas and their relationships’ (Biktimirov and Nilson 2006). Mind maps comprise a network of connected and related concepts. However, in mind mapping, any idea can be connected to
Mapping Analyst for Excel includes mapping specifications and metamaps. Mapping Specifications A mapping specification is a Microsoft Excel file that includes metadata to import into the PowerCenter repository. Use a mapping specification to define sources or targets or to define a mapping by describing the
i. Definition of Utility Mapping. ii. History of Utility Mapping. iii. Objectives of Utility Survey & Mapping in Malaysia. iv. The scope of Utility Mapping in standard guidelines for underground utility mapping. v. The role of utility owner, surveyor and JUPEM in underground utility mapping. 1 UNDERSTAND THE UTILITY QUALITY LEVEL ATTRIBUTES i.
Source Coding Techniques 1. Fixed Length Coding In fixed length coding technique all symbols assigned with equal length because the coding don’t take the probability in account. The benefit of the fixed length code is ease of applied (easy in coding and decoding) Example1: Let x { x 1,x 2, ,x 16} where pi 1/16 for all i , find ζ
