FINAL RESEARCH PAPER Assessment Of Gaps And Needs For .

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F I N A L R E S E A R C H PA P E RAssessment of Gaps and Needs forEnvironmental and SustainabilityStandards for the Canadian Mining SectorMarch 2020

ASSESSMENT OF GAPS AND NEEDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANDSUSTAINABILITY STANDARDS FOR THE CANADIAN MINING SECTORAuthorsStefan Reinecke, Stratos Inc.Stephanie Meyer, Stratos Inc.Guy-Thierry Tenkouano, Stratos Inc.CSA Group Project ManagerPaul Steenhof, Ph.D.Project Manager, Standards DevelopmentNatural Resourcescsagroup.org2

ASSESSMENT OF GAPS AND NEEDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANDSUSTAINABILITY STANDARDS FOR THE CANADIAN MINING SECTORContents1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1 The role and value of standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.2 Objectives and Intended Audience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1 Scoping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2 Information Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.2.1 Landscape Scan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.2.2 Key Informant Interviews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3 Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Emerging Expectations and Key Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Gaps and Potential Opportunities for Standards Development114.1 Standards Landscape Scan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.3 Issue-Specific Gaps and Opportunities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134.3.1 Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.3.2 Social and Economic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.3.3 Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214.4 Analysis of Standardization Opportunities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Appendices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Appendix A: List of Interviewee Organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Appendix B: Interview Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Appendix C: Detailed Landscape Scan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39csagroup.org3

ASSESSMENT OF GAPS AND NEEDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANDSUSTAINABILITY STANDARDS FOR THE CANADIAN MINING SECTORMining activity accounts forapproximately 20% of the totalvalue of Canadian export goods andcontributes nearly 100 billion to ournational Gross Domestic Product(GDP) [2]1 IntroductionThe Canadian mining sector plays an integral rolein meeting the global need for minerals and metals.The industry currently extracts more than 60 mineralsand metals, and Canada is positioned among thetop five countries in worldwide production of 16major commodities, including gold, nickel, cobalt,and diamonds [1], [2]. Canadian financial institutionsconsistently rank among the leading global providers ofmining finance [1]. Taken together, our mineral reservesrepresent significant natural resource wealth, withrecent data demonstrating that mining activity accountsfor approximately 20% of the total value of Canadianexport goods and contributes nearly 100 billion to ournational Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [2].Domestically, the industry directly employs more than426 000 workers in extraction, smelting, fabrication,and manufacturing operations, and indirectly employsan additional 200 000 people in related activities suchas mining supply and support services [3]. In so doing,it helps to support the economic and cultural vitality ofCanadian communities, many of which are northern,rural, or otherwise remote. With more than 450 activeagreements in place between mining companies andIndigenous communities, mining companies are bothmajor employers of Indigenous peoples and customersof Indigenous-owned businesses [4].Canadian mining has taken important steps to reduce itsenvironmental impacts and meet the broader challengesof sustainability. Environmental and social issues areconsistently listed among the top challenges and risksfacing the mining sector globally and in Canada [1], [3],[5]. Specific challenges include the social license tooperate (encompassing a range of environmental andsocio-economic concerns raised by mining-affectedcommunities and the broader public), the need toshift to different and less carbon-intensive forms ofenergy, improving tailings and water management,and responding to responsible sourcing demands thatinclude those associated with minerals and metals for theclean energy economy. Meanwhile, digital technologiesand data present both significant risks and opportunitiesfor the sector and have important implications forenvironmental and sustainability performance, includingtechnologies that could dramatically reduce mine waste.In particular, there are strong pressures for the miningsector to innovate to address stakeholder expectationsand to maintain returns on investment while operatingin new realities (e.g., lower ore grades, operating inincreasingly remote and challenging physical and socialenvironments).The environmental impacts of climate change are wellknown, and include the effects of new temperatureextremes, changes in precipitation, and biodiversityloss. The material risks to the mining sector are nowrecognized to include impacts related to climate changeand the further exacerbation of social and environmentalcsagroup.org4

ASSESSMENT OF GAPS AND NEEDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANDSUSTAINABILITY STANDARDS FOR THE CANADIAN MINING SECTORpressures. Where companies fail to meet therequirements for improved performance in these areasat all stages of operation (i.e., from exploration throughto mine closure), mining projects are susceptible tofinancial losses and project delays, and, in the extreme,could become stranded assets.1.1 The Role and Value of StandardsStandards are rules, minimum specifications,performance levels, and technical specificationspertaining to a topic area (see text box below). Theadoption of standards in Canada’s mining sector, bothvoluntary and mandatory, can enable mining companiesto improve their environmental and sustainabilitymanagement practices and performance. Standards canalso help Canada’s mining industry build resilience to thechallenges of more responsible corporate governanceand environmental risk management. Standards initiallydeveloped and adopted for use in Canada may alsobe implemented by Canadian companies abroad andadopted by other jurisdictions, leading to reputationalbenefits for Canada’s mining sector and enhancementof the Canada brand in general.are currently used by the Canadian mining sector. Theseinclude standards developed through the InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO) and throughCSA Group; protocols and guidelines developed byindustry (e.g., the Towards Sustainable Mining protocolsdeveloped by the Mining Association of Canada);regulations and guidance developed by federal,provincial, and territorial levels of government; andother standards and guidelines developed by Canadianand international non-governmental organizations suchas the Canadian Dam Association (CDA). This reportpresents the results of research on standardizationgaps, needs, and opportunities related to environmentalprotection and sustainability in the mining sector inCanada. Based on a landscape scan and a series ofkey informant interviews, this research explored gapsin the existing ecosystem of standards and guidelinesto identify potential areas where new standards –developed through a multistakeholder and consensusbased process – could benefit industry, regulators, andother sector stakeholders. Benefits include those wherestandards support the commercialization, uptake,and acceptance of emerging technologies that couldenhance environmental and sustainability performance.A range of standards, guidelines, and protocols related toenvironmental protection and other sustainability issuesWhat Are Standards?In Canada, under the accreditation of the Standards Council of Canada (SCC), accredited standards are developedby a balanced matrix of stakeholder groups that work together to reach consensus on rules, minimum specifications,performance levels, and technical specifications pertaining to a topic area. They are based on a respective field’scollective knowledge and, in this way, foster its development through dissemination of evaluative benchmarks thatreflect best practice, best available technology, and so on. Generally, standards are recognized to have far-reachingsocietal benefits, particularly those pertaining to health and safety, environmental protection, the promotion ofinnovation, and new product development. Many standards are referenced in regulations.Standards differ from guidance in that the latter are largely informative in content, describing good or best practicesand suggested approaches, without prescriptive requirements, performance criteria, or specifications.csagroup.org5

ASSESSMENT OF GAPS AND NEEDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANDSUSTAINABILITY STANDARDS FOR THE CANADIAN MINING SECTOR1.2 Objectives and Intended AudienceThe research has two broad objectives:1. T o identify and characterize needs and gapsrelated to expectations and requirements formining in Canada in the areas of environmentalprotection and management, mining innovation,and sustainability.2. To provide recommendations on where standardsdevelopment could address those gaps andneeds, with a focus on material issues and specificpriorities for industry and regulators.This report should be of interest to the Canadianmining industry, including companies and industryassociations, mining sector regulators and policymakers, mining-affected communities, and other sectorstakeholders, including service providers and nongovernmental organizations, working on environmentaland sustainability issues.2 Methodology2.1 ScopingThe scope of this research focuses on identified needs,gaps, and opportunities related to mineral and metalexploration and mining activity in Canadian provincesand territories. While the research approach and resultsare not commodity-specific, the research did not includeconsideration of the following commodities: oil sands,uranium, sand and gravel, and natural stone.Certain issue areas, including autonomous mining andmine electrification, were not included in the scope ofthis research because these topic areas are covered byexisting standard development initiatives.The research was structured according to the list ofkey sustainability issues (environmental, social, andeconomic) shown in Table 1, which was informed by areview of a sample of mining company sustainabilityreports, mining trend reports, and other documents [6][7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]. Most of the issues listed in Table1 appear frequently in these documents and reflect arange of inclusion criteria: Issues that are considered material to miningcompanies operating in Canada. Note that theGlobal Reporting Initiative (GRI) defines “material”as “aspects that reflect the organization’s significanteconomic, environmental and social impacts;or substantively influence the assessments anddecisions of stakeholders” [13]. A lignment with the United Nations’ SustainableDevelopment Goals (SDGs) [14] to which manycorporations are aligning their sustainabilityobjectives and indicators to meet growingexpectations from governments and communities,especially for social and economic benefits.Table 1: Key Material Issues Facing the Mining Sector within CanadaEnvironmentalSocial and EconomicLand and BiodiversityStakeholder EngagementWaterIndigenous Relations and ReconciliationClimate Change AdaptationGovernance and AccountabilityEnergy and GHG EmissionsBusiness Ethics and Anti-CorruptionAir and Other EmissionsCommunity DevelopmentEnvironmental Liabilities, Closure, and ReclamationLocal Economic Impact / Sustainable BenefitsTailings and Mine WasteSocial ClosureWasteCapacity Building, Certification, and TrainingDisclosure / Public Reportingcsagroup.org6

ASSESSMENT OF GAPS AND NEEDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANDSUSTAINABILITY STANDARDS FOR THE CANADIAN MINING SECTOR Emerging market and investor expectations andrequirements, including disclosure expectations[8]. The list of issues identified through thedocument review was further modified by theauthors (exclusions, issue labels) based on thefollowing methodological considerations: Frameworks, protocols, guidance, and other relateddocuments produced by the Mining Association ofCanada (MAC), which represents most of Canada’sproduction of base and precious metals, uranium,diamonds, metallurgical coal, and industrialminerals. Providing sufficient disaggregation of issues(e.g., separating Climate Change Adaptationfrom Energy and GHG emissions) to distinguishbetween current and emerging issues and otheraspects where there may be distinctions in gapsand opportunities. Principles, guidance, and toolkits produced bythe Prospectors and Developers Association ofCanada (PDAC), which is the leading voice of themineral exploration and development communityin Canada. PDAC has no sustainability-relatedrequirements for its members. Excluding certain issues (e.g., child labour) deemedless relevant to the mining context within Canada. Principles, position statements, guidance, and otherrelated documents produced by the InternationalCouncil for Mining and Metals (ICMM), whichrepresents 26 global mining and metals companiesand 35 regional commodities associations.2 ICMMmembers are required to follow the ICMM’sprinciples and position statements. Excluding certain issues where standards,guidelines, and regulatory requirements are wellestablished within Canada (e.g., health and safety)and/or less mining-sector specific.The scope of the research also considered innovationin terms of emerging technologies related to the abovecited issues and the associated need for standards tosupport commercialization, uptake, and acceptance.2.2 Information SourcesInformation was collected through a landscape scan(based on a document review) and then through keyinformant interviews, organized according to the list

of sustainability. Environmental and social issues are consistently listed among the top challenges and risks facing the mining sector globally and in Canada [1], [3], [5]. Specific challenges include the social license to operate (encompassing a range of environmental and socio-economic concerns raised by mining-affected

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