A Guide To CHP Unit Sizing November 2017

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A guide to CHP unit sizingProduct seriesNovember 2017

Centrica Business Solutions Combined Heat and Power – Unit sizingThe Power of CogenerationPowering ResilienceCentrica Business Solutionswill help you take controlof your energy, lowering the riskof business disruption and ensuringcontinuity of your operationsPowering PerformanceCentrica Business Solutions willhelp you improve operationalefficiency and lower costsPowering the FutureCentrica Business solutions can helppower your business agility and drivesustainable growth2

Centrica Business Solutions Combined Heat and Power – Unit sizingA guide to CHP unit sizingGet the full benefits from CHP by choosing the best unitsize for your needs.Investing in a Combined Heat and Power(CHP) plant is, in some ways, very similarto how you would lease office space –if you lease more than you need, youfind yourself paying for space that youdon’t use. But if you lease too little, youwill have to add on or find new spacein the near future.planning to determine the optimalsize and achieve the maximum returnon your organisation’s investment.CHP systems will increase gasconsumption whilst decreasing electricityusage, so check for the best tariffs withsuppliers and adjust yours accordinglyto ensure maximum benefit.If you install a CHP system that’s toosmall, it will not provide the full costsavings. If the CHP is too large it willstruggle to meet its minimum loadthreshold to operate efficiently. YourCHP needs to operate as many hoursas possible, because an idle plantproduce no benefits.It is well worth taking the time to considerother efficiency measures – such as betterinsulation, staff training, utility buying– before installing CHP into an existingstructure, as well as exploring possiblechanges to your energy requirementsin the future.Depending on the unit size, the typicalcost of installing a CHP varies between 600- 1,500 per kWe1. This is why theinstallation of a CHP plant installationrequires diligent consideration andBy optimising a building’s energy envelopefirst, you will gain data on the true hourlydemand for heat and power to the buildingwhich can then be used to accurately sizeyour CHP system.31 According to the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE)

Centrica Business Solutions Combined Heat and Power – Unit sizingModelling demandBy establishing a detailed model of the heat and electricaldemand, you can then establish the size of your CHP plantbased on the following considerations:123BaselineLoad followingElectricity exportFor optimal efficiency, CHP units shouldbe designed to provide baseline electricalor thermal output, with any shortfall beingsupplemented by electricity from the gridor heat from boilers. In certain cases there isthe option to size slightly above the thermalbaseline in order to deliver higher electricaloutput and greater financial savings.CHP units have the ability to modulate,or change their output in order to meetfluctuating demand. These CHP units canbe set up to track either the electrical orthermal demand profile. The decision totrack thermal or electrical load dependson the heat to power ratio of the site andassociated energy costs. When followingthe electricity demand, the implications ofpossible heat dumping into the atmospherevia heat trim or heat dump radiators haveto be fully analysed.Another way to deal with excess electricityis to export to the power grid, however thismust be carefully evaluated as it can havesignificantly lower value than electricityconsumed on site.At times when the CHP output exceeds thethermal demand there is a need to rejectheat. This is achieved through the operationof a dedicated dry air cooler or cooling tower.Getting rid of excess heat enables the CHPunit to maintain its full electrical outputbut would reduce its efficiency. Therefore,a careful balance should be achievedbetween CHP size and site demand.Another strategy is to employ multiple CHP units insteadof one larger one. Using this strategy, an operator wouldset up a series of units to cascade to meet energydemand during times of peak demand. One unit wouldmeet the baseline while smaller plants would provideexcess needs.4

Centrica Business Solutions Combined Heat and Power – Unit sizingUsing the load duration curve to size CHPTo correctly size a CHP, an organisation must understandhow long a particular demand exists for.A very effective way of assessing loadis by producing a load duration curve.Load duration curves can also be usedvery effectively to analyse a site’s existingelectrical demand.This load duration curve shows heat loadfor one year and how two CHP units canbe used in conjunction with each other.One 180kWe unit operates for 6,000 hourseach year, and the other 90kWe one runsfor 5,000.Load duration curve for boilers and CHP900800700Heat load (kWe)600500400Boilers300CHP 2200100CHP 115234Hours per year (Thousands)567

Centrica Business Solutions Combined Heat and Power – Unit sizingCalculating spark spreadCHP users also have to take into account the spark spreadwhen producing heat and electricity.A spark spread of around 3 or more isideal for CHP applications. This meansthat the unit price of power is 3 times theunit price of CHP fuel (usually natural gas).The University of Cambridge’s EnergyPolicy Research Group has estimatedthe potential impact of a change inspark spread on the up-take of CHP.The spark spread is the differencebetween the price at which you canbuy gas in relation to the price youcan buy power.You invest in CHP to save money andreduce environmental impact. Choosethe wrong size of unit, and those benefitsgo out the window.Want to know more?Centrica Business Solutions is generating new opportunities across all types of industry.Find out how we can help you power new levels of performance today.centricabusinesssolutions.com 2017 Centrica plc. Registered office: Millstream, Maidenhead Road, Windsor, Berkshire. SL4 5GD. Registered in England & Wales No 3033654PS-CHP-2018-1-US EN

A guide to CHP unit sizing Get the full benefits from CHP by choosing the best unit size for your needs. 3 Centrica Business Solutions Combined Heat and Power – Unit sizing Investing in a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant is, in some ways, very similar to how you would lease office space – if you lease more than you need, you

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