Allophonic Variation And The Locality Of Production Planning
Allophonic variationand the locality of production planningMichael WagnerMcGill Universityreporting on joint work with:Meghan Clayards, Oriana Kilbourn-Ceron, Josiane Lachapelle, MorganSonderegger, James TannerLinguistics Colloquium, University of Maryland, September 13 2019Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning1September 13 20191 / 59
Outline1Locality and Variability in Phonological ProcessesMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning2September 13 20192 / 59
Outline1Locality and Variability in Phonological Processes2Effects of syntax and prosodyMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning2September 13 20192 / 59
Outline1Locality and Variability in Phonological Processes2Effects of syntax and prosody3Effects of PredictabilityMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning2September 13 20192 / 59
Outline1Locality and Variability in Phonological Processes2Effects of syntax and prosody3Effects of Predictability4Effects of predictability in non-reductive processesMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning2September 13 20192 / 59
Outline1Locality and Variability in Phonological Processes2Effects of syntax and prosody3Effects of Predictability4Effects of predictability in non-reductive processes5Conclusion and OutlookMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning2September 13 20192 / 59
Outline1Locality and Variability in Phonological Processes2Effects of syntax and prosody3Effects of Predictability4Effects of predictability in non-reductive processes5Conclusion and OutlookMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning3September 13 20193 / 59
SandhiExternal SandhiPhonological processes in which (part of) the triggering context is notwithin the same wordMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning4September 13 20194 / 59
SandhiExternal SandhiPhonological processes in which (part of) the triggering context is notwithin the same word(1)Liaison in Frencha. des vrais copinsb. des vrai[z] amis‘real friends’Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning4September 13 20194 / 59
SandhiExternal SandhiPhonological processes in which (part of) the triggering context is notwithin the same word(1)Liaison in Frencha. des vrais copinsb. des vrai[z] amis‘real friends’(2)Flapping in Englisha. A ca[t] meowed!b. A ca[R] attacked!Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning4September 13 20194 / 59
LocalityLocality of Sandhi PhenomenaSandhi phenomena often only apply locally: The two words in questionhave to be in a certain locality relation to each other.Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning5September 13 20195 / 59
LocalityLocality of Sandhi PhenomenaSandhi phenomena often only apply locally: The two words in questionhave to be in a certain locality relation to each other.(Kilbourn-Ceron et al. 2016)Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning5September 13 20195 / 59
LocalityHow is locality accounted for? Two common approaches:Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning6September 13 20196 / 59
LocalityHow is locality accounted for? Two common approaches:Syntactic domains constrain phonological processes (Cooper andPaccia-Cooper, 1980; Kaisse, 1985; Chen, 1987; Pak, 2008, i.a.).Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning6September 13 20196 / 59
LocalityHow is locality accounted for? Two common approaches:Syntactic domains constrain phonological processes (Cooper andPaccia-Cooper, 1980; Kaisse, 1985; Chen, 1987; Pak, 2008, i.a.).Phonological domains constrain phonological processes (and areinfluenced by syntax) (Selkirk, 1986; Kaisse, 1985; Nespor and Vogel,1986; Odden, 1990; Selkirk, 2011, i.a.)Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning6September 13 20196 / 59
LocalityHow is locality accounted for? Two common approaches:Syntactic domains constrain phonological processes (Cooper andPaccia-Cooper, 1980; Kaisse, 1985; Chen, 1987; Pak, 2008, i.a.).Phonological domains constrain phonological processes (and areinfluenced by syntax) (Selkirk, 1986; Kaisse, 1985; Nespor and Vogel,1986; Odden, 1990; Selkirk, 2011, i.a.)But why do particular processes apply within particular domains?Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning6September 13 20196 / 59
VariabilityVariabilitySandhi processes are often variable. Two types of variability:Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning7September 13 20197 / 59
VariabilityVariabilitySandhi processes are often variable. Two types of variability:(i) Variability of Application: Sandhi processes often only apply in aprobabilistic way.Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning7September 13 20197 / 59
VariabilityVariabilitySandhi processes are often variable. Two types of variability:(i) Variability of Application: Sandhi processes often only apply in aprobabilistic way.(ii) Variability of Domain: Sandhi processes often have a variabledomain (e.g., locality window widens when speech rate increases, e.g.Kaisse 1985 on fast speech phenomena)Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning7September 13 20197 / 59
VariabilityCurrent accounts in phonology usually assume the following:(i) Variability of Application: Variable Rules/Variable ConstraintRanking (cf. Anttila, 2002; Coetzee and Kawahara, 2013)(ii) Variability of Domain: Multiple prosodic constituents of a certaintype optionally restructure into one constituent of that type orvice-versa.(e.g. Nespor and Vogel, 1986)Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning8September 13 20198 / 59
VariabilityCurrent accounts in phonology usually assume the following:(i) Variability of Application: Variable Rules/Variable ConstraintRanking (cf. Anttila, 2002; Coetzee and Kawahara, 2013)(ii) Variability of Domain: Multiple prosodic constituents of a certaintype optionally restructure into one constituent of that type orvice-versa.(e.g. Nespor and Vogel, 1986)But why are sandhi processes often variable?Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning8September 13 20198 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningCan we make predictions about Locality?Given the nature of a process, is there anything we can predict about thelocality domain in which it is going to apply?Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning9September 13 20199 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningCan we make predictions about Locality?Given the nature of a process, is there anything we can predict about thelocality domain in which it is going to apply?Can we make predictions about variability?Given the nature of a process, is there anything we can predict aboutwhether it is variable, and the structure of the variability?Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning9September 13 20199 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningCan we make predictions about Locality?Given the nature of a process, is there anything we can predict about thelocality domain in which it is going to apply?Can we make predictions about variability?Given the nature of a process, is there anything we can predict aboutwhether it is variable, and the structure of the variability?The Basic IdeaWe need to consider locality of production planning.Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning9September 13 20199 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningEvidence that phonological planning is very local:Sternberg 1978: Utterance-initiation-time is sensitive to # ofupcoming words, but only to phonological detail (# of σ) of first wordMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning10September 13 201910 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningEvidence that phonological planning is very local:Sternberg 1978: Utterance-initiation-time is sensitive to # ofupcoming words, but only to phonological detail (# of σ) of first wordLevelt (1989): phonological detail is planned over a window roughlythe size of a single prosodic wordMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning10September 13 201910 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningEvidence that the size of planning windows is variable:Lahiri & Wheeldon (1997, 2002) that prosodic size of planningwindow varies by taskMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning11September 13 201911 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningEvidence that the size of planning windows is variable:Lahiri & Wheeldon (1997, 2002) that prosodic size of planningwindow varies by taskE.g., the complexity of first prosodic word matters most whenplanning under time pressure.Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning11September 13 201911 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningEvidence that the size of planning windows is variable:Lahiri & Wheeldon (1997, 2002) that prosodic size of planningwindow varies by taskE.g., the complexity of first prosodic word matters most whenplanning under time pressure.while the # of upcoming prosodic words matters most whenspeakers have more timeMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning11September 13 201911 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningEvidence that the size of planning windows is variable:Lahiri & Wheeldon (1997, 2002) that prosodic size of planningwindow varies by taskE.g., the complexity of first prosodic word matters most whenplanning under time pressure.while the # of upcoming prosodic words matters most whenspeakers have more timePlanning window also varies depending on cognitive load (Swetset al., 2013).Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning11September 13 201911 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningProduction Planning Hypothesis (PPH)Sandhi processes are local and variable because the phonological detailrelevant to the process may not have been planned yet in timeMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning12September 13 201912 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningThe basic mechanism1 :[t/d] R /1VNote: This process is bled by aspiration!Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning13September 13 201913 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningThe basic mechanism1 :[t/d] R /VWhy is tapping local?1Note: This process is bled by aspiration!Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning13September 13 201913 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningThe basic mechanism1 :[t/d] R /VWhy is tapping local?I1Planning is local: Process can only applies if upcoming vowel availableNote: This process is bled by aspiration!Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning13September 13 201913 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningThe basic mechanism1 :[t/d] R /VWhy is tapping local?IPlanning is local: Process can only applies if upcoming vowel availableWhy is tapping variable?1Note: This process is bled by aspiration!Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning13September 13 201913 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningThe basic mechanism1 :[t/d] R /VWhy is tapping local?IPlanning is local: Process can only applies if upcoming vowel availableWhy is tapping variable?I1Planning is variable: Scope of planning is affected by many factorsNote: This process is bled by aspiration!Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning13September 13 201913 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningPredictions of PPH for Phonological ProcessesProcesses Sensitive to upcoming phonological detail (e.g. doesnext word start with vowel?): necessarily local and variableMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning14September 13 201914 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningPredictions of PPH for Phonological ProcessesProcesses Sensitive to upcoming phonological detail (e.g. doesnext word start with vowel?): necessarily local and variableProcesses sensitive to higher-level information, or precedingphonological detail (such as: is there another upcoming word? doespreceding word end with vowel): not necessarily local or variableMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning14September 13 201914 / 59
The Locality of Production PlanningPredictions of PPH for Phonological ProcessesProcesses Sensitive to upcoming phonological detail (e.g. doesnext word start with vowel?): necessarily local and variableProcesses sensitive to higher-level information, or precedingphonological detail (such as: is there another upcoming word? doespreceding word end with vowel): not necessarily local or variableEvidence for PPH:Kilbourn-Ceron (2015),Kilbourn-Ceron et al. (2017), Kilbourn-Ceron (2017a),Kilbourn-Ceron (2017b), Kilbourn-Ceron et al. (submitted), Lamontagne and Torreira(2017), Tamminga (2018), Tanner et al. (2015), Tanner et al. (2017), Wagner (2011),Wagner (2012)Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning14September 13 201914 / 59
Outline1Locality and Variability in Phonological Processes2Effects of syntax and prosody3Effects of Predictability4Effects of predictability in non-reductive processes5Conclusion and OutlookMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning15September 13 201915 / 59
Effects of syntax and prosodywith Oriana Kilbourn-Ceron& Meghan ClayardsKilbourn-Ceron, O., Wagner, M., and Clayards, M. (2017). The effect of production planning locality on external sandhi: Astudy in /t/. Proceedings CLS, 313–326Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning16September 13 201916 / 59
Effects of syntax and prosodyTapping in American English (Kahn 76, Nespor & Vogel 1986):Monomorphemic words:butter, laterMichael Wagner pretty much always tappedThe locality of production planning17September 13 201917 / 59
Effects of syntax and prosodyTapping in American English (Kahn 76, Nespor & Vogel 1986):Monomorphemic words:butter, laterWords within a clause:If you meet Ann, .Michael Wagner pretty much always tapped tapped in fast speech (cf. Kahn 76)The locality of production planning17September 13 201917 / 59
Effects of syntax and prosodyTapping in American English (Kahn 76, Nespor & Vogel 1986):Monomorphemic words:butter, laterWords within a clause:If you meet Ann, .Across Sentences:It’s late. I’m leaving.Michael Wagner pretty much always tapped tapped in fast speech (cf. Kahn 76) (possible but rare: Kahn 76, Nespor & Vogel 86, .)The locality of production planning17September 13 201917 / 59
Effects of syntax and prosodyTwo factors affecting tapping:1Strength of a prosodic boundary: a stronger boundary between thestop and following vowel appear to reduce flapping rateMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning18September 13 201918 / 59
Effects of syntax and prosodyTwo factors affecting tapping:1Strength of a prosodic boundary: a stronger boundary between thestop and following vowel appear to reduce flapping rate2Strength of syntactic break: higher level syntactic boundariesappear to reduce flapping rateMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning18September 13 201918 / 59
Two Types of AccountsProsodic phonology: Syntax affects phrasing, phrasing in turnaffects tapping, because tapping only applies within a particularprosodic domain (e.g. Nespor and Vogel, 1986)Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning19September 13 201919 / 59
Two Types of AccountsProsodic phonology: Syntax affects phrasing, phrasing in turnaffects tapping, because tapping only applies within a particularprosodic domain (e.g. Nespor and Vogel, 1986)Articulatory phonology: Tapping as the result of gesturalundershoot/overlap, which is less likely across juncturesMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning19September 13 201919 / 59
Tapping in English: The PPH(3)Phonological tapping rule:[t/d] R / VMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning20September 13 201920 / 59
Tapping in English: The PPH(3)Phonological tapping rule:[t/d] R / VPPH: Rule will apply whenever environment is metMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning20September 13 201920 / 59
Tapping in English: The PPH(3)Phonological tapping rule:[t/d] R / VPPH: Rule will apply whenever environment is metWhether the environment is available depends on whether theupcoming vowel has been planned at the time that the rule appliesMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning20September 13 201920 / 59
Tapping in English: The PPH(3)Phonological tapping rule:[t/d] R / VPPH: Rule will apply whenever environment is metWhether the environment is available depends on whether theupcoming vowel has been planned at the time that the rule appliesIt will be less likely to have been planned (i) across word boundaries;(ii) across prosodic boundaries, (iii) across syntactic boundaries.Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning20September 13 201920 / 59
Tapping in English: The PPH(3)Phonological tapping rule:[t/d] R / VPPH: Rule will apply whenever environment is metWhether the environment is available depends on whether theupcoming vowel has been planned at the time that the rule appliesIt will be less likely to have been planned (i) across word boundaries;(ii) across prosodic boundaries, (iii) across syntactic boundaries.because we know independently that these factors affect planningscopeMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning20September 13 201920 / 59
Tapping: Production ExperimentTable: A sample item setPhonologyConsonantVowelSyntaxClause BoundaryNo Clause BoundaryIf you plit, Alice will be mad.If you plit, Penny will be mad.If you plit Alice, John will be mad.If you plit Penny, John will be mad.Additional manipulation: Speech rateMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning21September 13 201921 / 59
Tapping: Production Experiment23 participants, 8 different item sets with the 4 conditionsParticipants could familiarize themselves with sentence beforerecording.They were recorded at two speech ratesUtterances were annotated by RAs, and also forced-alignedAcoustic measures were extracted, in particular measures for the vowelpreceding the [t] (‘final lengthening’, Price et al. 1991, and referencestherein) as a proxy for measuring prosodic boundary strengthMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning22September 13 201922 / 59
Tapping: Production ExperimentEffect of preceding vowel durationRate of ndary0.250.000.050.100.150.20Duration of preceding vowelFigure: Percent of tapped [t]s.Michael WagnerThe locality of production planning23September 13 201923 / 59
Tapping: Production ExperimentEffect of preceding vowel durationRate of ndary0.250.000.050.100.150.20Duration of preceding vowelFigure: Percent of tapped [t]s.Flapping rate lower when there is a syntactic boundaryFlapping rate lower when there is a prosodic break.but only in intransitive case, when there is likely to be a boundaryMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning23September 13 201923 / 59
Tapping: Summary of Production ExperimentSyntax affects tapping rate significantly even after controlling forprosodic boundary strengthIunexpected if purely driven by gestural overlap/undershoot, so APaccount is insufficientMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning24September 13 201924 / 59
Tapping: Summary of Production ExperimentSyntax affects tapping rate significantly even after controlling forprosodic boundary strengthIunexpected if purely driven by gestural overlap/undershoot, so APaccount is insufficientSignificant interaction between syntax and prosody, and presencesyntactic effect after prosody controlled for suggests its not reducibleto prosodic effectIunexpected for Prosodic Phonology accountMichael WagnerThe locality of production planning24September 13 201924 / 59
Tapping: Summary of Production ExperimentSyntax affects tapping rate significantly even after controlling forprosodic boundary strengthIunexpected if purely driven by gestural overlap/undershoot, so APaccount is insufficientSignificant interaction between syntax and prosody, and presencesyntactic effect after prosody controlled for suggests its not reducibleto prosodic effectIunexpected for Prosodic Phonology accou
Outline 1 Locality and Variability in Phonological Processes 2 E ects of syntax and prosody 3 E ects of Predictability 4 E ects of predictability in non-reductive processes 5 Conclusion and Outlook Michael Wagner The locality of production planning 2 September 13 2019 2/59
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