Engendering Conflict Early Warning - PeaceWomen
Engendering Conflict Early WarningLessons from UNIFEM’s Solomon IslandsGendered Conflict Early Warning ProjectJanuary 2006
ContentsAcknowledgementsiiAcronymsiii1. Introduction1.1 Why gender and conflict early warning?1.2 Context of the armed conflict in the Solomon Islands1122. Methodology2.1 Partner organizations, field sites and participants2.2 Development of gender-sensitive conflict early warning indicators2.3 Peace and Conflict Gender Analysis2.4 Early warning data collection2.5 Analysis and reporting of early warning data2.6 Advocacy and response334668103. Lessons Learned3.1 Successful strategies3.2 Challenges1212144. Conclusion15References19AnnexesAnnex 1. Community ProfilesAnnex 2. Gendered Early Warning Indicators, by CategoryAnnex 3. Media Scan Template161718Boxes, Tables and FiguresBox 1. Examples of Gendered Early Warning Indicators and their RelevanceBox 2. Example of Survey Format58Table 1. Peace and Conflict Gender Analysis MatrixTable 2. Gendered Early Warning Data Collection MethodologyTable 3. Example of Sex-Disaggregated and Color-Coded Indicator Data679Figure 1. Gendered Early Warning Framework13ii
AcknowledgmentsThis report was written by Annalise Moser. UNIFEM enjoyed the partnership andcollaboration of many individuals and organizations during the course of the ‘MonitoringPeace and Conflict Using Gendered Early Warning Indicators’ project. In particular, theauthor would like to thank the advisory team: Paul Tovua and Hilda Kari (National PeaceCouncil), Josephine Teakeni and Ethel Suri (Vois Blong Mere), Judith Fangalasu(Solomon Islands Christian Association), Ruth Liloqula (Department of Home Affairs),Ethel Sigimanu, Fred Fakari, Paul Daokalia, Joshua Vunagi, Joseph Hasiau, KamiloTeke, Anska Ouou and Daniel Sande, (Department of National Unity, Reconciliation andPeace).In addition, thanks must be extended to the project participants: Dominiko Alebua, IsaiahAlepio, Miriam Babalu, Katie Campbell, Alphones Damifalu, Stephanie Eddie, MosesKabuere, Ishmael Kuvi, Norman Kwamani, Francina Laku, Jonathan Liu, JeremiahMelen, the late Rachael Nafomea, Lovelyn Niurii, Cyril Olia, Surina Pollen, YvonneRunikera, Everesto Sama, Anne Suamoana, Leonard Suri, and Drucilla Waeta’a.The project also benefited from the support of Audrey Baeanisia and Janet Karry, as wellas AusAID, CSP, NCW, NZAID, Oxfam, RAMSI, Save the Children, UNDP, UNICEF,WDD and World Vision.Finally, appreciation is extended to Fay Maeni, and to UNIFEM colleagues in Suva andNew York.The cover photo shows UNIFEM facilitating a community meeting for women in theisolated village of Avuavu.iii
IGSSECRAMSIRSIPUNIFEMAssembly of GodChristian Fellowship ChurchChurch of ChristConflict Prevention and Post-Conflict Reconstruction (Network)Department of National Unity, Reconciliation and PeaceInternally Displaced PersonNon-Governmental OrganizationNational Peace CouncilPeace and Conflict Gender AnalysisSeventh Day AdventistSolomon Islands Broadcasting CorporationSolomon Islands Christian AssociationSolomon Islands GovernmentSouth Sea Evangelical ChurchRegional Assistance Mission to Solomon IslandsRoyal Solomon Islands PoliceUnited Nations Development Fund for Womeniv
1. IntroductionAs armed conflict continues to erupt around the world, the roles of men and women inconflict prevention become increasingly important. In particular, it is crucial to considerthe ways in which information about both men and women, as well as information fromboth men and women can be used to prevent conflict and build peace in a gendersensitive way. In addition to strengthening women’s roles in these processes, conflictearly warning is a critical field in which to examine such a gendered perspective.The Solomon Islands ‘Monitoring Peace and Conflict Using Gendered Early WarningIndicators’ project is one of the United Nations Development Fund for Women’s(UNIFEM) global series of gendered conflict early warning pilot projects. This reportprovides an account of the methodology used as well as the lessons learned in theprocess of implementing the pilot initiative. It is anticipated that the report will be of useto practitioners interested in gender and conflict prevention at the global level.1.1 Why gender and conflict early warning?Conflict early warning is the systematic collection and analysis of information from areasof crisis to anticipate the escalation of armed conflict. The process involves the collectionand analysis of data using indicators, as well as the development of appropriateresponse options, which are communicated ‘up’ to policy-makers and ‘down’ tocommunities for the purposes of decision-making and action. 1To date, conflict early warning systems have largely ignored gender issues, despite boththe Beijing Platform for Action and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325calling for increased roles for women in conflict prevention and peace building. 2 By doingso, early warning systems are missing out on gender-sensitive information and fail tohear the perspectives of women. In addition, women are excluded from playing activeroles in the conflict prevention and peace building process. UNIFEM’s project sought tofill this gap and examine the process and outcomes of a conflict early warning systemwith an explicitly gender-sensitive perspective and approach.The objectives of the Solomon Islands early warning indicator project were:12 To develop indicators for early warning of peace and conflict, taking into accountgender issues and the experiences of women and men; To establish a system for the collection, analysis and dissemination of gendersensitive information on conflict and peace building; To create a more responsive policy and programming environment for a) gendersensitive conflict prevention and b) supporting the role of women and men inpeace building.For more information on conflict early warning systems and methodo logies, see: van de Goor andVerstegen (2000), Conflict Prevention and Post-Conflict Reconstruction (CPR) Network (2005),Krummenacher and Schmeidl (2001) and Ampleford (2000).There is relatively little literature specifically concerning gender and conflict early warning. Three excellentexceptions are Hill (2003), Schmeidl (2002) and International Alert and Women Waging Peace (2004).1
1.2 Context of the armed conflict in the Solomon IslandsThe armed conflict in the Solomon Islands, known locally as ‘the tensions’, erupted in1998 and continued until the arrival of the Regional Assistance Mission to SolomonIslands (RAMSI) in July 2003. The causes of the conflict were multiple and interlinked.Key issues included the cultural differences between different ethnic populations(especially between, but not limited to, Guadalcanal and Malaita) and increasingcompetition for limited resources around the centralized capital Honiara, particularlycompetition for land and for commercial and development opportunities.3 The conflictresulted in 150-200 deaths, approximately 450 gun-related injuries, and more than35,000 internally displaced persons throughout Guadalcanal and Malaita (Muggah2004).Men and women played different roles during the tensions. Men’s roles included activeinvolvement in fighting, supporting their families, and decision-making roles in mediationand reconciliation. Women’s roles often overlapped with these, and included productiveroles in supporting the family while men were absent, reproductive and social welfareroles in caring for family and community members, and engaging in informal peaceprocesses. The impacts of the tensions on both men and women included being victimsof multiple types of violence – including rape, for women – economic impacts especiallysurrounding loss of income, break-down in domestic relationships and psychologicalimpacts such as grief and anxiety. However, women also often experienced increasedstatus and empowerment resulting from the traditionally male roles undertaken duringthe tensions.434For recent detailed accounts of the tensions and their causes, see Fraenkel (2004) and Moore (2004).For more information on women’s and men’s roles and experiences during and after the tensions, seeMoser (2005).2
2. MethodologyThis section describes in detail the methodology utilized in the Solomon Islandsgendered early warning project, from preparatory activities, to data collection andanalysis, through to action on early warning reports.2.1 Partner organizations, field sites and participantsThe initial selection of partners organizations was of critical importance. Factors toconsider included: Expertise in the field of peace and conflict; Openness to gender sensitivity; Women’s organizations which can benefit from capacity building; Staff with not only the capacity but also adequate time available to participate; High level strategic or political leverage to encourage action on early warning data; Presence of a network of members or staff at the community level.UNIFEM’s five partners in the Solomon Islands incorporated a combination of thesefactors. The project partners were the National Peace Council (NPC), the SolomonIslands Christian Association (SICA), Vois Blong Mere – a women’s media nongovernmental organization (NGO) – and two governmental bodies: the Department ofHome Affairs, and the Department of National Unity, Reconciliation and Peace(DNURP).Five field sites were selected through which to monitor community-level data. The siteswere selected to represent specific ‘hot spots’ during the tensions, and thus were notrepresentative of the country as a whole. However, they were useful locations to monitorthe potential escalation of further conflict. The communities were also selected to includea variety of ethnic groups and churches, as well as both rural and urban contexts (seeAnnex 1). UNIFEM worked in the following communities in the Solomon Islands: WhiteRiver and Borderline in Honiara; Avuavu on the Weathercoast of Guadalcanal Province;Malu’u in Malaita Province; and Noro in Western Province.Four people from each of these communities were trained as project participants tomonitor peace and conflict using gendered early warning indicators. Here, the selectioncriteria were more straightforward: 50% women and 50% men; Literate, and able to communication freely in pidgin; Available to travel to Honiara for training; Interested in working on peace building and conflict prevention for the community.3
UNIFEM conducted a week-long workshop in Honiara, in which these participants weretrained to act as gendered early warning field monitors in their communities. During thesubsequent round of data collection, the project field monitors demonstrated their strongunderstanding of the workshop material through successfully completing their tasks andbriefing project staff on developments within the communities. In addition, the trainingcontributed to the empowerment of men and women to build peace at the communitylevel, as many of these participants are using their new knowledge and confidence toinitiate other conflict prevention and peace building activities.Male and female project participants monitoring peace and conflict.2.2 Development of gender-sensitive conflict early warning indicatorsOne of UNIFEM’s main achievements in this project was the development of a robust setof gendered early warning indicators, with a scope which combines broad applicationwith connection to context-specific dynamics. They are designed to monitor not onlylevels of conflict, but also levels of peace. These were developed in consultation withpartners and representatives from other organizations in the Solomon Islands. Otherstandard early warning indicators, as well as gender-sensitive indicators, were thenincorporated into this local set. These indicators were then pre-tested in communities toassess their relevance. After the first round of data collection, the indicators were reassessed, with one removed, and others added. Box 1 provides examples of some ofthe indicators used in the Solomon Islands project, and their relevance to the localconflict.The final set comprised 46 indicators. For analytical purposes, the indictors were dividedinto the following six categories: governance and political institutions, land and naturalresources, economics, public security, social and ethnic relations, and peace building(see Annex 2 for the full set of indicators).5 The category of ‘peace building’ added an5Early warning indicators are generally divided into three types: structural indicators of backgroundpreconditions; proximate indicators of emerging situational trends; and intervening factors which decreaseor increase the likelihood of conflict. Structural data in the form of statistics are generally limited and outof-date in the Solomon Islands. Given this and the project’s emphasis on community interaction, UNIFEMis best positioned to focus its analysis on proximate and intervening indicators.4
important dimension by including a focus on the progress of the work of peace builders,rather than focusing wholly on conflict issues. These gendered early warning indicatorshave been widely recognized as appropriate issues to track in the context of theSolomon Islands.Box 1. Examples of Gender-Sensitive Early Warning Indicators and TheirRelevance to Conflict Influence of women in making community decisions: Women are culturally andreligiously not seen as decision-makers; if a woman speaks out on an issue, men feelthreatened even if they know her point is valid. Women’s involvement in community resolution of land disputes: Women are rarelyinvolved due to their lack of decision-making roles in the community, even in matrilinealsocieties where women are land custodians. Land disputes were one of the key underlyingcauses of the tensions. Male youth unemployment: Destabilizing factor during the tensions as unemployed maleyouths used compensation demands as a means of gaining cash incomes. Increasedcriminal activity is still associated with young male unemployed school drop-outs. Avoidance of markets / gardens due to fear: It is generally women who walk to remotegardens, or to take produce to markets. During the tensions women were too afraid to carryout this work, which in turn reduced food security and cash income. Incidence of crime: Especially linked to male youth unemployment (see above). Crime is onthe increase in Honiara, and is becoming more violent. Fear of reprisal from prisoners: An issue highlighted by women, with evidence that womenare being threatened and subjected to retribution from men released from prison overtension-related crimes. Incidence of rape: Beyond the large extent of rape which women and girls suffered duringthe tensions, high incidences continued to be reported well after the peace agreement. Trust between ethnic groups: Linked to prevalent negative stereotypes about differentethnic groups, and to strong in-group identification, especially among men. This played asignificant role in fueling violent conflict. Domestic abuse: A currently high -risk indicator linked to alcohol consumption, economicinsecurity, and the aftermath of the tensions – anecdotal evidence suggests the rate climbeddramatically during and after the tensions. Informal negative discourse (gossip): Significant prior to and during the tensions. Also agendered issue, as women are frequently associated with gossip, especially during thetensions when women’s gossip was often considered to fuel conflicts. Marriage breakups: Incidence of marriage break-ups rose significantly during the tensions,and is associated with alcohol abuse and with the increasing ‘culture of O2s’ (second wives,or mistresses). This is perceived as a high risk indicator by women, but not by men.5
2.3 Peace and Conflict Gender AnalysisBackground contextual analysis was required for the gendered early warning project,and as such a Peace and Conflict Gender Analysis (PCGA) was developed andconducted. UNIFEM collected data from 250 people in the five communities in which theproject operates, using a framework which identifies the roles of men and women, andthe impacts on men and wom en, in terms of both ‘conflict’ and ‘peace’ (Table 1).Table 1. Peace and Conflict Gender Analysis sMenWomenIt is recognized that these two phases and processes frequently overlap, and this isespecially the case with mediation and reconciliation roles, which occur both duringconflict as well as forming a significant element of post-conflict peace-building.Nonetheless, peace and conflict were separated in order to guide thoughts anddiscussions in the communities. This analytical framework proved to be a successfulmethodology for conducting the PCGA at the community level, and illustrated thatneither men’s nor women’s roles in peace and conflict conform to gendered stereotypes .A brief working document was produced in an accessible format, and distributed widely(Moser 2005).The PCGA has been very well received by the Solomon Islands Government (SIG), civilsociety and donors . It has been found to be very useful given the extreme lack of microlevel data available in the Solomon Islands, especially with regards to women.2.4 Early warning data collectionThe UNIFEM early warning project utilized a wide-ranging data collection methodology,both in order to ‘test’ a number of different methods, as well as to allow for triangulationof results. The methodology goes beyond the event data standard for most early warningsystems, and combines both quantitative and qualitative approaches. This project alsoutilized an approach to conflict early warning which values both micro-level data fromwomen and men at the community level, as well as macro-level data at the nationallevel, based on the assumption that monitoring micro-level changes can help anticipateconflict before it spreads to higher levels . In this sense, UNIFEM’s approach in theSolomon Islands differed from many other early warning approaches which are oftenbased on event data.The early warning data collection system operated on two time scales. Indicator andfocus group data was collected on a cyclical basis at 6 month intervals, while a MediaScan and Structural Data Set were complied on an ongoing basis. The full range of datacollection instruments is described below and in Table 2.6
Table 2. Gendered Early Warning Data Collection MethodologyData lf-Monitoring TemplateSurvey20Cyclical50% male4peoplefromeachcommunity were trained asmonitors of peace & conflict50% femaleCommunity SurveySurvey200Cyclical50% male50% femaleNational SurveySurvey200Cyclical50% male50% femaleStructural Data SetIn each community, with50% youth & 50% adultrespondents‘Informed specialists’ fromNGOs & other national &international organizationsStatistics-Ongoing-Based on available nationallevel statisticsMedia ScanScan1681articlesOngoing-Local newspaper scannedfor articles on peace &/orconflict on a daily basisCommunity MeetingsFocusGroup10Cyclical50% maleSeparate meetings withmen & women are held ineach community50% femaleIndicator data was collected at six-month intervals using three different data collectioninstruments. This was done both to enable triangulation, and to ensure that eachinstrument was appropriate to the particular respondents. The three instruments were asfollows: Self-MonitoringTemplate swerecompleted by the 20 male and femaleproject participants who were trained inmonitoring peace and conflict indicators atthe community level; Community Surveys were carried outamong respondents across the fivecommunities where the project operated: ofthe respondents, 50 percent were youthsand 50 percent adults; National Surveys were conducted among‘informed specialists’ and ‘experts' at thenational level in Honiara, includingemployees of NGOs, churches and othernational and international organizatio
sensitive conflict prevention and b) supporting the role of women and men in peace building. 1 For more information on conflict early warning systems and methodo logies, see: van de Goor and Verstegen (2000), Conflict Prevention and Post -Conflict Reconstruction (CPR) Network (2005), Krummenacher and Schmeidl (2001) and Ampleford (2000).
Functional vs Dysfunctional Conflict Functional Conflict- Conflict that supports the goals of the group and improves its performance Dysfunctional Conflict- Conflict that hinders group performance Task Conflict- Conflicts over content and goals of the work Relationship conflict- Conflict based on interpersonal relationships Process Conflict .
development." This report narrows the lens to early post conflict peacebuilding which is defined in the Secretary-General's report on Peacebuilding in the Immediate Aftermath of Conflict (2009) as: "seizing the window of opportunity in the immediate aftermath of conflict [including] support to basic safety and security, including
for conflict analysis. 2.1 Core analytical elements of conflict analysis . Violent conflict is about politics, power, contestation between actors and the . about conflict, see the GSDRC Topic Guide on Conflict . 13. Table 1: Guiding questions for conflict analysis . at conflict causes in Kenya in 2000. Actors fight over issues [, and .
These human effects of conflict are seldom gender neutral. Death and destruction alter the structure and dynamics of households, including their demographic profiles and traditional gender roles. This overview examines the emerging empirical evidence on both the differential impacts of violent conflict on males and females and the role of .
2.3.1 Functional Conflict 2.3.2 Dysfunctional Conflict 2.3.3 Task versus Relationship Conflict 2.4 CAUSES OF CONFLICT 2.5 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION AND INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT 2.6 WORKPLACE DIVERSITY AND CONFLICT 2.6.1 Different Categories of Workplace Diversity 2.6.2 Cultural Diversity 2.6.3 Measuring Diversity
Understand the importance of conflict resolution in teams and the workplace. Explain strategies for resolving or managing interpersonal conflict. Describe the causes and effects of conflict. Describe different conflict management styles, identify the appropriate style for different situations, and identify a preferred method of conflict resolution.
Effective conflict early warning and early response programmes have had: i) accurate, consistent and timely information, from a wide range of sources; ii) the ability to effectively monitor the changing conflict dynamics on multiple different levels; iii) a good understanding of the local context and long-term trends; iv) participation and .
ANATOMI Adalah ilmu yang . “osteon”: tulang; “logos”: ilmu skeleton: kerangka Fungsi tulang/kerangka: - melindungi organ vital - penghasil sel darah - menyimpan/mengganti kalsium dan pospat - alat gerak pasif - perlekatan otot - memberi bentuk tubuh - menjaga atau menegakkan tubuh. Skeleton/kerangka dibagi menjadi: 1. S. axiale sesuai aksis korporis (sumbu badan): a. columna .
