United Republic Of Tanzania - National Bureau Of Statistics

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United Republic of TanzaniaTanzania MainlandKey Indicators Report2017-18 Household Budget SurveyNational Bureau of StatisticsMinistry of Finance and PlanningJune, 2019

The 2017-18 Household Budget Survey (2017-18 HBS) was implemented by the NationalBureau of Statistics (NBS) in collaboration with the Poverty Eradication Division in theMinistry of Finance and Planning (MoFP). The funding for the 2017-18 HBS was providedby the Government of Tanzania and Development Partners including World Bank, UNWomen, Irish Embassy, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and Global AffairsCanada (GAC). Technical assistance was provided by the World Bank (WB), UN Womenand United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).Additional Information about the 2017-18 HBS may be obtained from the National Bureau ofStatistics, Head Office, Jakaya Kikwete Road; P. O. Box 2683, Dodoma, Tanzania. Telephone: 255 26 – 2963822; Fax: 255 26 – 2963828; E-mail: sg@nbs.go.tz and Website:http://www.nbs.go.tz.Recommended citation:Ministry of Finance and Planning - Poverty Eradication Division (MoFP- PED) [TanzaniaMainland] and National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), 2019. Tanzania Mainland HouseholdBudget Survey 2017-18, Key Indicators Report. Dodoma, Tanzania.

ContentsList of Tables . iiList of Figures . iiiForeword.ivAcknowledgements . v1INTRODUCTION . 11.1Objectives of the Survey . 12SURVEY IMPLEMENTATION . 32.1Survey Design . 32.2Improvements . 32.3Questionnaires . 42.4Pilot Test . 42.5Listing, Recruitment and Training . 52.6Data Collection . 52.7Data Management . 52.8Response Rate . 53MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY . 63.1Poverty Indices . 64KEY INDICATORS . 84.1Structure of Consumption . 84.2Poverty Line . 94.3Incidence and Depth of Poverty . 94.4Poverty Trend . 114.5Distribution of Poor Population . 114.6Poverty by Household Composition. 134.6.1Poverty by Household Size . 134.6.2Poverty by Sex of Household Head . 134.6.3Poverty by Number of Children . 144.6.4Poverty by Age Group and Sex. 144.7Inequality . 155NON-INCOME POVERTY INDICATORS. 165.1Household Profile . 165.1.1Average Household Size . 165.1.2Proportion of Dependants . 175.2Housing Conditions . 185.3Electricity Connectivity . 195.4Energy Use. 215.4.1Main Source of Energy for Lighting . 215.4.2Main Source of Energy for Cooking . 225.5Water. 235.6Toilet Facilities . 245.7Ownership of Bank Accounts . 25i

List of TablesTable 4.1:Table 4.2:Average Monthly Household Consumption and Average MonthlyFood, Non-Food and Total Consumption per Adult Equivalent byRural/Urban and Region, Tanzania Mainland, 2017-18 HBS . 8Food and Basic Needs Poverty Lines (TZS) per Adult Equivalent perMonth, Tanzania Mainland; 1991-92 to 2017-18 HBSs . 9Table 4.3:Poverty indices by Rural/urban and Region, Tanzania Mainland, 201718 HBS . 10Table 4.4:Incidence of Poverty (percent) by Size of Household and Type ofPoverty, Tanzania Mainland, 2017-18 HBS. 13Table 4.5:Incidence of Poverty (percent) by Sex of Household Head, TanzaniaMainland, 2017-18 HBS . 14Table 4.6:Incidence of Poverty (percent) by Number of Children Under Age Five,Tanzania Mainland, 2017-18 HBS . 14Table 4.7:Trends in Gini Coefficients for Selected Areas, Tanzania Mainland,2017-18 HBS . 15Table 5.1:Average Household Size by Sex of Head of Households, Rural/Urbanand Region, Tanzania Mainland, 2017-18 HBS . 16Table 5.2:Proportion of Dependants and Non-Dependants by Sex, Rural/Urbanand Region, Tanzania Mainland, 2017-18 HBS . 17Table 5.3:Percentage of Households in Houses built using Morden Materials bySex of Head of household, Rural/Urban, Region and Type of Material,Tanzania Mainland, 2017-18 HBS . 19Table 5.4:Percentage of Households Connected to Electricity by Sex of Head ofHousehold, Rural/Urban and Region, Tanzania Mainland, 2017-18HBS . 20Table 5.5:Percentage Distribution of Households by Sex of Head of Household,Rural/Urban, Region and Main Source of Energy for Lighting,Tanzania Mainland, 2017-18 HBS . 21Table 5.6:Percentage Distribution of Households by Sex of Head of Household,Rural/Urban, Region and Main Source of Energy for Cooking,Tanzania Mainland, 2017-18 HBS . 22Table 5.7:Percentage of Households with Improved Water Source during Rainyand Dry Seasons by Sex of Head of Household, Rural/Urban andRegion, Tanzania Mainland, 2017-18 HBS . 23Table 5.8:Percentage of Households with Any, Improved and Un-ImprovedToilet Facilities by Sex of Head of Household, Rural/Urban andRegion, Tanzania Mainland, 2017-18 HBS . 24Table 5.9:Percentage of Households with at Least One Member Who Operates aSavings or Current Bank Account by Region, Tanzania Mainland, 201718 HBS . 25ii

List of FiguresFigure 4.1:Percentage Distribution of Basic Needs Poor People by Location, TanzaniaMainland, 2011-12 and 2017-18 HBSs . 12Figure 4.2:Distribution of Poor People (Number) by Type of Poverty and Region,Tanzania Mainland 2017-18 HBS . 12Figure 4.3:Incidence of Poverty by Size of Household, 2017-18, Tanzania Mainland,2017-18 HBS . 13Figure 5.1:Percentage of Households with Houses Built with Modern Materials by Typeof Material, Tanzania Mainland, 1991-92 to 2017-18 HBS. 18Figure 5.2:Percentage of households with Main Building Connected to Electricity,Tanzania Mainland, 1991-92 to 2017-18 HBS . 20Figure 5.3:Percentage of Households with Improved Toilet Facility by Region, TanzaniaMainland, 2017-18 HBS . 25iii

1INTRODUCTIONTanzania Mainland through the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) has beenconducting the household budget surveys (HBSs) since 1969 to collect data onconsumption, expenditure and the poverty situation in the country. The first round ofscientific HBSs that represented urban and rural areas was conducted in 1991. Sincethen NBS has successfully completed five rounds of scientific HBS including the 201718 HBS. The HBS data series is the major sources of information for estimation ofpoverty and its associated characteristics. It provides empirical evidence for users tounderstand the income (using the consumption expenditure as proxy to income)dimension of poverty.In carrying out this survey, the NBS collaborated with Poverty Eradication Division inthe Ministry of Finance and Planning. Other institutions included President’s Office,Region Administration and Local Government (PORALG); Prime Minister’s Office Labour, Youth, Employment and Disability; Bank of Tanzania (BOT); Ministry ofNatural Resources and Tourism (MNRT); Ministry of Education, Science, Technologyand Vocational Training (MoESTVT); Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre (TFNC);Economic and Social Research Foundation; Research on Povert Alleviation (REPOA);University of Dar es Salaam - Department of Economics; Eastern Africa StatisticalTraining Centre (EASTC); National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF); World Bank (WB);UN Women; United Nations Development Program (UNDP); United NationsPopulation Fund (UNFPA); Irish Embassy; Swedish Embassy; United NationsChildren’s Fund (UNICEF) and Global Affairs Canada (GAC).Technical assistance during the planning and implementation of the survey wasprovided by the World Bank, UNICEF and UN Women.Funding of the 2017-18 HBS project was provided by the Government of Tanzania andDevelopment Partners (World Bank, UN Women, Irish Embassy, Swedish Embassy,Global Affairs Canada (GAC) and UNICEF).1.1 Objectives of the SurveyThe main objective of the 2017-18 HBS was to obtain current information on povertyestimation and its associated characteristics and to assess the progress made inimproving the living standards of the people. The result will be used for monitoringthe implementation of national, regional and global commitments such as TanzaniaDevelopment Vision 2025, national Second Five Year Development Plan (FYDP-II2016/17 2020/21), East Africa Community Vision 2050 (EAC 2050), AfricaDevelopment Agenda 2063 (ADA 2063) and Global Agenda 2030 on Sustainable1

Development Goals (2030 SDGs).Specifically, the 2017-18 HBS aimed at:a) providing series of data for assessing poverty and changes in the households'living standards over time; and for monitoring and evaluation of the impacts ofsocio-economic policies and programs on the welfare of people;b) providing baseline data for compiling household accounts such as the PrivateFinal Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) component of the demand side ofGross Domestic Product (GDP) as recommended in the System of NationalAccounts (SNA); andc) rebasing of GDP and Consumer Price Indices (CPI).2

2SURVEY IMPLEMENTATIONThe preparation of 2017-18 HBS began in July 2016 by establishing a TechnicalCommittee (TC), which drew members from Ministries, Departments and Agencies(MDAs) and Development Partners (DPs). The TC was responsible for provision oftechnical and financial support for the implementation of the survey.2.1Survey DesignThe sample for the 2017-18 HBS covered the population residing in privatehouseholds in Tanzania Mainland. A representative probability sample of 9,552households was selected. This sample was designed to allow separate estimates foreach of the 26 regions of the Tanzania Mainland, also urban and rural areas separatelyat the national level.The 2017-18 HBS adopted a two-stage cluster sample design. The first stage involvedselection of enumeration areas (primary sampling units – PSUs) from the 2012Population and Housing Census (2012 PHC) Frame. A total of 796 PSUs (69 from Dares Salaam, 167 from Other Urban Areas and 560 from Rural Areas) was selected. TheNBS carried out listing exercise in which households residing in selected PSUs werefreshly listed to update the 2012 PHC list before selecting households.The second stage of sampling involved systematic sampling of households from theupdated PSUs list. A sample of 12 households was selected from each selected PSU.All household members regardless of their age, who were usual members of theselected households and all visitors who were present in the household on the nightbefore the survey interview, were eligible for the survey.2.2ImprovementsThere were major changes in the survey methodology while implementing the 2017-18HBS as compared to previous similar surveys. These included:Methodological changesa) Sample design was developed to provide estimates at regional level;b) Administration of a 14 days-diary instead of a 28 days-diary;c) Twelve (12) interviews per selected PSU instead of 24 interviews;d) More disaggregated COICOP coding for food items;e) Use of tablets for data collection (computer assisted personal interviews CAPI);3

Additional modules and questions on:f) Time Use (TUS) for profiling gender related time use indicators;g) Social security services (insurance, ID documents);h) Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Food security;i) Individual gender-related ownership of assets;j) Nutrition for children under-five years; andk) Child and adults’ mortality.2.3QuestionnairesThe 2017-18 HBS was implemented using six electronic questionnaires (Forms I – Vand VII) and a paper questionnaire (Form VI). The information collected was thefollowing:a) Form I: Demographics; parents' survivorship; birth delivery and breast feeding;citizenship and migration; education; literacy; health; disability; insurances,individual asset ownership and identification documents; labour marketindicators; non-farm household businesses; and individual non-wage income;b) ortandcommunications; tourism; investments; banking; and households’ recallexpenditures; children and adult mortality. The form also contained the TASAFand food security modules;c) Form III: Crops, livestock and food security;d) Form IV: Time use (5 years Household members);e) Form V: Household diary for recording daily household consumption andexpenditure over a 14-days period;f) Form VI: Individual diary for recording daily consumption and expenditurefor each household member age five years or more; andg) Form VII: Access to community services (selected communities).2.4Pilot TestThe reviewing of the survey instruments was conducted in Morogoro in December2017. A Pilot Survey took place in June 2018 in Dodoma and Kilimanjaro regions.4

2.5Listing, Recruitment and TrainingListing of households was conducted in all 796 PSUs in July, 2017. The listing exercisewas followed by a systematic selection of households involved in the survey.A total of 680 interviewers were recruited from their respective regions to conductinterviews in the selected households.Training of Trainers (ToT) took place in the last week of October 2017 in DodomaRegion. Training of field staff (interviewers, supervisors, quality control staff andeditors) was conducted in Dodoma City for 14 days from 6th to 19th November 2017.2.6Data CollectionData collection took place over 12 consecutive months from December 2017 toNovember 2018. This exercise was conducted using tablets (CAPI) with internetconnectivity for a timely transmission of data to NBS Headquarters.2.7Data ManagementData collection, editing and processing were done concurrently. The Survey Solutionssoftware combined the interviewing component with a powerful survey managementsystem. All consistency checks were run in the field while the interview was takingplace.2.8Response RateOut of 9,552 selected households, 9,465 households participated in the survey yieldinga response rate of 99 percent.5

3 MEASUREMENT OF POVERTYThe basic needs approach is used to measure absolute poverty in Tanzania Mainland.It attempts to define the minimum resources necessary for long-term physical wellbeing in terms of consumption of goods. Poverty lines are then defined as theamount of income required to satisfy those needs.The food poverty line is the level at which households total spending is used to meettheir needs for food. It is also often referred to as the extreme poverty line. Individualswho fall below this level are classified as extremely poor.3.1Poverty IndicesThe most widely used poverty indices are the percentage of the poor below a povertyline (headcount index), the aggregated poverty gap (poverty gap index), and anaggregate (average) of i

United Republic of Tanzania Tanzania Mainland Key Indicators Report 2017-18 Household Budget Survey National Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Finance and Planning June, 2019 . The 2017-18 Household Budget Survey (2017-18 HBS) was implemented by the National

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