Earth-Moon-Sun System Chapter 7 The

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Chapter 7TheEarth-Moon-SunSystem

Earth’s Size and ShapeEarth’s shape is similar to a sphere (a round,3-D object, the surface of which is the samedistance from the center in all directions)

Earth’s Physical PropertiesDiameter (pole to pole)12, 714 kmDiameter (through Equator12,756 kmCircumference (poles)40,008 kmCircumference (equator)40,075 kmMass5.98 x 1024 kgAverage density5.52 g/cm3Average distance to the Sun149,600,000 kmAverage distance to the Moon384,400 kmPeriod of rotation23 h, 56 minPeriod of revolution363 days, 6 h, 9 min

GravityGravity is the attractive force between twoobjects that depends on the masses of theobjects and the distance between them

Earth’s Magnetic FieldWandering poles The location of Earth’s magnetic poleschange slowly over time Large scale movements (polar wandering)are thought to be caused by movements inEarth’s crust and upper mantle

Earth’s Magnetic FieldThe Aurora Areas within Earth’s magnetic field (magnetosphere), deflectsharmful radiation coming from the Sun, a stream of particlecalled solar wind Some of these ejected particles from the Sun produce othercharged particles in Earth’s outer atmosphere These charged particles spiral along Earth’s magnetic fieldlines toward Earth’s magnetic poles At the poles the particle collide with atoms in the atmosphere These collisions cause the atoms to emit light– Aurora borealis (northern lights) in the northernhemisphere– Aurora australis (southern lights) in the southernhemisphere

Earth’s Rotation Axis – imaginary linepassing through theNorth and South Pole– Earth’s axis is tilted at23 ½ degrees Rotation: the Earthspinning on its axis onetime – 1 24 hour dayand night cycle

Earth’s Revolution Revolution: The movement of one object orbiting aroundanother in space. One revolution of the Earth around theSun requires 365 ¼ days . 1 year.

Earth’s Revolution Apogee (Aphelion) & Perigee Perihelion)Apogee – that point in the Earth’s elliptical orbit where the Earth &Sun are farthest apartPerigee - that point in the Earth’s elliptical orbit where the Earth &Sun are closest together

Seasons Seasons occur because of the Axis tilt of the Earth.North pole pointed toward the sun results in more direct sun light hitting thenorthern hemisphere . Summer in the northern hemisphere, winter in theSouthern hemisphere. Summer Solstice usually around June 21Six months later North pole points away from the sun, less direct light hits thenorthern hemisphere Winter occurs in northern hemisphere, Summer in theSummer hemisphere. Winter Solstice usually around Dec 21Spring Equinox – around March 21; date there is an equal length of daylightand nighttime hours.Autumnal Equinox - around September 23; date there is an equal length ofdaylight and nighttime hours.

Moon Orbits the Earth The moon revolves (orbits) the Earth every 27.3 days and rotates onits axis every 27.3 days. This causes the same side of the moon toalways face the earth. Phases of the moon: New moon – Waxing Crescent – 1st Quarter –waxing gibbous – Full moon – Waning gibbous – 3rd Quarter –Waning Crescent - New Moon Requires approx 29.5 days to complete the phases Caused by light reflection of the moon

Lunar Orbit around the Earth Earth’s Moon: on average it is 250,000 miles away Mass is 1/6 that of the Earth Moon’s orbit is tilted at approx 5 degrees abovethe plane that the Earth orbits the sun.

Lunar Orbit around the Earth Apogee & Perigee – results in visibledifference in size of the moon in our nightsky.

Solar Eclipses – 3 TypesWhen the moon’s shadow hits the earth a solar eclipse occurs. 1. When the entire sun is hidden by the moon a total eclipse occurs. This happenswhen the umbra part of the shadow falls on the Earth. 2. When only part of the sun is hidden by the moon a partial eclipse occurs. Thishappens when the penumbra part of the shadow falls on the Earth. 3. When moon is too far away for it to completely block out the sun but allows the sun toremain visible around the edges of the moon an Annular Eclipse occurs. Can occur only during New MoonsPartial eclipseTotal Solar EclipseAnnular eclipse

Solar Eclipse – Path of Totality

Lunar Eclipse When the umbra of the Earth’s shadow hits the moon alunar eclipse occurs Occurs only during a full moon

Daily High & Low Tides Moon and Sun gravity play important parts in the cycle of tides on the Earth.Moon’s gravity plays a strong role in the formation of tides than does the sun’sgravity. High Tide:1. Moon’s gravity pulls the water on the Earth nearest to the moontowards it. This creates a “bulge” in the water that faces the moon, a hightide.2. Another high tide occurs on the opposite side of the Earth because themoon pulls stronger on the Earth than the water farthest from the earthand “leaves this water behind” hence another high tide here. Low Tide:1. Water on the sides of the Earth perpendicularto those two areas closet to and farthest fromthe Earth are low tide areas of the Earth. Usually two high tides and two low tides each day

Spring & Neap TidesSpring Tides: 1. When the Sun and the Moon line up together with the Earth, their gravity act togethercausing extremely high high tides and very low low tides. 2. Occur during new or full moonsNeap Tides: 1. When the sun and moon are perpendicularto the Earth their gravity comes close tocanceling each other out. Consequently the highand low tides have the least difference in theirhigh and low points. 2. Occur during 1st and 3rd quarter phasesof the moon

Features of the Moon Craters: round pits on Lunar surface caused by the collision of theasteroids Highlands: Mountains on the moon Maria: Lunar “seas” – not “water seas” but formed after asteroidcollisions broke through the thin lunar Rilles: Valleys on the moon Impacts on the Moon throughout history led the accumulation ofdebris called regolith

The Moon’s Interior Crust is about 60 km thick on the sidefacing Earth and about 130 km thick on theside facing away from Earth Solid mantle may extend to a depth of1,000 km Partly molten zone of mantle is below thesolid mantle Center is a iron-rich, solid core

Moon Origins – Capture Theory Capture theory: a foreign body traveling throughspace was captured by the Earth’s gravity andremains in orbit

Moon Origins – Sister Theory Sister Theory: The moon formed separatelyat about the same time as the Earth

Moon Origins – Daughter Theory Daughter theory: During formation of the Earth, the earthspun so fast that the moon was thrown away from theforming Earth and developed into the moon

Moon Origins – Collision Theory Collision Theory: This is the theory that best fits the evidence, whenthe Earth was very young and consisted of molten rock, a collision withan object about the size of Mars occurred and flung material into orbit.The material collected to form the moon.Most widely believedof the 4 theories

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Moon Orbits the Earth The moon revolves (orbits) the Earth every 27.3 days and rotates on its axis every 27.3 days. This causes the same side of the moon to always face the earth. Phases of the moon: New moon – Waxing Crescent – 1st Quarter – waxing gibbous – Full moon – Waning gibbous – 3rd Quarter – Waning Crescent - New Moon

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