SULABH PUBLIC TOILETS & BATH COMPLEXES

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822 IN96SULABH PUBLICTOILETS & BATHCOMPLEXESA community toilet complex at Old Delhi Railway StationSULABH INTERNATIONALSOCIAL SERVICE ORGANISATION

SULABH PUBLICTOILETS, BATH &:;:::'HEALTH CENTRESIN INDIA

The Bombay toilets, bath and health centre, funded byIndian Tobacco CompanyTOTAL. BUILT-UP AREA '. 10 50 - 0 0 SOFTFACtLCPeSTOr. FORGENTSIN COMPLEXweLAOf S75TOTAIt'2URINALto-5ULABH SHAUCHALAYA GDMFLEX ATH A J I A L i : CIRCLE, MUMBA1 CITY.,S.P TOtLET1'I3SULABH NTERNAT10N4ALMAHARASHTRA BRANCHMUM3AI 400 0?!INDIA : : ; .'

Sulabh public toilets,bath & health centresin India"The day everyone of us gets a toilet to use, / shall knowthat Our country has reached the pinnacle of progress." Jawaharlal NehruA community toilet complex at Patna, Bihar, IndiaV')("Ihe year 1974 was a landmark in the Narayan Singh, IAS ( R e t d . ) : ' t h e thenhistory of public sanitation in India when, Administrator of Patna Municipal Corporation.J i for the first lime, public health and This was previously the dirtiest place in thehygiene assumed national importance after town'because a large number of people usedSulabh InternationalSocial Service it as an open lavatory. At present, there is aOrganisation set up public toilets, bath and 48-seat public lavatory at this place, maintainedurinals in Patna, Bihar, India. Since then, the by Sulabh International' Social Serviceorganisation has been constructing and Organisation, the head office of which is alsomaintaining public latrines, bath and urinals located on the same campus because theon behalf of local bodies throughout India surrounding is kept clean. "We have seenand in the neighbouring countries.toilets in offices and not offices amidst toilets,"said New York Times while reporting SulabhA 24-seat public latrine was first constructed activities in India.in Patna near the Reserve Bank, south ofGandhi Maidan, at the initiative of the Reserve Sulabh has entirely made a new approach toBank officials and the then Chief Secretary the public sanitation problem not. only byof Bihar, Mr. Sharan Singh, IAS and Mr. Rajdeo setting up a large number of public toilets

vSulabhtoilets andbathcomplexfunded bythe Houseof Tatas, tlielargestindustrialistgroup ofIndia.and bath facilities but also by initiatingattitudinal change to this basic problem. Bycampaigning, education and demonstration,Sulabh has been able to turn the sanitationmovement into an economic necessity relatingit to health and hygiene and economicproductivity, population control and goodliving.The public toilet system in India has an ancientbeginning. The history of bath and bathing isat least 5000 years old. At Mohenjo-Daro inthe Indus River Valley, archaeologistsuncovered a public bath nearly 1000 sq ft (93sq.m) in area, dating 2500 BC. Even .the privatehouses there had their own bathrooms, fittedwith terracotta pipes encased in brickwork.Efficient taps controlled the water flow.However, between the period marking thePolice hunt for "nuisance" makersend of Mohenjo-Daro civilisation and the endof 19th century, the sanitation remained asgrim as ever. It was only in 1896, when thethen Government of Bengal, in Calcutta thecapital of British India, passed the BengalSanitation Act to set up public toilets and' b a t h . . . . . . . .,;. ./,. . .V., .;.,But this legislative measure could not go veryfar in promoting public sanitation and hygienebecause the system was unsustainable andthe civic bodies did not have the money tospend on their maintenance and repair. Theuntold stories of the miseries of the peopleof Bengal and those living in other cities arethe unreported tragedies of that time. Men,women and children had to wait for hours onend to avail of the toilet service which wasfilthy, Unhygenic and unusable. The PublicCommissioner of Calcuttaprosecuted .140,000 personsin one year for "committingnuisance" in public places.But. this did not touch eventhe fringe of the problem.The answer to the problemlay in providing adequatefacilities for defecation.When the long wait, couldalso not meet the situation,. people in slums started usingopen spaces for defecation,. resulting in a variety ofdiseases, land degradation,

compounded the miseries ofpublic toilets users. Thesanitation movement, in Indiadid not gain momentum alsobecause household and publictoilets were not a part of theIndian culture and tradition.Despite efforts, only 44% of thehouses in cities in India havetoilet facilities and in villagesthe percentage is negligible.The public toilet and bathconcept is essentially urbanwhere congested living,This is how the public toilets used to be before Sulabhshrinking space and inadequatemoved in to improve the situation.sewerage facilities havedestroyedthehope of a good city life.fouling up of the environment and much elsebeside.The population Of urban slums is composedYet another pathetic story is narrated when mostly of rural migrants. Since migrants comeMr. L.P. Singh was the Chief Secretary of Bihar almost entirely from villages, they don't goand Mr. M.K. Sinha, its Police Chief; both of to public toilets even if they are available.them had decided to.ban open defecation in The larger a town, the larger is the proportionthe Golf Club area of the State Capital. Police of migrants from rural areas. Smaller towns,were posted to stop the practice. One day while because of limited employment opportunities,the two topmost bureaucrats were taking a do not attract many migrants from rural areas.morning walk in the area, a man, under the Researchers emphasise that the importantpressure of nature's call, came rushing in and reason for the rural migrants to settle, inthe moment he squatted to defecate, lathi squatter and slum settlements is also due toblows fell on him. The Chief Secretary and the caste and kinship considerations. The physicalPolice Chief, who were witnesses to this tragic environment, in which users of public toilets"situation, decided to allow open defecation and live, reflects their socio-economic status andcultural habits. Hence, sanitation in India iswithdraw the police.also a cultural problem.The civic authorities, in a hurry to meet therising demand of sanitation facilities, set up The Sulabh sanitation endeavour, beginningstrings of toilets in city centres but again from Patna, has now covered almost the entirethey could not maintain themforwant of funds country and going even beyond that completelyand, possibly, willingness. No wonder, our changing the sanitation scenario in the .country.cities and streets were stinking With litter When the Sulabh experiment was firstthrown all around and garbage dumps bulging launched in Patna, the civic authorities saidwith unimaginable filth and waste. The public that attitude of people must change first beforetoilets in India were a veritable hell on earth launching the pay-ancl-use toilet system. Thewhich only a few: were condemned to use fear was quite legitimate, because people inand the remaining people used open land. India were ready to pay for anything but basic The worst sufferers were the women who had services like bath and toilets, hence, publicto wait for the sun to set before they could lavatories continued to be unusable. But Dr.go out of their houses for easing themselves. Bindeshwar Pathak, Founder of SulabhMovement did not agree to this proposal andsaidthat once clean and hygienic toilet servicesLack of water supply in public toilets, missingdoors, ugly look of -over-flowing drains wen; provided to the people, they would not

hesitate to pay for it and it proved to be true.The people having found clean public toiletsstarted paying for it and more such pay-anduse toilets were set up in Calcutta, later in Orissa, besides Patna, and finally all over thecountry.Calcutta, Madras and Bombay, how to maintainthe public toilets-cum-baths complexes on the"pay and-use" basis, round the clock withoutputting burden on public exchequer for theirmaintenance. Sulabh has converted thesetoilets into centres of social service, providingtelephones, medicare and help in sanitationThe most remarkable factor about the Sulabh and family welfare. ITiese services are speciallyInternational Social Service Organisation is useful in slum areas. It is a good example ofthat it does not take any grant, assistance, or people's participation in communitysubsidy from any agency, national or management; for, they are paying for the useinternational, in any form. It raises its own and continued upkeep of toilets-cum-bathresources by taking 20% implementation charge facilities without putting any burden on civicon projects and the money thus collected isspent on running the Sulabh organisation, nowmanned by 35,000 volunteers spread over 19 The concept of maintaining public toilets-cumStates and one Union Territory, covering bath centres on the pay-ancl-use basis hasalmost the entire population of the country. become very successful in the Indian crossBy making Sulabh a self-sustaining social cultural settings, covering length and widthservice organisation. Dr. Pathak has linked of the country. Before Sulabh started thisgood living with social service. He has proved system in 1974, public conveniences were likethat a social worker can live a normal life hell on the earth. For this reason, everybodywhile serving the people and promoting the objected to the proposal of public toiletcause which is a unique experiment by this complexes being set up anymore. The locallargest non-govemmnent organisation (NGO). bodies were unable to find a suitable solutionThese facilities are more popular at congested and had practically abandoned the idea ofplaces like railway stations, bus stops and putting up more public toilets. But now theremarkets. And these" (including household is increasing demand for Sulabh toilettoilets) are used by about 10 million people complexes all over the' country and eveneveryday,abroad. Until Sulabh showed the way, nobodybelieved that people would pay for using toiletSulabh pay and-use system \ Sulabh facilities in India.International Social Service Organisationdemonstrated to civic bodies in 625 towns, Impressed by the success, people now inviteincluding the metropolitan cities of Delhi,This toiletblock inVaranasi, areligiousplace, is madein the typicallocal stylewith space infront and averandah

A double storey toilet block in Jammutogether in a common endeavour to promotesanitation and people's participation. He hassuggested that funds and land for setting uppublic toilets-cum-bath complexes should beprovided by local bodies and. voluntaryorganisations should maintain them roundthe-clock on the pay-and-use basis. This isalso a way to cut the huge public expenditureDr. Pathak, suggested niany other ways of on civic facilities and ensure cleanlinesskeeping the ;towns and cities clean. In his without depending on the resources Of civicopinion, a city can be kept clean if five agencies bodies which are almost always in the red.- the government local bodies, judiciary, police This methodology has been made popular forand non-government organisations work the first time in India. In Europe, everyonehas to pay for using publictoilets. In France, for instance,it is two Francs (Rs. 10). InKngland and so also in allEuropean countries, the pay-anduse system is practised and allpublic toilets arc no less cleanthan the buildings in the vicinity.Sulabh has popularised the payand use system in India wilhremarkable success. No wonder,Sulabh complexes are now thecleanest places in a city. Theyare'.there for all to sec. About3,000 Sulabh toilets-euin-baihcomplexes art1 being maintainedThe Sulabh block funded by tlio Inner Wheelin 625 towns of the country,Club, Bombayround-the-clock.Sulabh to set up and .maintain public toiletscum-bath complexes in the colonies where a'large part of population live without housesof their own. The toilet complexes are so wellmaintained and kept so clean that people donot object to their being constructed even infront of their own houses. :

Sulabh toilets have acquired somuch prestige that these arenow inaugurated by UnionMinisters, Chief Ministers,Ministers and other VIPs. Evenpolitical parlies have includedproviding Sulabh toile!complexes (in India publictoilets are known by this name)as one of the main objectivesin their manifestoes to winelections. Nowhere in the worldhave public convenience acquired so much acceptanceand prestige as Sulabh hagained for them in India. Thus, Sulabh toilet is situated right in the midst of the valley (arrowSulabh has also brought the mark) at Thimpu, Bhutan.economically weaker sections of society inwhose houses the toilet facilities do not exist,and commuters, pavement, dwellers andrickshaw pullers. The authority desirous ofgetting the Sulabh toilet complex contactsSulabh and provides the site where the:complex: is to be constructed. The land aswell as funds for the construction of thecomplex are provided by the sponsoringauthority. Terms and conditions ofEminent industrialist Bharat. Kama late ShriJ.R.D. Tata speaking at the InaugurationCeremony of a Sulabh public toilet and bathcomplex, near Dhobi Talao, Bombay. On .his.'right to ex-Sheriff of Bombay, Mr. NanaChudasam, and on his left, Mrs. Baku!Pfitel, ex-Sheriff on Bombaytoilet to the centre of planning Tor a cieanerand healthier world to live in. Sulabh has madesanitation an organised system, based anddeveloped on appropriate and low-costtechnology which can be used on sustainablebasis in households and at community centresto keep the country clean and people healthy.Sulabh community toilets mostly serve the A FRENCH TOILET: One has to pay twoFrancs (about Rs. 10) per use. No wonderFrench cities are the cleanest in the world.

Film shooting at Sulabh toilets, bathand health centres in Bangalore, Karnataka, (India)HELIX} DADDY is. "the film and many stars thronged at thetoilet block to act out the story in full view of thousands ofspectators, indicating the popular acceptance of the Sulabhsystem which has become a part of the community life.Film camera" crew onthe jobThe actor inaujjurates thetoilet complex ; all smilefor the cameraThe Spectators at the 'shooting.site in front ofSulabh toilets block

sections with separate entrances. The femalesection includes toilet seats for children. Theurinals usually have entrance from outside.Mirrors and Wash basins arc provided inmale and female sections separately.Complexes are designed architecturally tomatch the surround ings of the town and makethem aesthetically attractive. To ensureadequate 24-hour water supply, tubewells areWashing facilitiesconstruction, operation and maintenance areintimated by Sulabh to (he authority. Whenthe agreement is reached, Sulabh preparesthe design, drawings, estimate and projectreports. After signing the agreement, thecomplex is constructed/'Hie cost of a public toilet, complex comes tobi'tween Rs. 25,000 and Rs. 30,000 per toiletscat, depending on the design, rates of labourand materials in the area and the total numberof scats. This is the average cost. However,it. varies if the construction quality is higherand beautification is also done. One seat isprovided normally for 50 users.Toiletcomplexes have separate male and femaleStainless pans used in some Sulabh toilets,are easier to keep clean than the ceramiconesdrilled at site, fitted with electric drivenpumping sets, to pump water into an overheadreservoir on the roof of the complex. Theusers collect water for ablution in mugs fromtaps (in India 90% people use water forablution). The complex is provided withelectricity so that it could be used at nightalso. Soap powder is supplied to users forwashing their hands. Sulabh undertakesmaintenance of these complexes for thirtyyears, free of cost.Drinking water facilitiesThe facilities for drinking water, changingclothes, telephone, healthcare, cloak room,night shelter and even primary education areprovided at many Sulabh toilet complexes.-

Some ol* the complexes arcfitted with most modernequipments like stainless steelpans elc. These projects arefunded largely from the moneycollected from toilet users.Children in slum areas andOther weaker sections of thesociety, who do not have accessto these facilities, make use ofSulabh services at nominal, orno cost. Those are the majorinitiatives for upgradation ofsoc i a 1,econo mic , andeducational life of theunderprivileged class who aresli.elt.ercd in city ghettos and. shanty colonies only to sufferThe toilet complex funded by IT(\ Bombaymiseries. Now Indian business houses, multinational .'corporations and public metropolitan cities like Bombay and Newundertakings like Tatas. Procter and Gamble, Delhi, which marks the departure from Iho.Crompton Greaves, Port Trust authorities, traditional practice that Government alone .runsState Road Transport Corporations, .' civic services. Non-Resident Indians have alsoCantonment Boards, Railways etc. are setting sponsored setting up of the Sulabh complexesup Sulabh toilet: facilities especially in .'recently. The:coming up of businessmen InThe huge structure is a toilet, bath and health centre block in Jaipur, Kajasthan,made in the style of a fortress

Pathak got the first such biogasplant set up at Patna in 1982 after,almost: six years of research. 'Hiesuccessful and satisfactoryf u n c t i o n i n g " .of t h i splantencouraged him to.'replicate the."project all over the country andtoday 62 such biogas plants,connected with large-size publictoilets, are operating satisfactorilyin Bihar, UP, Gujarat, Delhi andother States of India.The biogas obtained from thepublic toilets is used for cooking,lighting (by incandescent .mantleamps), providing hoi water forbathing and also for providing aconvenient fire for wanning thebody during winter. If need be,the biogas can also be used forproduction of electricity througha dual-fuel engine coupled to analternator. Two plants arc usedas such in Bihar,, one in Patna lorA Sulabh toilet beside the Quli-Qutub Shahtomb, Hyderabad, Andhrn Pradesh.social service sector has improved the qualityof toilets and their services.Sulabh tries its best to take care of theaesthetic pattern of cities and constructionand it. builds its toilets with the architecturalstyle of the city. For example Sulabh's complexnear Quali Quitab Shah Tomb in Hyderabadwhich has been constructed on the design of The excreta-based granules clinically put inQuali Quitab Shah Tomb, Similarly, Sulabh's jars .to .be. used as organic manurecomplex near Golkunda Fort in Hyderabadand the public complexes in Jaipur; are thefew examples.V:Sulabh biotas : Sulabh technology used foron-site disposal of human excreta wastecollected from public toilets is a very innovativefactor winch benefits the user in many ways.Sulabh was the first to think of obtainingbiogas only from human excreta collected inlarge-size public toilets used by 2,000 to 5,000 Human excreta-based biotas provides heatpersons a day. Despite odds, Dr. Bindeshwar for body warming during Winter

lighting about: three kilometres long peripheralwalkway around Gandhi Maid an and the otherin Ranehi for providing general illuminationat the state transport bus stand.It has, thus, been amply demonstrated by Dr.Pathak that in the absence of sewerage facility,the best option for human waste disposal, tobe used in conjunction with large public toilets,is the biogas plant. It has the added advantageof being a source of renewable energy whichis lacking in the septic tank system.The achievement of Sulabh in generatingenergy from human waste was acknowledgedby the Ministry of Non-conventional EnergySources (Govt. of India), Gujarat EnergyDevelopment Agency and other organisationsand institutions which have come forward toassist Dr. Pathak in expansion of the projectand also to support further research anddevelopment in this and allied fields. Biogas from water hyacinth in dried form isanother Sulabh achievement. While others hadbeen using this waterweed in its green formDr. Pathak conducted experiments on driedwater hyacinth. Although the gas yield in thedried form is about 5-6% less, it is convenientin handling, storage and transportation. Thisform also lends itself better for blending withcow-dung, human excreta or other vegetableSULAMU&EEPSUL4BH DEEP : The Jong stretch of thewalkway around Gandhi Maidan in Patna islighted by the biogas produced from Sulabhtoilet complexeswastes used as feed material for biogasproduction.Another achievement of Dr. Pathak is thegranulated organic manure obtained from thedried sludge of biogas plants. This manure iscompletely free from odour and in itsgranulated form can be. used conveniently inflower-pots to be kept indoors. The appearanceof the granulated manure is exactly like tealeaves and it is very difficult to distinguishbetween the two when kept together.Fixed Dome DigesterUse of organic manure or even raw humanexcreta in agriculture is quite widespread inChina. The practice, however, had not foundlarge-scale acceptance in India. Very fewfanners used to get dried sludge from sewagetreatment plants or from trenching grounds

,f* .immunisation, antinatal care andfamily planning services, etc.ANDSANITATIONCUMINTEGRATEDVILLAGEDEVELOPMENT" A rural projectcovering Sahabaci Mohamadpur (Delhi) and Teekii (Haryana) hasbeen adopted and all healthcomponents have been covered.Healthcare Centre Harinagar, New Delhiof local bodies. With the efforts of Dr. Pathak,the scene is gradually changing, as more andmore people are developing interest in theuse of organic manure obtained from the pitsof pour-flush toilets (Sulabh toilet) and biogasplants. With the application of the technology,the demand for biogas digester has increased,so much so that temple trusts, business houses,port authorities and other institutions arerequesting Sulabh International Social ServiceOrganisation to setup self-sustainable toiletsand bath facilities because Sulabh toilets arebeautifully made and kept clean and usableround the clock.Sulabh integrated healthcare system :Health is closely related to sanitation. As such,recently a new dimension has been added toSulabh Movement by developing ."SulabhIntegrated Health Care Model" It aims atbringing all components of activities relateddirectly or indirectly to health care under oneumbrella. It will act as complement orsupplement to existing health care.TEACHINGPROJECTONHEALTH, HYGIENE AND-SANITATION - Health education is apriority area for Sulabh. Any socialprogramme can secure deep rootsamong the masses when it reaches the mindsof teachers and students. Childhood habits aredifficult to die, therefore hygienic practicesshould be learnt in early childhood. With thisaim in view, the British Council, under its ODAProject, has entrusted Sulabh to train schoolteachers in human waste management and other related issues in Andh'ra Pradesh, so thatthey can teach students under them to beaware of hygienic and sanitary issues. US AIDhas come forward to operate a programme on"Women and Sanitation" in collaboration withSulabhInternationalSocialServiceOrganisation in New Delhi.SULABH VOLUNTARY' BLOOD DONATIONPROJECT - Human life is precious and itsWithin ten months of activity, it has developedthe following programmes:"PRIMAKY HEALTH CARE TO URBANSLUM" Model Sulabh Health Centre hasbeen started in Sulabh Complex andIntegrated Health Care programme hasbeen launched in urban slum - Hari Nagar.It has completed health care services and Training Centre, New Delhiachievingalmost100%target

Blood test, at Sulabh Healthcare centre.requires''proper care for it's protection and .'Reading materials are also available atsurvival. In order to provide proper protection .Sulabh centresto human life, Sulabh International has drawna unique scheme. It has raised a band of one "in legend and history, is the sacred river ofthousand voluntary blood donors who are the Hindus. It covers, what is called theready to donate1 their blood to needy persons heartland of India, which was the main centreat any time. Hospitals have been informed that. of the ancient Aryan culture. It rises near thethey can get healthy blood for helping patients glacier, Gangotri in the Himalayas and flowsin critical need of if. In situation of national "through Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Bengal tocalamity these donors can donate their blood fall into Bay of Bengal. Ganga and itsto save precious human lives. This is a unique tribuatries, spread out like a fan in the plainattempt to save human life form being de- of India.stroyed, for want of blood.The organisation: was involved in theGanga Action Plati;The river Ganga, famous prestigious project for prevention of pollutionO n the b a n k ofholy riverGfinga,thelifeline, ofIndia, is buiiithis Sulabhblock whichalso .providesshelter to thehouseless

Massawarenessprogrammeof river Ganga. Project reports for constructionof Sulabh complexes, conversion of bucketprivies and construction of sanitary toilets in.houses where none existed were preparedfor a number of towns in Bihar and U.P. SulabhInternational Social Service Organisation, incollaboration with the Dutch consultancy firms,M/s. Haskoning and Euroeonsult, preparedproject reports for Kanpur and Mirzapur townsunder the Ganga Action Plan. Under thisproject, toilet facilities were set up in theriverine towns including Varanasi andHaridwar.Energy Sources, Govt. of India. Presently, itis working for optimum utilisation and techno. economic evaluation of human excreta andother mixed-waste based biogas plants toensure effective disposal of waste andharnessing of bio-energy. Study on IndoGerman collaborative project with BremenOverseas Research and DevelopmentAssociation (BORDA), Germany, in LowMaintenance Waste Water Treatment Systemis being carried out .in Delhi.The other collaborators are Group EnergiesRenouvelables et Environment (GERES)France, Biogas Research Institute of theMinistry'of Agriculture. Biogas Research andTraining Centre (BRTC), Chengdu, China and. Zheijiang'Provincial Science and TechnologyCommission (ZPSTC), China.Employment generation : More than 35,000associate members render their social servicesto Sulabh International Social ServiceOrganisation. The total mandays created bySulabh add up to many millions on theconstruction of nearly 7,00,000 Sulabh toiletsand on maintenance of 3,000 community toilet Experts in different fields have been" engagedcomplexes. Those who are employed in allied -to' '.provide instructions to the trainees whowork are many more.: 'are admitted to the various courses from timeto time. Training courses are also designedTechnical Research & Development: The to train the administrators, planners, financialInstitute of Technical . Research and experts, engineers, NGOs, supervisors,Development is engaged in research and sanitary inspectors and other staff of localdevelopment in thefieldsof low cost-sanitation authorities, social workers, motivators, healthand biogas technology for overall educators, village volunteers, teachers, environmental improvement. It studied the women workers '. etc. performance of different types of biogas plantsin varied situations in Bihar at the requestof the then Department of Noh Conventional

SULABH TOILETS, BATH AND HEALTH CENTRES HAVEBEEN COMMISSIONED BY A LARGE NUMBER OFLEADERS, AND EMINENT PERSONS FROM ALL WALKSOF LIFE. SOME PHOTO SAMPLES.I .ate PrimeMinister Mr.Rajiv Gandhi,with Mrs. SoniaGandhi, visited aSulabh Stall inLucknow (UP)on March 4,1989Mr. Roinesh Bhandari,former Ijt.-Governor ofDelhi, at the inaugurationof a Sulabh toilet complexat Fruit Mandi, Azadpur,DelhiHaryana Minister for l ocalSelf-Government, Mr.Dharambir Gaubha, laying thefoundation-stone of a Sulabhtoilet complex in Karnal. Dr.Tarshemlal, FCLS(», is alsoseen in the picture

NIGHT SHELTER : FormerChief Minister of MadhyaPradesh, Mr. Sunder T-alParwa, inaugurating a toiletblock in KhopalMr. .Bindeshwari Dubey,former Chief Minister ofBihar, opening the SulabhTraining Institute in Patna"Mr.'Prasanta 8ur, Minister for'Health and Family Welfare,Government of .West Bengal,inaugurating a toilet complex atPiitnaMr. Murasoli Maran, former UnionMinister of Urban Development, isinaugurating a toilet complex atMeena Bazar, Delhi

Dr. Jagannath Mishra, formerBihar Chief Minister, inauguratinga Sulabh community toiletcomplex in Patnaliiaugufaton of a toiletcomplex in Madras, TamilNadu, by Mr. Thriru R./"Poornalingam, IAS, SpecialOfficer, Madras CorporationMr. Ajit Kumar Tripathy, IAS,Commissioner-cum-vSecretary,Department of RuralDevelopment, Government ofOrissa, inaugurating theBeguniapada Sulabh communitytoilet complex on February 24,1993Mr.'"Baliram Bhagat,Rajastlian, Governor, layingthe foundation-stone of aSulabh toilet complexalongwith Mr. Bhairon SinghSliekhawat, Chief Ministerof the vState

A view of the newlycommissioned Sulabhtoilet complex at"Kakching, ManipurA Sulabh toilet complexwas inaugurated by Mr.S.S. Shetty, AssistantDirector, Department ofTourism, Government ofKarnataka, on December5, 1993Mrs. Rachel Ohatterjee,Commissioner, MunicipalCorporation ofHyderabad, inaugurated atoilet block at FerozGandhi Park on April14, 1994The temple officer of ShriNaina Deviji Temple Trust(Himachal Pradesh)*inaugurated a Sulabh toiletcomplex on August 5, 1994

Mr. Gauri Shankar Bhardwaj,MLA, Delhi (Government,inaugurated a SuJabh toilet;complex on January 20, 199.5 atShakurpur Mr.;.P.I* Raina, IAS, Administrator(JMC), Jammu & Kashmir inauguratinga complex on February 22, 1993Minister for Tourism, Dr.Carme Regado, inauguratinga Sulabh toilet complex atColva Reach, GoaOr. Wilfred D'Souza, Dy.Chief Minister of Goa,inaugtirateel n Sulabh toiletoiiiplcx at .Dona Paula Jetty,Goa, on -.February 24, .1995.

Mr. K. Deenadayalaii, IAS,Director, Town Panchayats,.inaugurating a vSulabh toiletcomplex at Madurai, TamilNaduInauguration of a 40-seat.edSulab

India were ready to pay for anything but basic services like bath and toilets, hence, public lavatories continued to be unusable. But Dr. . and had practically abandoned the idea of putting up more public toilets. But now there . a city ca

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