Section 11 Highway Lighting Systems
BDC09MR-02Section 11Highway Lighting Systems11.1 GeneralThis section of the manual is intended for use as a guide in the planning and designof a highway lighting system that conforms to Department policy. It will provide ameans of developing uniformity in the design and plan preparation of highwaylighting systems.Complying with all of the design criteria is sometimes difficult. It will require somejudgment on the part of the designer to draw the necessary balance. However, it isnecessary that the criteria be followed as closely as possible in order to achieveuniformity of design in highway lighting systems. It is recognized that situationswill occur where good engineering judgment dictates deviation from thisDepartment policy. Any such deviation shall be detailed in writing and submittedfor approval to the Manager of Traffic Signal and Safety Engineering.It is not the intent of this section to reproduce all the information that is adequatelycovered by textbooks and other publications that are readily available to thedesigner. This section, when used in conjunction with engineering knowledge ofhighway lighting design and good judgment, should enable the designer to performtheir job more efficiently.The terminology used in this manual, unless stated otherwise, is as defined inAASHTO An Informational Guide for Roadway Lighting.11.2 Reference Publications AASHTO, An Informational Guide for Roadway Lighting FHWA, Roadway Lighting Handbook FHWA, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA)Applicable Lighting Publications. SPECIFICATIONS: NJDOT Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction NJDOT Supplemental Specifications NJDOT Special Provisions NJDOT Standard Electrical Details NJDOT Electrical Material Specifications NFPA National Electric Code (NEC) NJDOT Sample Plans NJDOT CADD ManualAll publications shall be the latest edition.11.3General Design Criteria11.3.1 Warrants for Highway LightingThese warrants are for highway lighting only and the warrants for intersectionlighting are in Section 11.8.NJDOT Design Manual – RoadwayHighway Lighting Systems11-1
BDC09MR-02Step 1Prior to the actual design of a highway lighting system, the designer mustdetermine if highway lighting at a particular section, area or location is actuallywarranted. To demonstrate this need a system of warrants has been developed.The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)warrants shall be investigated before a final determination is reached. If highwaylighting is warranted based on the following (except for underdeck/tunnel lighting),then the designer shall proceed to Step 2.A. Continuous Freeway Lighting - One of the following AASHTO warrants mustbe met to consider continuous lighting: CFL-3 CFL-4 Special considerationsB. Complete Interchange Lighting - One of the following AASHTO warrantsmust be met to consider complete interchange lighting: CIL-1 plus CIL-2 CIL-3 CIL-4 Special considerationsC. Partial Interchange Lighting - One of the following AASHTO warrants mustbe met to consider partial interchange lighting: PIL-1 plus PIL-2 PIL-3 Special ConsiderationsD. Underdeck Lighting or Tunnel Lighting - AASHTO warrants must be met toconsider underdeck and/or tunnel lighting. If lighting is warranted, thedesigner shall prepare the design and skip Step 2.E. Additional Design Considerations - Additional lighting shall be consideredwarranted for ramps, mainline or acceleration lanes for any of the followingreasons:1. Ramps Inside radius of entrance or exit ramp is less than 150 feet. Accident data in the ramp area indicates a problem exists.2. Acceleration Lanes Stop before acceleration lane. Grade and/or curvature presents a visibility problem, which cannot becorrected through other means. Sidewalks exist to permit pedestrians to cross at the entrance orterminal of a ramp.3. Main Line Grade and/or curvature presents a visibility problem, which cannot becorrected through other means.NJDOT Design Manual – RoadwayHighway Lighting Systems11-2
BDC09MR-02 Bridges without shoulders.The designer shall obtain the accident data of the location in order to determine thenight to day accident ratio. The ratio could dominate the determination if highwaylighting is required.Step 2If lighting is warranted based on the AASHTO warrants, then the need for lightingon a particular highway or interchange must be considered utilizing the appropriateevaluation form described below. The designer shall assume the evaluation forms(Lighting Forms 1-8) refer to the mainline highway unless specifically notedotherwise. Any questions shall be directed in writing to the Manager in the Bureauof Traffic Signal and Safety Engineering.A. Continuous Lighting (Freeway) - If warranted, Lighting Form 1 is to beutilized to evaluate the need for continuous lighting for the actual highwaybeing considered. For new highways or new alignments Lighting Form 3 isto be utilized to evaluate the need for continuous lighting. All highways(traveled lanes) are to be illuminated except express lanes separated fromlocal lanes by concrete island, barrier curb or grass.B. Complete and Partial Interchange Lighting - If warranted, Lighting Form 2 isto be utilized to evaluate the need for complete or partial interchangelighting for the actual highway and interchange being considered. For newhighways or new alignments Lighting Form 4 is to be utilized to evaluate theneed for complete or partial interchange lighting. Deceleration lane lighting shall be installed for the safe stopping distance(based on the design speed limit) from the physical gore area. Only twounits shall be installed past the physical gore area (one unit in the ramparea and one unit along the main line). See Figure 11-A. The clear zone,as shown on Figure 11-A, is defined as a 30 foot minimum distance. Acceleration lanes are not to be illuminated. Acceleration lanes areconsidered to begin at the entrance gore area.C. Non-Controlled Access Facility (Land Service Highway) Lighting - LightingForm 5 is to be considered. For new highways, or new alignments LightingForm 6 is to be utilized to evaluate the need for continuous lighting.11.3.2 Selection of Types of Highway LightingThe Department currently utilizes two types of highway lighting systems. Thedesigner shall investigate the lighting system options available. The use of eitherone type or a combination of the following types of lighting systems is acceptable: High Mast Lighting System - A system utilizing a mounting height of 100 feetwith a cluster of a maximum of eight 400 watt high pressure sodiumluminaires. Conventional Lighting System - A system utilizing mounting heights of 26feet with 150 watt, 40 feet with 250 watt high pressure sodium conventionalluminaires.Before choosing a particular system, the designer shall first investigate the varioustypes of lighting listed below: Tower lighting shall be considered first for full interchange lighting. A400.watt cutoff type luminaire is preferred; non-cutoff luminaires can beutilized if the designer can justify their use. A public hearing shall be held toNJDOT Design Manual – RoadwayHighway Lighting Systems11-3
BDC09MR-02advise the local residents that tower lighting shall be installed. All designdata, including lighting levels, must be available for the public’s review andcomments. Conventional Lighting (full cutoff luminaires) shall be considered as a secondchoice for full interchange lighting. Conventional Lighting (cutoff luminaires) shall be considered as a third choicefor full interchange lighting. Conventional Lighting (semi-cutoff luminaires) shall be considered as a forthchoice for full interchange lighting. The use of non-cutoff luminaires is discouraged. If the designer feels theiruse is warranted, a written justification with the design calculations must beprovided. Conventional lighting (full-cutoff, cutoff & semi-cutoff) shall be consideredfirst for continuous mainline or partial interchange lighting. A 40 footmounting height standard for mainline (250 watt luminaire) and a 26 footmounting height standard for ramps (150 watt luminaire).Investigate the environmental impact, especially on residences, of each system.The designer shall recommend to the Bureau of Traffic Signal and SafetyEngineering of the elimination of any systems that have serious and unacceptableenvironmental impacts. The use of external luminaire shields may be used tominimize the glare of a conventional lighting system.Upon approval, the designer shall then address, analyze and compare suchdetermining factors as initial installation cost, maintenance costs, and energyconsumption costs of the remaining system(s). All illumination and electrical designshall meet criteria as specified hereinafter. Before work commences on the lightingdesign, the designer must request approval of all design parameters by the Bureauof Traffic Signal and Safety Engineering.The designer shall be prepared to present, explain and defend his lighting systemchoice and design at any public or other meetings, as required. Prepare 30' scaledrawings of all systems to be included with the report, and based uponinvestigations and analyses, and make a recommendation to the Department of thesystem best suited to the project.The designer shall not intermix a Department aluminum lighting system within autility company wood pole transmission system.The designer is responsible for locating, identifying and certifying the horizontal andvertical clearances of the utility company’s primary (750 volts or more) andsecondary power lines and shall assure that the minimum clearances are inaccordance with the NEW JERSEY ADMINSTRATIVE CODE CHAPTER 25 UTILITYACCOMMODATION, Section 16:25-5.3 (c). The designer shall coordinate theelectrical design work with the present and future plans of the utility companies.All overhead and underground utilities must be shown on the plans. There shall beno conflicts with the lighting installation. The Designer must resolve all utilityconflicts.When utility poles are required to be relocated and wood pole lighting shall be thesole source of illumination for a section of highway, the designer shall space andposition utility poles, through the utility agreement in conformance with the NEWJERSEY ADMINSTRATIVE CODE CHAPTER 25 UTILITY ACCOMMODATION, Section16:25-5.4 (b) and 5.5 (a through i), to produce a suitable lighting design.NJDOT Design Manual – RoadwayHighway Lighting Systems11-4
BDC09MR-0211.3.3 Level of IlluminanceMainline highways and ramps shall be designed to provide an average maintainedhorizontal illuminance of 0.6 to 0.8 footcandles.11.3.4 Uniformity of IlluminanceDesign for uniformity of illuminance on various highways shall produce a uniformityratio of 3:1 to 4:1 or better with a 0.2 footcandle minimum level. The ratio isdefined as the average to minimum illuminance.11.3.5 Basis for Lighting CalculationA. Common CriteriaThe following are common for all types of highway lighting systems: Photometric Data - The Photometric data utilized in all calculations shallbe the latest data available from the Bureau of Traffic Signal and SafetyEngineering available upon written request. High Pressure Sodium Lamps - High pressure sodium lamps with thefollowing initial lumens shall be used:Wattage150250400 ANSIDesignationS55SC-150S50VA-250S51WA-400Rated Avg.Life ,000Maintenance Factors - All lighting Systems depreciate with time. Thedesign values shall consider appropriate reduction in initial illuminationvalues. The maintenance factor to be utilized is 0.75; 0.68 for ambientareas considered dirty.B. High Mast Lighting SystemsThe lighting calculations to determine the required illumination shall bebased on the following definitions and criteria: Area - only the traveled highway and ramps, including shoulders, shall beconsidered in the calculations. High Mast Lighting Standard Assembly Setback - Minimum 30 feetmeasured from the face of curb or edge of pavement to centerline ofhigh mast lighting standard. A lesser setback may be used, but must beapproved by the Manager of Traffic Signal and Safety Engineering.Should a lesser setback be approved, appropriate protection must beprovided. Luminaires - High mast type 400 watt high pressure luminaires, as perNJDOT Specification No. EB-LHPS-4. The luminaires shall produce asymmetric, long and narrow, or asymmetric distribution. A maximum ofeight luminaires of the same or different distribution shall be clustered toprovide the required pattern of light distribution from the high mastlighting assembly. Mounting Height- The tower shall be 100 feet. The actual highwayelevations shall be used in the calculations.NJDOT Design Manual – RoadwayHighway Lighting Systems11-5
BDC09MR-02C. Conventional Lighting SystemThe lighting calculations to determine the required illuminance shall bebased on the following definitions and criteria: Roadway Width - Actual width of highway pavement considered incalculations, including shoulders, excluding medians where they exist. Lighting Standard Setback - As required, minimum 5’-6” measured fromthe face of curb or edge of pavement to centerline of lighting standard. Luminaire Mounting Height - For 150 watt luminaires, 26 feet. For 250watt luminaires, 40 feet. Lighting Standard Bracket Arm – 8 feet or 15 feet as required. Forhighway widths up to 24 feet, an 8 feet bracket arm is to be used. Luminaire Overhang - As required. Luminaires – As specified in section 11.3.2D. Spacing and Location of the Lighting StandardsLighting standard spacing and offsets shall be as uniform as possible. If it isnecessary to vary the spacing or offset, it shall be done gradually. Since apoor appearance is likely to result, lighting standards shall not be spacedcloser than 100 feet except on a ramp. In general, the lighting standardsshall be located as follows: Mainline Highways - Along outside lanes, spaced opposite or staggered tosuit the geometry and to provide the best lighting uniformity. An effortshall be made to illuminate the highway from one side. Ramps - In order to facilitate maintenance and relamping, it is desirableto locate the lighting standard along the inside radius. A setback of 5’-6”minimum is recommended. Gore Area - It is desirable for a lighting standard to be located within thevicinity of an exit gore area. In no instance shall a lighting standard belocated in a roadside recovery area. Adjacent to Overpass - Care must be taken to avoid glare from mainlinelighting affecting traffic on overpasses. External luminaire shields maybe used to minimize the glare, if necessary. For typical (normal verticalclearance) overpass structures, luminaires shall not be located closerthan 35 feet from the face of parapets.E. Other ConsiderationsThe following considerations are to be incorporated in all lightingcalculations: Selection of proper size of luminaires to accommodate the level anduniformity of illumination. Selection of proper length of bracket arms to provide maximum efficiencyand uniformity in lighting. It should be noted that in some areas the useof two different lengths of bracket arms may meet the aboverequirements, but may also produce an objectionable appearance withregard to the luminaire alignment. Where the geometry or the uniformity ratio requirements necessitateadjustments in the calculated lighting standard spacing, closer spacingshall be used.NJDOT Design Manual – RoadwayHighway Lighting Systems11-6
BDC09MR-02 Contributions from all luminaires which have an effect on the areaconsidered shall be taken into account to obtain the footcandle values.However, luminaires located at a distance greater than eight mountingheights from the area have a very minute effect and shall be excludedfrom the calculations. When adjacent to sign structures, it is desirable to locate lightingstandards equidistant from sign structures. The lighting standards shallnot be located within 50 feet of the structure. Care must be taken toavoid having a lighting bracket arm and luminaire mounted at 26 feetobstruct the driver’s view of the sign-legend. Lighting standards shall not be located on the traffic side (in front) ofguide rail or any natural or man-made deflecting barrier. The locationshall also consider the distance necessary for rail deflection.11.3.6 Lighting CalculationsA. Methods of CalculationFor the preliminary design, the average point method shall be used. Useonly approved lighting design programs. Any questions regarding approvedsoftware shall be directed to the Bureau of Traffic Signal and SafetyEngineering. The current photometric data to be used in the calculationsshall be provided by the Department upon written request. Use specificdesign software for tunnel lighting.B. Calculation GuidelinesThe following are to be followed when performing the calculations: When a portion or section of the highway is under analysis, it shall beanalyzed as a self-contained area (main area). Sub-division (sub-area)within the main area is not permitted. The self-contained area (main area) of analysis shall correspond to thehighway geometry under investigation. The point to point interval shall be 5 feet longitudinally and transversely. The entire section of highway that is being illuminated shall be analyzedcompletely. It can be analyzed with many main areas. Luminaire layout parameters shall conform to Section 11.3.5. The following information shall be included with each analysis:1. Project identification.2. Plan sheet number involved in calculations.3. A station to station identification of the area being analyzed.4. The identification of each contributing luminaire being analyzed. The following guidelines must be adhered to when submitting the designdata for review:1. Submit the design files in IES format on CD or DVD.2. Submit a hard copy of the design calculations. The New Jersey State Plane Coordinate System shall be used, whenavailable for the project, for the lighting design layout.NJDOT Design Manual – RoadwayHighway Lighting Systems11-7
BDC09MR-0211.3.7 Underdeck LightingUnderdeck lighting is not installed to accent the highways beneath structures, butrather to provide the required level of illuminance to accent continuity of uniformlighting. Therefore, underdeck lighting shall only be required where this level ofilluminance, due to structural limitations such as the width, skew and minimumclearance, cannot be accomplished by means of lighting standards.Wall mounted underdeck luminaires shall be installed on pier faces and/or onabutments at a minimal mounting height of 15 feet. The pier faces or theabutment must be parallel to the highway and must be within 10 feet from the curbor edge of the highway, otherwise the luminaires shall be fastened to adapterplates installed between the bridge girders. Wall mounted underdeck luminairesinstalled at a mounting height of more than 15 feet shall yield better efficiency anduniformity.Pendant type luminaires shall be mounted from the structural steel. The luminairesshall be located to facilitate maintenance and relamping. If the highway widthpermits, the luminaires shall be located over the shoulder. When a luminaire issuspended from a bridge structure over the traveling lane, the bottom of theluminaire shall not be lower than the bridge girder. Typical installation of a pendanttype luminaire is included in the NJDOT Standard Electrical Details. A special detailmay be necessary to detail the conduit layout under the structure.For calculation purposes, the following data shall be used: Mounting Height - As required (15 feet nominal). Luminaires- 150 watt wall mounted type and pendant mounted type highpressure sodium luminaires as per the current NJDOT Specification Nos. EBUHPS-1 and EB-UHPS-2. Uniformity Ratio – See Section 11.3.4.On highways, which are not illuminated, underdec
NJDOT Design Manual – Roadway 11-2 Highway Lighting Systems Step 1 Prior to the actual design of a highway lighting system, the designer must determine if highway lighting at a particular section, area or location is actually warranted. To demonstrate this need a system of warrants has been developed.
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