POLICY BRIEF: THE LIVES OF BLACKS IN TEXAS

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POLICY BRIEF:THE LIVES OF BLACKSIN TEXAS:Demographic Trends in the AfricanAmerican Population, 1950-2010November 1, 2012Shetal Vohra-Gupta, PhD, Research AssociateJemel P. Aguilar, PhD, Research AssociateJennifer Alexander, Graduate Research AssistantChunhui Ren, Postdoctoral FellowINTRODUCTIONThe African American population of Texas has undergone significant changes over the past several decades.Considering these demographic changes through a racial lens can help inform future Texas governmental policies.The African American population is defined as those who identified as African American or Black only, and becauseof imprecision in census definitions excludes bi- and multi-racial people. A detailed analysis of the population isworthwhile for insight into current and future economic and social pressures on African Americans in Texas. Toanalyze and present this information, census data were collected for all census years from 1950 to 2010, and fromAmerican Community Surveys (ACS) since 2000. Both state and county populations were compared between years.For additional specific data types, comparisons and analyses were done which brought to light areas of focus forresearch, again using U.S. Census and ACS data.THE INSTITUTE FOR URBAN POLICY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS01

TOTAL POPULATIONIn 1950, the African American population wasAmerican population increased almost 205 percent977,458, or 12.6% of the total Texas population,through 2010, with the sharpest increase (23.9%)7,711,194. By 2010, the African American popula-in population from 2000 to 2010. This was slightlytion of Texas grew to 2,979,598 residents, or 11.8% ofhigher than the population growth for the state as aTexas’ total population. From 1950, the total Africanwhole, which grew 20.5 percent from 2000 to 2010.Figure 1: African American population in Texas 1950 to 2010X 1000004030201001950196019701980199020002010African American PopulationFigure 2: African American population in relation to total population in Texas 1950 to 2010Millions30201001950196019701980African American1990Total PopulationTHE INSTITUTE FOR URBAN POLICY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS0220002010

CENSUS DATA FOR ALL RACIALAND ETHNIC GROUPSIn order to contextualize the Black or African Ameri-the data have only been collected consistently sincecan population in Texas, below is a chart of popula-1970. Asian only and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Is-tions for all ethnic or racial groups, according to thelander were both designations for the 2000 and 2010U.S. Census Bureau. Statistics from 1950 throughCensuses, but prior to those years, the designation2010 were used to create the chart. Hispanic popula-was the combined Asian or Pacific Islander.tion definitions have changed during this period, andx100000Figure 3: Populations of different ethnic and racial groups in Texas, 1950 - 2010200180160White140Black/African American120Asian and Pacific Islander100Am. Indian/Alaska Native80Some other Race60Hispanic (Any Race)4020301950196019701980199020002010THE INSTITUTE FOR URBAN POLICY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS03

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONOF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN TEXASAfrican Americans were historically concentratedlargest losses in population were in Lamar (7373)in the eastern half of the state, though the overalland Harrison Counties (10,319), between 1950trend of movement over the past 60 years has beenand 2010. The largest increase was in Harris Coun-to Houston and Dallas-Fort Worth. (See figures 4ty, followed by Dallas, Tarrant, and Fort Bend Coun-and 5). Between 1950 and 2010, the percent changeties. Table 1, below, includes these numbers.has been largely in scattered areas across the state,in both increases and reductions in population. TheFigure 4: Black or African American population, 1950 in TexasPopulation, 19500 to 10010001 to 25000101 to 50025001 to 50000501 to 100050001 to 750001001 to 500075001 to 1000005001 to 10000100001 to 149286THE INSTITUTE FOR URBAN POLICY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS04

The largest percent losses were in Borden and Kinggrew by over 400 times its 1950 population. OtherCounty, both at 100%, though actual numbers lostcounties which grew significantly (at over 50 times,were very low (24 in Borden and 62 in King). Thethough by noticeably different amounts) includelargest percentage gain was in La Salle County, whichDelta, Montague, Moore, Oldham, and Randall.Figure 5: Black or African American population, 2010 in TexasPopulation, 20100 to 10010001 to 25000101 to 50025001 to 50000501 to 100050001 to 750001001 to 500075001 to 1000005001 to 10000100001 to 775492THE INSTITUTE FOR URBAN POLICY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS05

Overall, however, the total African Americanpopulation grew at a smaller rate than the entirepopulation (226%), which indicates a comparativeTable 1: Population growth in largest countiesin Texas between 1950 and 2010loss of African American population in Texas.Additionally, as with the general population, theAfrican American population urbanized during theCountyPopulation Increasewas Harris, followed by Dallas, but the remainingHarris626,206population was distributed primarily through eastDallas445,278Tarrant229,309Fort Bend118,298Total1,419,0911950-2010. In 1950, the most populated countyTexas. In 2000, Harris, Fort Bend, Dallas, andTarrant Counties were the counties most populatedby African Americans, and more rural areas wereless populated than during the mid-20th Century.According to Reid, 1974, and census data, Blackurban populations grew greatly between 1960 and1970, with the largest cities (500,000 ) having thelargest growth rate (32.8%), followed by cities fromTable 2: Largest increase in population bycounties, 1950-2010250,000 to 500,000 (23.7%). This could explainmuch of the in-migration to Texas populationCountyPopulation Growthin NumbersLa Salle15 to 6688reduction of rural employment, and a general trendDelta934 to 55534of increased employment opportunities in urbanMontague1 to 53Moore6 to 336American population between 2000 and 2010. ThisOldham1 to 62county is adjacent to Harris County (Houston). TheRandall47 to 2867centers from 1950 to 2000. Primary reasons formigration to large metropolitan areas includedmechanization of agricultural work and subsequentareas. Ft. Bend County experienced an unusuallylarge growth rate (4000% ) of its Africangrowth rate, well above that of the urbanizationmigration of the 1960s is a point worthy of furtherinvestigation and research. Figures 4 and 5 illustratethese population movements.THE INSTITUTE FOR URBAN POLICY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS06

AGE DISTRIBUTIONIn general, the African American population hasincrease of any age category from 2000 to 2010. Thisincreased in all age categories from 2000 to 2010.would suggest an aging population, but teens andAfrican Americans between the ages of 55 and 64young adults in the age category of 15 to 24 have thehad a 67 percent increase, the largest percentagehighest number of people at 479,899 people.Figure 6: African American population in Texas by Age, 2000-201060020002010X 1000005004003002001000under 55 to 1415 to 2425 to 3435 to 4445 to 5455 to 64THE INSTITUTE FOR URBAN POLICY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS0765 to 7475

FAMILY STATUSIn 2010, there were several different forms of fam-female householders (with children) with no husbandily structures in the population. The largest propor-present (27%). This was followed by male household-tion of the population was in married-couple familiesers (with children) with no wife present (6%) and(32%), and the second largest was householders liv-householders not living alone (4%). See figure 8 foring alone (31%). The third largest population wasmore information.Figure 7: Types of African American households in 20104%32%31%6%27%Married-couple familyMale householder, no wife presentFemale householder, no husband presentHouseholder living aloneHouseholder not living aloneTHE INSTITUTE FOR URBAN POLICY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS08

POPULATION DISTRIBUTIONBY GENDERAs with the overall population, the African Americanrurally. (See Figures 8 and 9 for details.) The populationfemale population in 1950 and in 2000 was and isratio of females to males remained close to the sameconcentrated in the eastern half of the state, with athroughout the period 1950 to 2010. It has changed,movement trend toward counties where large metro-but by less than 1%, from 51.2% female and 48.8%politan areas are located. For the most part,Of the 24% of African Americans belowthe movement of wom-poverty level, single mothers make up 65%.en was similar to thatmale in 1950, to 51.8% female and 48.2% male in2010. Noteworthy also is thehigh percentage of people inof the population as a whole. The female populationpoverty who are African American women, especial-over 55 resides primarily in the larger populationly single parents. Of the 24% of African Americanscounties (Harris and Dallas), and along the Inter-below poverty level, single mothers make up 65%.state-35 corridor. Though concentrated in the largerThis issue provides a compelling opportunity forcounties, some of the female population do still livefurther investigation.Figure 8: Black/African American womenin Texas by county, 1950Figure 9: Black/African American womenin Texas by county, 2010Population of WomenPopulation of Women0 to 5000 to 500501 to 1000501 to 10001001 to 100001001 to 1000010001 to 2500010001 to 2500025001 to 7756625001 to 291856THE INSTITUTE FOR URBAN POLICY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS09

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEducational attainment for the African Americangory of “some college or associate’s degree, Africanpopulation, 25 years and older, is represented inAmericans are 6 percentage points higher than theFigure 9 while the educational attainment for thegeneral population. In addition, in the category ofentire Texas population is represented in Figure“high school graduate, GED, or alternative”, Afri-10. The largest proportion of the African Americancan Americans are 5 percentage points higher thanpopulation has some college or associate’s degreethe general population. However, in the category(34%), followed by high school graduates, GED, orof “bachelor’s degree or higher”, African Ameri-alternative (31%). The third largest group at 19%cans are 7 percentage points lower than the generalhas a bachelor’s degree or higher, followed by 16%population of Texas.with less than a high school diploma. In the cate-Figure 10: Educational Attainment for AfricanAmerican population, 25 years and older in 201019%Figure 11: Educational Attainment for totalpopulation in Texas, 25 years and older in 201016%26%20%31%26%34%28%Less than high school diplomaLess than high school diplomaHigh school graduate, GED, or alternativeHigh school graduate, GED, or alternativeSome college or associate’s degreeSome college or associate’s degreeBachelor’s dgree or higherBachelor’s dgree or higherTHE INSTITUTE FOR URBAN POLICY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS10

ISSUES RELATED TO AFRICANAMERICAN POPULATION COUNTSSeveral issues directly related to the African Ameri-forms to determine their race according to the newcan and other minority populations are worth noting.forms. As a result, actual numbers of African Ameri-Over the years between 1950 and 2010, the methodscans may again be diluted. This has been a problemof counting people by race or ethnicity have changed.in many past censuses, and has continued to evolveAlthough these changes were made to be more in-as a problem because U.S. Census forms have con-clusive, as they accounted for bi- and multi-racialtinued to change with regard to race classifications.people, the end result is that many people who con-(Williams & Jackson, 2000; Persons, Smith, & Miller,sider themselves African American or Black may not2001; Nguyen, 2004). In addition, the question ofbe counted as such. Consequently the size of the Af-how to count and to classify Black members of oth-rican American population may be diluted, and inter-er nationalities (e.g. African immigrants) continuespreted as smaller than it actually is. Additionally, itto be a difficult one for those analyzing census data,can be more difficult for people to navigate the censusespecially in the context of race and ethnicity.Concluding ThoughtsIt is apparent that there is valuable information provided and to be learned through analyzing thedemography of African Americans in Texas. There also are many noteworthy issues related to theAfrican American population in Texas, several of which are worthy of further investigation. Some questionscoming from this brief include Why African Americans are entering college, but not always graduating from college? What is the economic and social impact of approximately two-thirds of AfricanAmericans living as single householders? What is the impact of the increasing African American population in Texas, accompanied by its reduction in percent of the population?Further research would provide insight into other aspects of populations of color of Texas and otherstates. The next brief in “The Lives of Blacks in Texas” series will include Income, Wealth, and Poverty [ofAfrican Americans in Texas].THE INSTITUTE FOR URBAN POLICY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS11

REFERENCESNguyen, P. (2004). Some Notes on Biased Statistics and African Americans. Journal of Black Studies,34(4), 514–531. doi:10.1177/0021934703258992Persons, G. A., Smith, R. C., & Miller, C. M. (2001). The Politics of the Black “nation”: A Twenty-five YearRetrospective. Transaction Publishers.Reid, J. D. (1974). Black Urbanization of the South. Phylon (1960-), 35(3), 259–267. doi:10.2307/274551Williams, D. R., & Jackson, J. S. (2000). Race/ethnicity and the 2000 census: recommendations for AfricanAmerican and other black populations in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 90(11), 1728–1730.THE INSTITUTE FOR URBAN POLICY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS12

OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN TEXAS Figure 4: Black or African American population, 1950 in Texas Population, 1950 0 to 100 10001 to 25000 101 to 500 25001 to 50000 501 to 1000 50001 to 75000 1001 to 5000 75001 to 100000 5001 to 10000 100001 to 149286. THE INSTITUTE FOR URBAN POLICY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

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