RF Communication System

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RF CommunicationSystemEE 172Systems Group Presentation

RF System Outline Transmitter Components Receiver Components Noise Figure Link Budget Test Equipment System Success Design Remedy

Transmitter Components Audio Transducer Oscillator Modulator Band Pass Filter Power Amplifier Low Pass Filter Antenna

Receiver Components Antenna Evanescent Mode Filter Low Noise Amplifier Oscillator Demodulator Band Pass Filter Speaker

System Block emodulatorLNA

Noise Figure The Noise Figure (NF) is the increase ofnoise power from the input to the outputof a network “White noise”, or noise power, isconstant in RF and microwavefrequencies Noise is mainly important on the receiverend due to the low signal strength

Noise Figure (LNA example)SignalIN -80 dBmNoiseIN -100 dBm(Signal/Noise)IN 20 dBSignalOUT -50 dBm30 dBGAINNoiseOUT -65 dBm(Signal/Noise)OUT 15 dBNOISE FIGURE 5 dB Noise Figure is the ratio of the signal tonoise power going into a devicecompared to the signal to noise ratiocoming out Noise Figure of a passive device, suchas a filter, is equal to its attenuation

Link Budget - ExpectedPT Transmitter power (dBm)GT Transmitter antenna gain (dB)GR Receiver antenna gain (dB)PL Path Loss (dB)TP PT GT GR PL30 dBm3 dB10 dB-154 dB-111 dBm*Path loss is an estimated value. Propagationengineers would be responsible for this value.

Link Budget - CalculationsTransmitterParameters tor(audioterminated)Band PassFilterAmplifier(Systems)Low Pass FilterS11 (dB)-6.01-4.76-5.50-7.40-5.08S12 (dB)-39.50-17.24-60.00-20.20-7.06S21 (dB)-40.30-17.22-60.00-20.20-7.06S22 6Return Loss (dB)-6.01-4.76-5.50-7.40-5.08Insertion Loss 493.52P reflected25%33%28%18%31%P transmitted75%67%72%82%69%

Link Budget - CalculationsReceiverParameters &CalculationsAmplifierEvanescentMode FilterDemodulatorBand Pass FilterS11 (dB)-11.10-4.70-7.00-15.00S12 (dB)-47.00-27.00-23.50-11.60S21 (dB)-47.00-27.00-23.50-11.60S22 (dB)-4.70-3.80-5.70-8.80ρ0.280.580.450.18Return Loss (dB)-11.10-4.70-7.00-15.00Insertion Loss (dB)-47.00-27.00-23.50-11.60SWR1.773.792.611.43P reflected8%34%20%3%P transmitted92%66%80%97%

Link Budget - ActualTransmitter power:Transmitter antenna gain:Free space path loss:Obstacle loss:Multipath loss:Receiver antenna gain:Received carrier power:16 dBm6 dB-71 dB-20 dB-20 dB10 dB-79 dBThermal noise in 1 MHz30 kHz bandwidth correctionReceiver noise figure:Noise floor:Carrier to noise ratio:-114 dBm-15 dB-6 dB-123 dB32 dB

Test Equipment Network Analyzer to retrieve S-parameters for reflectioncalculations Spectrum Analyzer to determine gain, bandwidth, andfrequency measurements fromcomponents Power Supply power up subsystems as needed

System Success The RF Communications System did not work / Major factors for measuring our successincludes: power loss across all subsystemsgain was nominal versus lossmissing components vital for successtest yields were astray from specs

System Success Overall subsystems are lossy as opposed toideal conditionsAmplifier gain was 6 dB versus 15 dB as specshad stated and were missing 2 out of 3 of them.The Low Pass Filter had a tested cutofffrequency of 850 MHz versus 940 MHz asspecs had stated.Demodulator tests showed that the carrierfrequency was not removed.Systems attempted some remedial tactics.

Design Remedy New amplifier was designed that yieldedbetter gain. (with help of Elena fromOscillator group) Attempted to design a new low pass filterto remedy cutoff frequency Furthermore, the systems grouprecommends that all the subsystems bematched for the least reflections andloss.

Systems Analysis Team Sahel Jalal Rizwan Khalid Kartik Patel Gurvinder Dilawari Ankush MohanQuestions and Answers

OscillatorTransmitterSpecificationsFrequency: 915 MHzAmplitude: 0 dBmPhase Noise:Amplitude: 1.8 dBmPhase Noise:Actual MeasurementsFrequency: 915.2 MHz

ModulatorTransmitterSpecificationsConversion Loss: 10 dBSpurious: NoneActual MeasurementsConversion Loss: 17 dBSpurious: 872 MHz, 924 MHz

Band Pass FilterTransmitterSpecificationsCenter Frequency: 915 MHzBandwidth: 915 MHz /- 15%Insertion Loss: 10 dBActual MeasurementsCenter Frequency: 1.2 GHzInsertion Loss: 46 dB @ 915 MHzBandwidth: 200 Mhz

Power AmplifierTransmitterSpecificationsFrequency: 915 MHzGain: 15 dBSaturation: 28 VGain: 6 dBSaturation: 22 VActual MeasurementsFrequency: 915 MHz

Low Pass FilterTransmitterSpecificationsCutoff Frequency: 940 MHzInsertion Loss: 10 dBActual MeasurementsCutoff Frequency: 850 MHzInsertion Loss: 4.7 dB

AntennaTransmitterSpecificationsGain: 3 dBFrequency Range: 910 MHz to 920 MHzActual MeasurementsGain: 6 dBFrequency Range: 910 MHz to 920 MHz

AntennaReceiverSpecificationsGain: 10 dBFrequency Range: 910 MHz to 920 MHzActual MeasurementsGain: 9-12 dBFrequency Range: 910 MHz to 920 MHz

Evanescent Mode FilterReceiverSpecificationsCenter Frequency: 915 MHzBandwidth: 140 MHzInsertion Loss: 10 dBActual MeasurementsCenter Frequency: 915 MHzInsertion Loss: 14 dBBandwidth: 140 MHz

Low Noise AmplifierReceiverSpecificationsGain: 15 dBFrequency: 915 MHzActual MeasurementsMissing originally, systems designedGain: 20 dBFrequency: 915 MHz

DemodulatorReceiverSpecificationsConversion Loss: 10 dBSpurious: NoneActual MeasurementsConversion Loss: 17 dBSpurious: 875 MHz, 928 MHz

Band Pass FilterReceiverSpecificationsConversion Loss: 10 dBSpurious: NoneBandwidth: 915 MHz /-15%Actual MeasurementsConversion Loss: 8.1 dBSpurious: NoneBandwidth: 873 MHz to 960 MHz

Noise Figure The Noise Figure (NF) is the increase of noise power from the input to the output of a network “White noise”, or noise power, is constant in RF and microwave frequencies Noise is mainly important on the receiver end due to the low signal strength

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