ABB Review
ABBreviewIEC 61850: The new approach 7Products for the standard 16Verification and validation 23Case studies of IEC 61850 38Special ReportIEC 61850The corporatetechnical journal
Communication is more than exchanging data; it means globallyunderstandable information based onsyntax and semantic. This is behindIEC 61850, the topic of this issue ofABB Review Special Report.Electric energy is the backbone ofour global society. Its reliable supply from conventional and renewable sources via complex networksrequires seamless control that is onlypossible with the help of a standardproviding a high-level and comprehensive description of the informationexchanged. ABB serves the powersystem with substations as well asutility automation solutions. Learnmore about IEC 61850 and ABB’scommitment from the onset both todeveloping the standard and implementing it in products and systemsolutions.2ABB review special report
ContentsBackground7The concept of IEC 61850A new approach for communication in substationautomation and beyondInnovation anddevelopment13Common denominatorCommon components have helped ABB adopt theIEC 61850 substation communication standard inrecord timePushing the limitsABB product development based on the IEC 61850standardVerified and validatedABB has its own system verification and validationcenterA testing environmentABB’s comprehensive suite of software testing andcommissioning tools for substation automation systems162329Smartersubstations33Next generation substationsImpact of the process busProjectexperience38IEC 61850 at workFive case studiesWhen two become oneIEC 61850 in combination with ABB’s award-winningExtended Automation System 800xA is opening doors tonew and cost-effective solutionsThe way forward47425357Enabling thesmart grid62IEC 61850 Edition 2From substation automation to power utility automationReliable networkingImpact of modern communication technology on systemreliabilitySeamless redundancyBumpless Ethernet redundancy for substations withIEC 61850IEC 61850 – a success around the worldSubstation automation systems pave the way to asmarter gridContents3
EditorialIEC 61850 – A unifying globalcommunication standardDear Reader,Substations are key components of the powergrid, facilitating the efficient transmission anddistribution of electricity. They play a vital rolein terms of monitoring and controlling powerflows and provide the interconnection between generating facilities, transmission anddistribution networks and end consumers.Substation automation systems make theircontrol and monitoring possible in real timeand help maximize availability, efficiency,reliability, safety and data integration.Peter LeuppHead of Power Systems divisionMember ABB GroupExecutive CommitteeClaes RytoftHead of TechnologyPower Systems divisionFor decades, the power sector was geographically split between two major standards– IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and ANSI (American National StandardsInstitute). This often proved a deterrent tothe development of a global technologyoffering.IEC 61850 broke this deadlock. Since itspublication in 2004, it has been embraced byboth the IEC and ANSI communities. The newstandard was designed to: Provide a single protocol for a completesubstation Implement a common format to describethe substation and facilitate object modeling of data required in the substation Define the basic services required totransfer data using different communicationprotocols Allow for interoperability between productsfrom different vendorsThe standardization work commenced in themid 1990s and continued for almost adecade, involving more than 60 experts fromutility and technology providers across theglobe. ABB was very much a part of thisprocess and some of the contributors arerepresented in this report.IEC 61850 provides a standardized framework for substation integration that specifiesthe communications requirements, thefunctional characteristics, the structure ofdata in devices, the naming conventions forthe data, how applications interact and4ABB review special reportcontrol the devices, and how conformity tothe standard should be tested.Following its introduction, the implementationof IEC 61850 has advanced at a remarkablepace. Perhaps never before has an industrialstandard been accepted with such speed.Within two years of its release, a majority ofthe market was demanding IEC 61850 as thepreferred communication protocol.It is increasingly being used for the integrationof electrical equipment into distributed controlsystems in process industries. The fact thatnew application areas, such as hydro andwind power are being added is yet anotherindication of its success.The bottom line is about how technology canlower costs, improve reliability and enhanceefficiency. IEC 61850 has a proven trackrecord of deliverable benefits to both smalland large utilities. Communication infrastructure costs money to install, configure andmaintain. But the savings that IEC 61850delivers by way of substation design, installation, commissioning, and operation combinedwith new capabilities that are not practical orcost effective using legacy approaches,makes it a worthwhile investment.This special edition of ABB Review looks atthis truly global and unifying standard fromdifferent angles and relates many of ourexperiences based on the vast installed basewe have built during the years. We shall alsoattempt to take a peek into some possiblefuture developments in this area.We hope you enjoy reading this dedicatedspecial issue.Peter LeuppClaes Rytoft
Editorial5
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The conceptof IEC 61850A new approach for communication insubstation automation and beyondKLAUS-PETER BRAND, WOLFGANGWIMMER – The ability to cope withthe natural migration of technologycombined with the need for interoperability are just some of the reasons theIEC 61850, an international standardthat defines communication in andbetween electrical substation automation systems was developed. Usingit’s object-oriented hierarchical datamodel approach with high-levelstandardized semantics, IEC 61850enables the abstract definition of dataitems and services to not only specifywhat data or information needs tobe exchanged but also the mechanicsof how it is to be exchanged usingmainstream communication andnetworking (mainly Ethernet) technologies. In addition, the cost benefits ofimplementing IEC 61850 can alreadybe seen in the system design phaseand experienced right through to thecommissioning and operating phases.All of these factors help to explain theeagerness and speed with which thefirst edition of the standard has beenaccepted around the globe.ubstation automation (SA) iscommonly used to control,protect and monitor a substation [1]. However, over theyears advances in electronics, information and communications technologyhave brought about sweeping changesin the way substations are operated. Theadvent of software-based substation automation systems (hereafter referred toas SA systems) connected by serial linksrather then rigid parallel copper wiringgradually becamethe norm ratherthan the exception.Though successfuland widely accepted, these systemswere based on either the manufacturers’ own proprietary communication solutions or thedefined use of communication standards from other application domains,such as DNP3 or IEC 60870-5-104.These solutions made interoperabilitybetween devices from different suppliers,and sometimes even between differentversions of devices from the same supplier, an engineering nightmare whichcould only be mitigated by expensiveprotocol conversion or re-engineering.SThe connection of the SA system withthe switchgear and instrument transformers was still left to analog standardssuch as 1 A and 3 A for current transformers, and 110 V and 220 V for voltagetransformers and contact circuits forswitchgear operations.It took over 20 years before global forces, such as international suppliers andtransnational utilities raised their voicesto request a solution, in the form of aUsing it’s object-oriented hierarchical data model approachwith high-level standardizedsemantics, IEC 61850 enablesthe abstract definition of dataitems and services.substation communication standard, toovercome the interoperability problem 1. While interoperability was a major concern, it wasn’t the only one. Onlytoo aware of the dizzying pace at whichtechnologies change, the authors of thisnew standard, known as IEC 61850, alsoset about finding a way to create a “future-proof” standard that would be immuneThe concept of IEC 618507
to any future technological developments.As the IEC 61850 standard evolved, other features, such as the definition of twotime-critical services – the fast transmission of trip-type signals and sampledanalog current and voltage values – wereadded. These time-critical services enable the extension of the serial links to beused between any intelligent electronicdevice (IED) and the electronic interfacesnear the switchyard equipment. Demanding market requirements, such as theshortening of transfer times down to3 ms and time synchronization in theorder of 1 µs had also to be considered.1 Substation automation (SA) architecture from hardwires over proprietary protocolsto IEC 618501965Hardwired SA19852005Legacy SAIEC 61850 based SAThe emergence of a new standardWhen the authors of the IEC 61850 standard first sat together, they identified alist of market requirements that would influence the form the new standard wouldtake. The most important ones were interoperability, free architecture and longterm stability.InteroperabilityTo begin with, the standard must be ableto support all functions in its applicationdomain substation. Therefore, in additionto protection, automation, control andmonitoring functions, many service functions, such as time synchronization, selfsupervision and version handling havealso to be supported. These functionsare executed by software implemented inthe IEDs. Interoperability in the SA system means that IEDs from different suppliers or different versions from the samesupplier must be able to exchange anduse information in real time without anyprotocol converters and without the needfor human interpretation.It is important to distinguish interoperability from interchangeability. If IEDs werealso to be interchangeable, the functions8ABB review special reportLocationMMI, Control boardHMIGatewayEvent recordingProtectionCoppercablesSCADA-distribution, meteringHMIGatewaySerial communication(Fiber optics)Serial communication(Fiber optics)Station bus andProcess bus*according to IEC 61850ProprietaryStation busto other baysto other baysOperatingroomRelayroomin GISRelayhousein AISCopper cablesGISPerhaps the cornerstone of the standardis the innovative extensible markup language or XML-based substation configuration description language (SCL). SCLformally describes the configuration ofIEDs in terms of functionality (eg, circuitbreaker control, measurements and status values) communication addressesand services (eg, reporting). It also describes the switchyard layout and its relation to the functions implemented inthe IEDs.YearBay cubicleCopper cablesGISBay cubicleCopper cablesGISBay cubicleSensors &actuatorsSwithyardGISorAIS* The process bus is not a must in IEC 61850 but only an optionand devices would need to be standardized, thus blocking any technical evolution and functional competition. Nevertheless it must be possible to exchangefaulty IEDs within the lifetime of theSA system. Using IEDs that are compliant with the same standard in termsof interoperability will facilitate easyexchangeability.Free architectureFor a standard to be termed “global,” itmust support the operation philosophyof utilities around the world. It has tosupport an arbitrary allocation of functions to devices and should therefore becapable of supporting centralized anddecentralized system architectures.various technologies employed in a typical substation. For example, fast-changing mainstream communication technology will always need to serve theslower-changing requirements of protection and substation automation.To facilitate the use of the standard forusers, the identification of all transmitteddata should not be based on a limitednumber scheme derived from contactterminal rows, but rather on the objectoriented grouping of data and a namingstructure that uses standardized acronyms understandable to any substationengineer. In addition, configuration andengineering tools should be used to create systems with minimum effort andwith a minimum risk of failure.Long-term stabilityGiven that the lifetime of a substation(primary equipment) is between 40 and60 years, it is anticipated that components of the SA system have to be exchanged, on average, around two tothree times during this period; somecomponents may need replacements ona more regular basis. Naturally over timethe substation will have to cope with theintegration of new components from thesame or new suppliers, or it may need tobe extended. The point is that irrespective of the changes, interoperability mustbe maintained indefinitely, or to be morespecific, the standard has to be futureproof. This requirement not only appliesto substation devices, but also to theThe basic approach of IEC 61850To reach long-term interoperability, ie, tocope with the different time scales offunction evolution in the domain substation and with changing communicationtechnology, the approach taken in theIEC 61850 standard separates the domain related model for both data andcommunication services from the protocols, ie, the ISO/OSI seven-layer stackused to code and decode informationinto bit strings for communication over aserial link. This approach not only accommodates state-of-the-art communication technology, but it also safeguardsinvestments in applications and engineering (based on the object and com-
2 The split between data model and communication stackSlowchangesCommunicationtechnology:How are the datacommunicated?CommunicationDatamodelDomain substation:What data have to becommunicated?DefinitionData and services accordingto the domain substationMappingData model to thecommunication stackSPLIT!Communication networks and systemsin substationsPartPartPartPartPart1:2:3:4:5:Part 6:ISO/OSIstackFastchanges3 The parts of the standard IEC 61850Edition 1SelectionISO/OSI stack from themainstreamPart 7-1:Part 7-2:Part 7-3:Part 7-4:munication service model). Therefore,the standard is future-proof. The mapping of the data model to the communication stack is also standardized inIEC 61850 to ensure interoperable communication 2.The object-oriented data modelThe basic data model structure definedin the IEC 61850 standard is applicationindependent. However, depending onthe scope of the standard, the objectmodel classes, as issued in edition 1 ofthe standard 3 [2], are related to thedomain substation. Object models forwind power [3], hydro power [4] and distributed energy resources [5] were addedat a later date. All application functions,including the data interfaces to the primary equipment, are broken down intothe smallest feasible pieces, which maycommunicate with each other and, moreimportantly, may be implemented separately in dedicated IEDs. In IEC 61850,these basic objects are called logicalnodes (LNs). The class name of the LNrefers to the function the data objectsbelong to. The data objects contained ina LN may be mandatory, optional or conditional. The data objects themselvescontain attributes 1, which may be seenas values or detailed properties of thedata objects. This hierarchical data model is illustrated in 4.Since the class names of LNs and the fullnames of data objects and attributes arestandardized, they formally provide thesemantics of all exchanged values withinthe scope of IEC 61850. LNs may begrouped into logical devices (LDs) withnon-standardized names, and these LDsare implemented in servers residing inIEDs. The common properties of thephysical device itself are dealt with by anLN class named LPHD.Part 8-1:Part 9-1:Only if a LN class for some function ismissing it may be substituted by genericLN classes that have restricted semanticmeaning. More demanding, however, isthe extension of LNs and data accordingto the strict and restrictive extensionrules of the standard, including namespaces as unambiguous references tosemantic meaning. These rules preserveinteroperability, even in cases where extensions are required.For the functional identification of eachdata in the context of the switchyard, ahierarchical plant designation systemshall be used for the designation of substation objects and functions preferablyaccording to IEC 61346 [6].The services of the data modelInteroperability requires the standardization of not only the data objects but alsothe access to them. Therefore, standardized abstract services also belong toIEC 61850. The most common onesinclude:– Read: reading data such as the valueof an attribute– Write: for example writing the value ofa configuration attribute– Control: controlling switching devicesand other controllable objects usingstandardized methods such as “selectbefore operate” or “direct operate”– Reporting: for example, event drivenreporting after value changes– Logging: the local storage of timestamped events or other historical data– Get directory: in other words, to readout the data model (important part ofself-description)Part 9-2:Part 10:Introduction and overviewGlossaryGeneral requirementsSystem and project managementCommunication requirements forfunctions and device modelsConfiguration description languagefor communication in electricalsubstations related IEDsPrinciples and modelsAbstract communicationservice interfaceCommon data classesCompatible logical node (LN)classes and data classesMapping to MMS and toISO/IEC 8802-3Sampled values over serialunidirectional multidroppoint-to-point linkSampled values over ISO 8802-3Conformance testingAll applicationfunctions, includingthe data interfacesto the primaryequipment, arebroken down intothe smallest feasible pieces, whichmay communicatewith each otherand be implemented separately indedicated IEDs.The concept of IEC 618509
4 Hierarchical data modelPhysical device (IED)defined as Server5 An illustration of the control serviceHMINames notstandardizedBreaker IED (BIED)CircuitbreakerXCBRCSWISelectBreaker controllerGroupingLogical node (LN)NamesstandardizedXCBR (circuit breaker)DataData (Object)Pos (position)AttributeValueStVal (status value)Intermediate-state/off/on/bad-stateq (quality)good/invalid/reserved/questionablet (time stamp)time of changeGOOSE is theacronym for genericobject orientedsystem event andis a service usedfor the speedytransmission oftime critical information like statuschanges, blockings, releases ortrips between IEDs.10ABB review special pertiesAttributeControl circuitforcommandsSelectedNew positionSelected stateLogical device (LD)Command sequenceImplementationIndicationcircuitfor breakerpositionCmdterminationEnhanced security– File transfer: for configuration,disturbance recording or historicaldata– GOOSE: GOOSE is the acronym forgeneric object oriented system eventand is a service used for the speedytransmission of time critical information like status changes, blockings,releases or trips between IEDs– Sampled value (SV): the SV servicequickly transmits a synchronizedstream of current and voltage samples for voltages and currentsThe control service implementing the“select before operate with enhancedsecurity” mode is illustrated in 5 inthe context of a switch operation: TheSELECT command is issued at theoperator’s HMI and communicated to thebay control unit represented by the LNCSWI. Depending on the system architecture the SELECT command is confirmed either by the bay controller or thecircuit-breaker IED, which is representedby the LN XCBR. When the operator receives a positive acknowle
2 ABB review special report Communication is more than ex-changing data; it means globally understandable information based on syntax and semantic. This is behind IEC 61850, the topic of this issue of ABB Review Special Report. Electric energy is the backbone of our global society. Its reliable sup-ply from conventional and renew-
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