Pea Disease Diagnostic Series - North Dakota State University

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PP1790Photo: S. Markell, NDSUPeaDiseaseDiagnosticSeriesSamuel Markell, Extension Plant PathologistNorth Dakota State UniversityJulie Pasche, Dry Bean and Pulse CropPathologist, North Dakota State UniversityLyndon Porter, Research Plant Pathologist– Legumes, U.S. Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service, Prosser, Wash.

IndexRots and WiltsFusarium root rot.PP1790-1Aphanomyces root rot.PP1790-2Pythium seed and seedling rot .PP1790-3Rhizoctonia seed, seedling and root rot.PP1790-4Fusarium wilt.PP1790-5Spots and LesionsAscochyta blight .PP1790-6Bacterial blight and brown spot.PP1790-7Powdery mildew.PP1790-8Rust.PP1790-9Septoria blight . PP1790-10White mold . PP1790-11VirusesAlfalfa mosaic virus. PP1790-12Bean leaf roll virus. PP1790-13Pea enation mosaic virus. PP1790-14Pea seedborne mosaic virus. PP1790-15Pea streak virus. PP1790-16The NDSU Extension Service does not endorse commercial products or companies eventhough reference may be made to tradenames, trademarks or service names.NDSU encourages you to use and share this content, but please do so under the conditionsof our Creative Commons license. You may copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this workas long as you give full attribution, don’t use the work for commercial purposes and shareyour resulting work similarly. For more information, visit www.ag.ndsu.edu/agcomm/creativecommons.For more information on this and other topics, seewww.ag.ndsu.eduCounty commissions, North Dakota State University and U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating.North Dakota State University does not discriminate on the basis of age, color, disability, genderexpression/identity, genetic information, marital status, national origin, public assistance status, race,religion, sex, sexual orientation, or status as a U.S. veteran. Direct inquiries to: Vice Provost for Facultyand Equity, Old Main 201, 701-231-7708 or Title IX/ADA Coordinator, Old Main 102, 701-231-6409. Thispublication will be made available in alternative formats for people with disabilities upon request, (701)231-7881.800-5-16

PP1790-1Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesFusarium root rotFusarium avenaceum,F. solani f. sp. pisi and other speciesPhoto: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAFigure 1Photo: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAFigure 2Photo: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAFigure 3

PP1790-1Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesFusarium root rotFusarium avenaceumF. solani f. sp. pisi and other speciesAUTHORS: Julie S. Pasche, Lyndon Porter andKimberly Zitnick-AndersonSYMPTOMS Red to brown-black below-ground lesions Lateral root reduction and completedestruction in severe infections Below-ground red discolored vascular tissue ispossible Above-ground stunting, yellowing and necrosisFIGURE 1 – Discrete lesions expanding from thepoint of seed attachment and coalescing into largerlesionsFIGURE 2 – Advanced lesions affecting large areasof roots and hypocotylsFIGURE 3 – Infected plants yellowing from the baseupwardFACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT Temperatures from 73 to 83 F and wet soils Soil compaction and plant stress Contaminated seed or plant debrisIMPORTANT FACTS Alternative hosts include dry beans, soybean,chickpea and lentil Often seen in a complex with other root rots Above-ground symptoms often not seen untilflowering Can be confused with other root rots and abioticstress (water damage, etc.)Card 1 of 16

PP1790-2Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesAphanomyces root rotAphanomyces euteichesPhoto: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAFigure 1Figure 2Photo: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAPhoto: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAFigure 3

PP1790-2Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesAphanomyces root rotAphanomyces euteichesAUTHOR: Lyndon PorterSYMPTOMS Caramel-brown root and below-ground stem Outer root and below-ground stem tissue willslough off, exposing the vascular tissue Lower leaves turn yellow; the plant may bestunted, wilt and/or die prematurelyFIGURE 1 – Caramel-brown infected roots (R) andhealthy roots (L)FIGURE 2 – Infected roots and yellowing lowerleavesFIGURE 3 – Outer root tissue sloughing off andexposing inner vascular tissueFACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT Cool and wet spring conditions Low-lying areas Short rotations with peas or lentilsIMPORTANT FACTS Thick-walled spores can survive in soil for 20years or more Lentils are a host, but chickpeas and faba beansare not Crop rotations of six or more years with nonhostcan help reduce disease Can be confused with other root rots and abioticstress (water damage, etc.)Card 2 of 16

PP1790-3Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesPythium seed andseedling rotPythium ultimum and other Pythium speciesPhoto: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAFigure 1Photo: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAFigure 2Figure 3Photo: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WA

PP1790-3Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesPythium seed andseedling rotPythium ultimum and other Pythium speciesAUTHOR: Lyndon PorterSYMPTOMS Rotted seeds often are coated with soil that isdifficult to remove, even with washing Rotted tissue appears light brown Stunted plants, poor vigor and pinching-off ofsecondary rootsFIGURE 1 – Light brown internal seed rotFIGURE 2 – Rotted seed coated with soilFIGURE 3 – Emerged plants with reduced vigorFACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT Conditions that delay emergence, includingplanting into cool soils, poor seed vigor andcompacted soilsIMPORTANT FACTS Common seed rot pathogen across the U.S. Manage by maximizing speed of emergence byplanting as shallow as possible in warm soils withhigh-quality seed Fungicide seed treatments effective on Pythiumshould be used Can be confused with water damage and otherroot rotsCard 3 of 16

PP1790-4Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesRhizoctonia seed,seedling and root rotRhizoctonia solani AG 2-1, 4, 5 and 8Photo: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAFigure 1Photo: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAFigure 2Photo: K. Chang, Alberta Agriculture and ForestryFigure 3

PP1790-4Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesRhizoctonia seed,seedling and root rotRhizoctonia solani AG 2-1, 4, 5 and 8AUTHORS: Timothy Paulitz,Dipak Sharma-Poudyal, Lyndon Porter,Weidong Chen and Lindsey du ToitSYMPTOMS Seeds may rot in soil, resulting in pooremergence Seedlings have reddish-brown, sunken lesionson roots and base of stem Pinching-off of tips of the main tap root andsecondary roots Plants become stunted and yellowFIGURE 1 – Sunken brown lesions on below-groundstem tissueFIGURE 2 – Browning of the roots and pinching-offof root tipsFIGURE 3 – Peas infected with RhizoctoniaFACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT Wet, cool soils Seed with poor germinationIMPORTANT FACTS Pathogen can survive in soil and plant debris Rotation is largely ineffective and resistantcultivars are not available Fungicide seed treatments are recommended Can be confused with other root rots, waterdamageCard 4 of 16

Photo: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAPhoto: S. Guy, Washington St. U.Figure 1Figure 3Photo: S. Markell, NDSUPhoto: S. Markell, NDSUPP1790-5Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesFusarium wiltFusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisiFigure 2Figure 4

PP1790-5Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesFusarium wiltFusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisiAUTHOR: Stephen GuySYMPTOMS Leaves curl and yellow progressively fromthe base of the plant upward, sometimes moresevere on one side of the plant Root vascular tissue is shades of yellow,orange or red, extending into the base of stem Field distribution is scattered plants orconcentrated patches Plants may wiltFIGURE 1 – Yellowing and curling of leavesFIGURE 2 – Curling and yellowing of lower leaveson one side of the plant onlyFIGURE 3 – Orange-red vascular discolorationextending into the stemFIGURE 4 – Severe vascular discolorationFACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT Previous history of disease in the field Frequent cropping of susceptible varieties Late plantingIMPORTANT FACTS Can survive in soil for 10 years or more The fungus penetrates root tips and blocksvascular tissue Pathogen has more than one race and resistantvarieties may not be effective against all races Can be confused with Aphanomyces andFusarium root rots and abiotic stressCard 5 of 16

PP1790-6Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesAscochyta blightAscochyta pisi, A. pinodes,Phoma medicaginis var. pinodellaPhoto: M. Wunsch, NDSUFigure 1Figure 2Photo: M. Wunsch, NDSUFigure 4Photo: M. Wunsch, NDSUPhoto: M. Wunsch, NDSUFigure 3

PP1790-6Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesAscochyta blightAscochyta pisi, A. pinodes,Phoma medicaginis var. pinodellaAUTHOR: Michael WunschSYMPTOMS Leaf lesions are dark, irregular flecks and/orcircular to oval lesions, with a concentric ringpattern Purplish stem lesions develop at nodes,elongate and may girdle stem Pod lesions are small, irregular to circular andbrown to purplish black Seed may be discoloredFIGURE 1 – Oval lesions with concentric ringsFIGURE 2 – Irregular flecks on leaf, extending topetioles and stemsFIGURE 3 – Small, irregular pod lesionsFIGURE 4 – Stem lesionsFACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT Cool, wet weather Short rotational intervals between pea cropsIMPORTANT FACTS Primarily residue-borne but can be seedborne Crop rotation reduces but does not eliminatepathogen inoculum The host range of the causal pathogens is limitedto field peas Can be confused with bacterial blight or SeptoriablightCard 6 of 16

PP1790-7Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesBacterial blightand brown spotPseudomonas syringae pv. pisiand P. syringae pv. syringaeFigure 1Photo: R. Harveson, Univ. of NebraskaFigure 2Photo: R. Harveson, Univ. of NebraskaPhoto: R. Harveson, Univ. of NebraskaFigure 3

PP1790-7Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesBacterial blightand brown spotPseudomonas syringae pv. pisiand P. syringae pv. syringaeAUTHOR: Robert M. HarvesonSYMPTOMS Symptoms occur on all above-ground plantparts Lesions initially are water-soaked and laterturn necrotic Lesions are vein-delimited, angular in shapeand translucent Bacterial ooze may be seen under conditionsof high humidityFIGURE 1 – Angular leaf lesions delimited by veinsFIGURE 2 – Watery stem lesions forming in linearpatterns as disease progressesFIGURE 3 – Bacterial ooze emerging from podlesionsFACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT Warm temperatures High humidity or leaf moistureIMPORTANT FACTS Pathogens are seedborne Spread can occur with any type of mechanicalcontact on wet leaves or by splashing water Planting clean seed and use of disease resistantcultivars are the most effective management tools Can be confused with fungal leaf spotsCard 7 of 16

PP1790-8Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesPowdery mildewErysiphe pisi and E. trifoliiFigure 1Photo: M. Wunsch, NDSUPhoto: S. Markell, NDSUFigure 2Figure 3Photo: S. Markell, NDSUFigure 4Photo: R. Attanayake, Washington St. U.

PP1790-8Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesPowdery mildewErysiphe pisi and E. trifoliiAUTHORS: Renuka N. Attanayake, Weidong Chenand Michael WunschSYMPTOMS White powdery tufts of fungal growth New fungal growth can be rubbed off easily Fungal growth will expand and may cause planttissue to become chlorotic Late in the season, black fungal structuresmay appear Infection on pods can cause a gray-browndiscoloration of the seedsFIGURE 1 – Small tufts of fungal growthFIGURE 2 – Progression of fungal growthFIGURE 3 – Fungal growth rubbed off right sideof leafFIGURE 4 – Sever infection late in the season; noteblack fungal structuresFACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT Temperatures of 59 to 77 F are optimal Heavy dew or fog Late plantingIMPORTANT FACTS Pathogen can be soil-borne, seed-borne andwind-dispersed Management tools include resistant cultivars, croprotation and foliar fungicides Most prevalent late in the seasonCard 8 of 16

PP1790-9Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesRustUromyces viciae-fabaePhoto: S. Markell, NDSUFigure 1Photo: S. Markell, NDSUFigure 2Photo: S. Markell, NDSUFigure 3

PP1790-9Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesRustUromyces viciae-fabaeAUTHORS: Sam Markell and Julie PascheSYMPTOMS Affects all above-ground plant parts Pustules erupt from tissue, causing holes andlarge lacerations Pustules are filled with dusty cinnamon-brownspore that easily rub off Severe infection causes yellowing, prematuresenesce and yield lossFIGURE 1 – Pustules filled with dusty brown sporeson leafFIGURE 2 – Pustules lacerating branchFIGURE 3 – Severe infection causing prematuresenesce and plant deathFACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT Heavy dew or fogIMPORTANT FACTS Disease observed annually in northern GreatPlains but rarely widespread Epidemics can progress quickly once disease isestablished Foliar fungicides can help manage disease Also can infect lentils and garden peasCard 9 of 16

PP1790-10Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesSeptoria blightSeptoria pisiPhoto: S. Markell, NDSUFigure 1Photo: S. Markell, NDSUFigure 2Photo: S. Markell, NDSUFigure 3

PP1790-10Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesSeptoria blightSeptoria pisiAUTHORS: Mary Burrows and Sam MarkellSYMPTOMS Symptoms occur on all plant parts Necrotic lesions with small black fungalstructures (pycnidia) Often occur late in the seasonFIGURE 1 – Young leaf lesion with black fungalstructures (pycnidia)FIGURE 2 – Oblong lesions with pycnidiaFIGURE 3 – Necrotic lesion with pycnidia onbranchFACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT Warm temperatures (70 to 80 F) High humidity or heavy dewsIMPORTANT FACTS The pathogen survives on crop stubble or infectedseed; spores are wind-dispersed Planting clean seed, rotation and foliar fungicidesare the most effective management tools No variety resistance is known Can be confused with Ascochyta blight andbacterial blight. Note that Septoria pycnidia aredistributed randomly and Ascochyta pycnidia aredistributed in a circular, target pattern. Bacterialblight does not have pycnidia.Card 10 of 16

PP1790-11Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesWhite MoldSclerotinia sclerotiorumFigure 1Photo: K. McPhee, NDSUFigure 2Photo: W. Chen, USDA-ARS Pullman, WAFigure 3Figure 4Photo: K. McPhee, NDSUPhoto: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WA

PP1790-11Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesWhite MoldSclerotinia sclerotiorumAUTHORS: Weidong Chen, Lyndon Porter andKevin McPheeSYMPTOMS Lesions occur on stems, leaves and pods Lesions initially are water-soaked but appearbleached and necrotic as they age White, puffy fungal growth (white mold) mayappear on lesions Mouse-dropping-sized black sclerotia mayform on and in infected tissueFIGURE 1 – Water-soaked lesion on an infectedplantFIGURE 2 – Necrotic lesions and white mycelium(mold)FIGURE 3 – A black sclerotium in a pea stemFIGURE 4 – Apothecia (mushrooms) developedfrom sclerotiaFACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT Cool and moist conditions Lush vegetative growth Heavy canopyIMPORTANT FACTS Sclerotia can survive for many years in soil Pathogen infects most broadleaf crops Plant-to-plant spread can occur by physicalcontact Management tools include clean seed, fungicideapplications, rotation to cereal crops and irrigationmanagementCard 11 of 16

PP1790-12Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesAlfalfa mosaicAlfalfa mosaic virusPhoto: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAFigure 1

PP1790-12Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesAlfalfa mosaicAlfalfa mosaic virusAUTHORS: Lyndon PorterSYMPTOMS Yellow mottling of foliar tissue (not alwaysprominent) Purple or brown streaks in leaf veins Dead tissue on leaf or stemFIGURE 1 – Yellow mottling of foliar tissueFACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT Presence of pea and green peach aphids, whichtransmit the virus Proximity to alfalfa fieldsIMPORTANT FACTS Pea, green peach, foxglove, bean and potatoaphids transmit the virus No resistant cultivars are available Insecticides may reduce secondary spread ofvirus by killing vectors (aphids) Can be confused with pea streak virusCard 12 of 16

PP1790-13Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesBean leaf roll orpea leaf rollBean leaf roll virusFigure 1Photo: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAPhoto: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAFigure 2Photo: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAFigure 3

PP1790-13Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesBean leaf roll orpea leaf rollBean leaf roll virusAUTHORS: Lyndon PorterSYMPTOMS Plants are yellow and stunted New tissue is distorted and twisted while oldgrowth may be normal Leaflets curl downward and are brittleFIGURE 1 – Yellow, distorted and twisted leavesFIGURE 2 – Down-curled leavesFIGURE 3 – Yellow and distorted new growth; oldgrowth is normalFACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT Presence of pea aphids transmitting the virusIMPORTANT FACTS Virus is not seed-transmitted Often occurs with pea enation mosaic virus Later infections are less likely to have an impacton yield Cultivars with resistance may be available Can be confused with other viruses, root rots,herbicide damage or abiotic stressCard 13 of 16

PP1790-14Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesPea enation mosaicPea enation mosaic virusPhoto: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAFigure 1Photo: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAFigure 2Photo: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAFigure 3

PP1790-14Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesPea enation mosaicPea enation mosaic virusAUTHORS: Lyndon PorterSYMPTOMS Leaves may be brittle and have a mosaic ofgreen and yellow rough bumps (enations),translucent spots or clear veins Pods may be distorted and fill poorlyFIGURE 1 – Leaf with mosaic pattern of white/clearspots (windows)FIGURE 2 – Misshapen podsFIGURE 3 – Enations (bumps) on leafFACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT Presence of pea aphids transmitting the virusIMPORTANT FACTS Virus is not seed-transmitted Often occurs with bean leaf roll virus Early infections more severely impact yield thanlate infections Insecticides may reduce secondary spread ofvirus by killing vectors (aphids) Can be confused with other viruses, herbicidedamageCard 14 of 16

PP1790-15Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesPea seedborne mosaicPea seedborne mosaic virusPhoto: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAFigure 1Figure 2Photo: A. Beck, NDSUPhoto: M. Wunsch, NDSUFigure 3

PP1790-15Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesPea seedborne mosaicPea seedborne mosaic virusAUTHORS: Lyndon Porter, Kevin McPhee andJulie PascheSYMPTOMS Leaves may curl downward Plants are stunted with a rosette appearanceon new growth Pods may be deformed and fill poorly Seed may be water-soaked, scarred orcracked Maturity of infected plants is delayedFIGURE 1 – Deformed growthFIGURE 2 – Seed with water soaking and scarringsymptomsFIGURE 3 – Delayed maturity of infected plantsFACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT Presence of pea, green peach or potato aphids,which can transmit the virus Infected seedIMPORTANT FACTS Virus is readily seed-transmitted Virus infects many plants, including lentil,chickpea, alfalfa and vetch Manage by planting virus-free seed and resistantcultivars Insecticides may reduce secondary spread ofvirus by killing vectors (aphids) Can be confused with other viruses or herbicidedamageCard 15 of 16

PP1790-16Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesPea streakPea streak virusFigure 1Photo: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAPhoto: L. Porter, USDA-ARS Prosser, WAFigure 2

PP1790-16Pea Disease Diagnostic SeriesPea streakPea streak virusAUTHORS: Lyndon PorterSYMPTOMS Purple to brown streaks on leaves, stemsand pods Leaf-yellowing and dieback of growing tips Pods may appear blistered, deformed and fillpoorly Streaks on pods differ in size and shape andoften are sunkenFIGURE 1 – Malformed pea pods with blisteringFIGURE 2 – Purple sunken streaks on infectedplantsFACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT Presence of pea or green peach aphidtransmitting vi

Pea Disease Diagnostic Series PP1790 Photo: S. Markell, NDSU Samuel Markell, Extension Plant Pathologist North Dakota State University Julie Pasche, Dry Bean and Pulse Crop Pathologist, North Dakota State University Lyndon Porter, Research Plant Pathologist – Legumes, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Prosser, Wash.

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