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EXERCISE 5 TRANSPORT ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE43ContentsPreface vCARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMINTRODUCTIONEXERCISE 26 Blood Components and Blood Tests 421EXERCISE 1 Anatomical Language 1EXERCISE 2 Organ Systems and Body Cavities 13CELL AND TISSUESEXERCISE 27 Heart Structure and Function 441EXERCISE 28 Cardiac Cycle 461EXERCISE 29 Blood Vessel Structure and Function 473EXERCISE 30 Blood Vessel Identification 489EXERCISE 3 Compound Light Microscope 25EXERCISE 4 Cell Structure and Cell Cycle 33LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMSEXERCISE 5 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 43EXERCISE 31 Lymphatic System Structure and ImmuneSystem Function 517EXERCISE 6 Tissues 53INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEMEXERCISE 7 The Integumentary System Structure andFunction 85EXERCISE 32 Respiratory System Structure and Function 537SKELETAL SYSTEM AND JOINTSEXERCISE 8 Bone Structure and Function 97EXERCISE 9 Axial Skeleton 107EXERCISE 10 Appendicular Skeleton 139EXERCISE 33 Pulmonary Ventilation 555DIGESTIVE SYSTEMEXERCISE 34 Digestive System Structure and Function 571EXERCISE 35 Mechanical and Chemical Digestion 599EXERCISE 11 Joints and Synovial Joint Movements 161URINARY SYSTEMMUSCULAR SYSTEM: SKELETAL MUSCLESEXERCISE 36 Urinary System Structure and Function 607EXERCISE 12 Skeletal Muscle Structure 175EXERCISE 37 Urine Formation and Urinalysis 625EXERCISE 13 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle 187EXERCISE 14 Skeletal Muscles and Their Actions 199REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMSSURFACE ANATOMYEXERCISE 38 Male Reproductive System Structure andFunction 637EXERCISE 15 Surface Anatomy 241NERVOUS SYSTEMEXERCISE 39 Female Reproductive System Structureand Function 653EXERCISE 16 Nervous Tissue 263HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND HEREDITYEXERCISE 17 Spinal Cord Structure and Function 277EXERCISE 40 Human Development 671EXERCISE 18 Spinal Nerves 287EXERCISE 41 Heredity 685EXERCISE 19 Somatic Reflexes 299EXERCISE 20 Brain Structure and Function 309Answer Key to Activities 699EXERCISE 21 Cranial Nerves 333APPENDIX A: Word Roots 719EXERCISE 22 Autonomic Nervous System Structure andFunction 343APPENDIX B: Skeletal Muscle Origins and Insertions 721EXERCISE 23 General Senses 355EXERCISE 24 Special Senses 369Index 729APPENDIX C: Measurements 727ENDOCRINE SYSTEMEXERCISE 25 Endocrine Structure and Function 401vii

E X E R C I S E 1 A N AT O M I C A L L A N G U A G E1E X E R C I S E1AnatomicalLanguageO B J E C T I V E SM A T E R I A L S1 Describe the anatomical position 2 Use anatomical and directional terms correctly3 Identify the various body planes and sectionsAnatomical terms describe body positions,body regions, specific body areas, and landmarks. Most of these words are derived fromLatin or Greek and are often part of the names of muscles,bones, nerves, and blood vessels. Learning these terms atthis time will help you throughout the course.A. Body PositionThe anatomical position is the reference position anatomists and people in medical fields use to describe the location of body parts or regions. In the anatomical position,the body is erect (vertical) and facing forward; the arms arestraight and at the sides of the body with the palms facingforward; the legs are straight with the feet facing forwardand flat (Figure 1.1).In the supine position, the body is horizontal and lyingon the back. In the prone position, the body is horizontaland lying on the stomach.B. Body RegionsBody regions refer to specific areas of the body. It isimportant that you learn the correct boundaries for eachregion. The main body regions are the head, neck, trunk,upper limbs, and lower limbs. The head consists of thehuman models or anatomical chartsapples (1 per group) and plastic knives orscalpels plastic tubing (eight-inch piece per group) orplastic straw 5 sheep brains (for class demonstration)skull (cranial and facial bones), and face (anterior portion of the head comprised of the forehead, eyes, nose,mouth, cheeks, and chin). The neck connects the headto the trunk.The trunk consists of the chest (area between neck anddiaphragm) that contains the heart and lungs, the abdomen(area between chest and hip bones) that contains digestiveorgans, the pelvis (area below abdomen that contains internal reproductive organs and urinary bladder), and the back(posterior portion of trunk between neck and buttocks).The upper limb consists of the shoulder (curved areawhere arm attaches to upper border of trunk), arm (areabetween shoulder and elbow), forearm (area between elbowand wrist), and hand (wrist, palm, fingers).The lower limb consists of the buttocks (rounded areaon posterior surface where thigh attaches to trunk), groin(area on anterior surface where lower limb attaches topelvis), thigh (area of lower limb between the groin andknee), leg (area of lower limb between knee and ankle),and foot (includes ankle, sole, toes).Many anatomical terms have one or more word rootswith a prefix and/or a suffix added. For example, in theword antecubital, ante- is a prefix meaning before or infront of, the word root cubit- means elbow, -al is a suffixmeaning pertaining to. Table 1.1 contains anatomical termswith four different suffixes, all of which mean pertainingto. These suffixes are -al, -ic, -ar, and -ary. When suffixeslike these are added to word roots they form adjectives,whereas nouns have different endings such as -um, -us, -is,1

2E X E R C I S E 1 A N AT O M I C A L L A N G U A G Eand -a. For example, stern- is a word root meaning chest;sternum is the noun and sternal is the adjective. Anatomical terms and their definitions are found in Table 1.1. Wordroots and their definitions are found in Appendix A, as wellas nouns and adjectives formed from the word roots.LAB ACTIVITY 1 Anatomical Terms1 Use anatomical and common terms to identify the specificbody regions or areas on models, anatomical charts, oryourself. Before Going to Lab1 Label Figure 1.1 with the appropriate anatomical termsfor each body region or area. Refer to Table 1.1.2 Refer to Appendix A to review how word roots, suffixes, and prefixes are combined to form nouns andadjectives.TA B L E 1 . 1TERMAXIALAnatomical TermsDEFINITIONPertaining to the central partof the body, the head andtrunkCephalic (se-FAL-ik)Pertaining to the head CranialPertaining to the portion ofthe skull surrounding thebrain FacialPertaining to the face FrontalPertaining to the forehead OrbitalPertaining to the eye Otic (OH-tik)Pertaining to the ear NasalPertaining to the nose Buccal (BUCK-al)Pertaining to the cheek OralPertaining to the mouth MentalPertaining to the chin Occipital (ox-SIP-i-tal)Pertaining to the back ofheadCervicalPertaining to the neckThoracicPertaining to the chest SternalPertaining to the breast bone PectoralPertaining to the chest MammaryPertaining to the breastAbdominalPertaining to the abdomen Umbilical (um-BIL-ih-cal) Pertaining to the navel Coxal (COX-al)Pertaining to the hipPelvicPertaining to the pelvis Pubic (PYOO-bik)Pertaining to the genital areaDorsalPertaining to the back ScapularPertaining to the shoulderblade region Vertebral (ver-TEE-brul) Pertaining to the spinalcolumn LumbarPertaining to the area of theback between the lowestrib and buttocks.TERMDEFINITIONAPPENDICULARPertaining to the extremitiesor limbsUpper Limb (Appendage) Acromial (a-KROM-ee-al) Pertaining to the highest pointof the shoulder Axillary (AX-il-ary)Pertaining to the armpit Brachial (BRAY-key-ul)Pertaining to the arm Antecubital (an-tehPertaining to the anteriorKYOO-bi-tul)(front) surface of the elbow Olecranal (oh-LEK-ra-nul) Pertaining to the posterior(back) surface of the elbow AntebrachialPertaining to the forearm CarpalPertaining to the wrist ManualPertaining to the hand PalmarPertaining to the palm ofthe hand DigitalPertaining to the digits (fingers)Lower Limb (Appendage) Inguinal (ING-won-ul)Pertaining to the groin wherethe thigh attaches to thepelvis Gluteal (GLUE-tee-ul)Pertaining to the buttocks Femoral (FEM-or-ul)Pertaining to the thigh Patellar (pa-TEL-ur)Pertaining to the anterior(front) surface of the knee Popliteal (pop-lih-TEE-ul) Pertaining to the posterior(back) surface of the knee Crural (CROO-rul)Pertaining to the anterior(front) surface of the leg Fibular (FIB-you-lur) orPertaining to the lateral sideperoneal (peh-RONE-ee-ul)of the leg Sural (SIR-ul)Pertaining to the posterior(back) surface of the leg Tarsal (TAR-sul)Pertaining to the ankle PedalPertaining to the foot PlantarPertaining to the sole of foot Calcaneal (kal-KANE-ee-ul) Pertaining to the heel DigitalPertaining to the digits (toes)

E X E R C I S E 1 A N AT O M I C A L L A N G U A G 40 (sole)(b) Posterior view(a) Anterior view(b) Posterior View(a) Anterior 93881930399203140102141112242FIGURE 1.142Anatomical terms.3

4E X E R C I S E 1 A N AT O M I C A L L A N G U A G EC. Directional Termsa. The sternum is to the vertebrae.b. The nose is and to the eyes.Directional terms are used to describe the location of bodystructures relative to other structures. An example of a directional term is inferior, which means below. It would becorrect to say that the neck is inferior to the head but incorrect to say that the neck is inferior. The directional termsare listed in Table 1.2, along with an example of how theyare used. Note that opposite terms are paired.The directional terms proximal and distal apply to thepoint of attachment of a limb to the torso or the point oforigin of a structure such as a blood vessel or nerve. Theseterms refer to the location of structures relative to the pointof attachment or point of origin, whether they are closer(proximal) or farther away (distal).More than one directional term can apply to describethe location of a body structure. For example, the ears areposterior and lateral to the nose.c. The heart is to the lungs.d. The wrist is to the arm.e. The right lung and right kidney are .f. The skin is to the bones.1234Before Going to Lab1 Label Figure 1.2 with the directional terms from thebulleted list by writing the term in the appropriate numbered blank.56 anterior or ventral1 distal2 inferior3LAB ACTIVITY 2 Directional Terms posterior or dorsal41 With your partner, complete the sentences using theappropriate directional term from Table 1.2. Refer tothe anatomical terms in Table 1.1 and Appendix A asneeded. proximal5 superior6TA B L E 1 . 2FIGURE 1.2Directional terms.Directional TermsDIRECTIONAL TERMDEFINITIONEXAMPLE OF USESuperiorInferiorAnterior (Ventral)Posterior (Dorsal)MedialLateralIntermediateAboveBelowCloser to front of bodyCloser to back of bodyCloser to midline of bodyFarther from midline of bodyBetween two structuresIpsilateralContralateralProximalOn same side of bodyOn opposite sides of bodyNearer to point of attachment oflimb to trunkFarther from point of attachmentof limb to trunkCloser to surface of bodyFarther from surface of bodyThe head is superior to the neck.The neck is inferior to the head.The lips are anterior to the teeth.The teeth are posterior to the lips.The nose is medial to the eyes.The eyes are lateral to the nose.The elbow is intermediate betweenthe shoulder and wrist.The right arm and right leg are ipsilateral.The right arm and left arm are contralateral.The elbow is proximal to the wrist.DistalSuperficialDeepThe wrist is distal to the elbow.The skin is superficial to the muscles.The muscles are deep to the skin.

5E X E R C I S E 1 A N AT O M I C A L L A N G U A G ED. Body Planes and SectionsPlanes are flat surfaces that divide the body or organs inorder to expose internal structures (Figure 1.3). The exposedsurfaces produced by planes are called sections. Sagittal(sagitta arrow) planes pass vertically through the bodyor organs and divide them into right and left sections (sagittal sections).If a plane passes vertically through the midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves, the planeis a midsagittal plane, but if a plane divides the bodyinto unequal right and left portions, it is a parasagittalplane.A frontal or coronal plane passes vertically throughthe body or organs and produces anterior and posteriorsections (frontal sections). A transverse plane passeshorizontally through the body and produces superior andinferior sections (transverse sections or cross-sections).Oblique planes pass through the body at an angle formingoblique sections.We often look at sections of individual organs, such asblood vessels, intestines, or long bones. Sections that areproduced by a plane running along the long axis of a longnarrow structure are called longitudinal sections. Sectionsthat are produced by a plane running perpendicular to thelong axis are called cross-sections. Because blood vesselsand intestines twist and bend, one body plane may producelongitudinal sections, cross-sections, and oblique sectionsof these structures.13452(a) Right anterolateral viewCLINICAL NOTE: Transverse sections observed with computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging(MRIs) are called axial sections.6Before Going to Lab7(b) Longitudinal and cross-sections1 Label the planes in Figures 1.3(a) and the sections inFigure 1.3(b) with the terms in the accompanying bulleted list by writing the term in the appropriate numberedblank.2 Identify the type of sections of the human brain inFigure 1.4. cross-section1 frontal plane2 longitudinal section3 midsagittal plane4 oblique plane5 parasagittal plane6 transverse plane7FIGURE 1.3Body planes and sections.

Mark NielsenE X E R C I S E 1 A N AT O M I C A L L A N G U A G EMark Nielsen6(a)(b) frontal midsagittal transverseaMark Nielsenbc(c)FIGURE 1.4Human brain sections.LAB ACTIVITY 3 Body Planesand Sections1 Observe sagittal, frontal, and transverse sections usingan apple. Working in a group, draw a face on the apple. Cut sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes throughthe apple to make sagittal, frontal, and transversesections. Compare the appearance of the apple core in eachsection. Describe any difference in shape, size, andnumber of seed chambers. Keep sections together to form a whole apple toshow to your instructor.2 Observe longitudinal sections and cross-sections usingplastic tubing or plastic straw. Observe a demonstration provided by your instructorof a tube cut along its longitudinal axis to produce alongitudinal section and a tube cut perpendicular toits longitudinal axis to produce a cross-section. Obtain an eight-inch piece of plastic tubing or plasticstraw and twist it so you can visualize one plane thatwould simultaneously divide one area of the tubeinto a longitudinal section and another area into across-section. Do not cut the tube unless instructed to do so. Show your instructor where a cut would produceboth a longitudinal section and a cross-section.3 Identify sagittal, frontal, transverse, and oblique sectionson sheep brains. Your instructor will display five sheep brains—onewhole brain and four brains that have been cut intodifferent sections. Determine the anterior, posterior, superior, andinferior surfaces of the brains. Decide which brain has been cut into sagittal,frontal, transverse, or oblique sections. Compare the appearance of the different sections.Brain 1—Whole brainBrain 2sectionBrain 3sectionBrain 4sectionBrain 5section

Name DateSectionReviewing Your KnowledgeE X E R C I S E1A. Body RegionsIdentify the body regions using common terms.1. The area between the groin and knee.2. The area between the shoulder and elbow.3. The area between the elbow and wrist.4. The area between the knee and ankle.5. The area of the trunk between the neck and diaphragm.6. The area of the trunk between the diaphragm and hip bones.7. The area of the trunk inferior to the hip bones.8. Posterior trunk that is located between the neck and buttocks.9. Curved area where upper limb attaches to upper border of trunk.10. Area on anterior surface where lower limb attaches to pelvis.11. Rounded area on posterior surface where lower limb attaches to pelvis.12. Under arm area where upper limb attaches to trunk.13. The leg is to the lower limb as the is to the upper limb.14. The arm is to the upper limb as the is to the lower limb.15. The armpit is to the upper limb as the is to the lower limb.16. The ankle is to the lower limb as the is to the upper limb.17. The elbow is to the upper limb as the is to the lower limb.18. The shoulder is to the upper limb as the is to the lower limb.19. True or False. The hand includes the wrist and fingers and the foot includes the ankles and toes.20. True or False. The bones of the face are also part of the skull.7

8E X E R C I S E 1 A N AT O M I C A L L A N G U A G EB. Anatomical TermsWrite the anatomical terms that the phrase or word describes. Phrases or words referring to nouns are indicated. All otherphrases refer to adjectives.1. Navel (noun)2. Pertaining to the area between the neck and abdomen3. Pertaining to the ear4. Pertaining to the palm of hand5. Pertaining to the high point of the shoulder6. Pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow region7. Pertaining to the face; anterior portion of the head8. Pertaining to the nose9. Pertaining to the neck10. Pertaining to the posterior surface of the knee11. Wrist (noun)12. Pertaining to the area between the elbow and wrist13. Back (noun)14. Armpit area (noun)15. Pertaining to the mouth16. Pertaining to the anterior surface of the knee17. Breast bone (noun)18. Pertaining to the hip19. Pertaining to the lateral side of the leg20. Pertaining to the calf21. Pertaining to the area between the shoulder and elbow22. Pertaining to the fingers or toes23. Pertaining to the hand24. Pertaining to the breast25. Pertaining to the cheek

E X E R C I S E 1 A N AT O M I C A L L A N G U A G E26. Pertaining to the heel27. Pertaining to the sole of the foot28. Pertaining to the groin where the thigh attaches to the pelvic region29. Pertaining to the head30. Pertaining to the chin31. Pertaining to the foot32. Pertaining to the eye33. Pertaining to the genital area34. Pertaining to the area between the hip and knee35. Pertaining to the area that includes the bones enclosing the brain36. Pertaining to the forehead37. Pertaining to the spinal column38. Pertaining to the inferior back of the head39. Pertaining to the anterior surface of the leg40. Pertaining to the area of the lower back or loin41. Pertaining to the trunk below the abdomen42. Pertaining to the area of the back that contains the shoulder blades43. Pertaining to the posterior surface of the elbow44. Arm (noun)45. Two terms pertaining to the chestC. Body Planes and SectionsWrite the name of the plane that the phrase describes.1. Divides body or organ into unequal right and left sections2. Divides body or organ into anterior and posterior sections3. Divides body or organ into superior and inferior sections4. Divides body into right and left halves5. Which two planes when passed through the body would result in two sections, with eachsection containing a piece of the heart and a piece of each lung?9

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EXERCISE 17 Spinal Cord Structure and Function 277 EXERCISE 18 Spinal Nerves 287 EXERCISE 19 Somatic Reflexes 299 EXERCISE 20 Brain Structure and Function 309 EXERCISE 21 Cranial Nerves 333 EXERCISE 22 Autonomic Nervous System Structure and Function APPENDIX C: 343 EXERCISE 23 General Senses 355 E