Geology Of Selected Quadrangles In Massachusetts
Geology ofSelected QuadranglesIn MassachusettsGEOLOGICALSURVEYThis volume was printed asseparate chapters A-DBULLETIN1163
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORSTEWART L. UDALL, SecretaryGEOLOGICAL SURVEYWilliam T. Pecora, Director
CONTENTS[The letters in parentheses preceding the titles designate separately published chapters](A)Bedrock geology of the Salem quadrangle and vicinity, Massachusetts1,by Priestley Toulmin 3d.(B) Geology of the Norwood quadrangle, Norfolk and Suffolk Counties, byNewton E. Chute.(C) Surficial geology of the Athol quadrangle, Worcester and Franklin Counties, Massachusetts, by Donald F. Eschman.(D) Geology of the Taunton quadrangle, Bristol and Plymouth Counties, Massachusetts, by Joseph H. Hartshorn.o
; Bedrock Geology of theSalem Quadrangleand VicinityMassachusetts w By PRIESTLEY TOULMIN 3dGEOLOGY OF SELECTED QUADRANGLES IN MASSACHUSETTS s-GEOLOGICALSURVEYBULLETIN1163-APrepared in cooperation with thei Massachusetts Department of PublicWorks« UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORSTEWART L. UDALL, SecretaryGEOLOGICAL SURVEYThomas B. Nolan, DirectorFor sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington, D.C., 20402
CONTENTS/yPageI.-N" .- * * sA,yAbstract. ------ -- -- -Introduction.Location and accessibility- -- ---- ----- --- -Previous workMethods of study - ------ ---- --- ., -Purpose and scope - ---------------- ,-- -''Acknowledgments. - - - ---- -- -- -Descriptions of rock units.Precambrian(?) rocksMarlboro(?) FormationDistribution and name--- .------- ---- - - --- --Subdivision -Unit A .Unit B . - . ----- - -.AmphiboliteChlorite schist --- - - - ----- . ----.Undifferentiated Marlboro(?) FormationAge and correlationPrecambrian (?) or Lower Paleozoic (?) rocks (Older subalkalineintrusive series)Salem Gabbro-Diorite -- -- - ---.Name - --- - - -- - - - ----Distribution .DescriptionAge and contact relationsNewburyport(?) Quartz Diorite--- -- - - -- - - --- Distribution and nameLithologic description .Age and correlation.Silurian or Devonian rocks - --------- - - - - - ----Newbury FormationName. - -- -- - - - '. --- - --Distribution and general lithologic character.Description.Limestone and fossils ----- -------------- - ----'- . Age and correlation,. i Contact relations - -- - - - - - - - - -Middle(?) Paleozoic rocks (Younger subalkaline intrusive series).--.Undifferentiated diorite and gabbro.Distribution and name------------- -- ----- --- Lithologic descriptionAge relations - - - --- -- . --Medium-grained granodiorite - - - - - - .- - - Distribution.DescriptionAge, correlation, and contact 1920
IVCONTENTSDescriptions of rock units ContinuedMiddle (?) Paleozoic rocks, etc. ContinuedTopsfield Granodiorite. .Name and distribution-- -- - - ------ ----- Description.Age and contact relations.Upper(?) Paleozoic rocks ("alkalic" intrusive series). --- General statementAge and correlation of the granites.Feldspars . - - -- ----- ------.Nomenclature ---- - ---- Determination of composition - -- ------ Peabody Granite.---Distribution. . . . . . - Description. -------- ---- -Cape Ann Granite.--.-----.---.-.---------------------Name, distribution, and general lithology .Description - ----- ---.- Cherry Hill Granite - --- --------------- --------------- Name and distribution.----.-.--------------Description - . . . - -- -- ----- Correlation and contact relations - - -. .Porphyritic micrograniteDistribution and nham Monzonite . - - - -.- - - -- --Name and distribution-DescriptionBeverly SyeniteName, distribution, and general lithologyMassive syenite- - -- -- - --- - - -Trachytic syenite.,Nepheline-sodalite syenite- - - - - -- - ---. Contact zone on Salem NeckTrap dikesPegmatites and aplites- - - - - - "Lamprophyre" dikesPetrology of the "alkalic" series .Triassic(?) or older rocks -- - - -DiabaseStructural geology.General statement.Precambrian(?) metamorphic rocks.Older subalkaline intrusives - . .Newbury FormationYounger subalkaline intrusives'Alkalic" seriesEconomic geologyLiterature citedv PagaA202021242424f 25272727 : «2929 /;293636 *3741 4141 v4141 *4141424242 h4545*4550*5256606061t.6265 -f65666666697071 x727676
CONTENTSILLUSTRATIONS[Plate in pocket]PagePLATEAFIGURE*,,y»,1. Bedrock geology of the Salem quadrangle and vicinity,Massachusetts.1. Index map showing location of Salem quadrangle.-. -- 2. Specimen of augen gneiss - -- --------- ----------3. Sketch map showing location of fossil locality. - - 4. Specimens of Topsfield Granodiorite and related dike rock.5. Stereograms illustrating optical orientation of ferrohornblende. . .6. Photomicrograph showing zoned microperthite .7. Photomicrograph showing textural relations of amphibolesin Wenham Monzonite. 'A2816213438448. Specimen of Beverly Syenite showing coarse ferrohornblendecrystals enclosing smaller feldspar crystals.- - - . 9. Photomicrograph showing euhedral feldspar crystals enclosedby ferrohornblende -------- ------ --- ----- ----10. Outcrop in contact zone of Beverly Syenite, showing ellipsoidalstructure - - - -- - - ----- - - 11. Ellipsoids showing apparent deformation by overlying ellipsoids - --- - - - ---- - - -- --12. Syenite pegmatite mass between parts of broken trap dike13. Broken plagioclase amphibolite bed in augen gneiss. . --14. Outcrop of augen gneiss.15. Broken trap dike in quarry at Beverly - . .- -"""v.4i48'48575861676874TABLESPage*H - "*kliyTABLE1. Representative estimated modes of rocks of the Marlboro(?)Formation . - - . - . . -2. Representative estimated modes of rocks of the subalkalineintrusive series and volcanic rocks of the Newbury Formation. . . . . . . . .3. Molar ratios for analyzed rocks of the "alkalic" series.4. Partial chemical analyses of feldspars.5. Modal analyses of Peabody Granite. -! - - -6. Compositional data on feldspars of Peabody Granite7. Composition and properties of amphibole from PeabodyGranite. -- - . . .8. Chemical composition of Peabody Granite - -.9. Estimated modes of Cape Ann Granite.10. Compositional data on feldspars of Cape Ann Granite. .---11. Modal analyses of Wenham Monzonite. - -.- - --12. Estimated modes of massive Beverly Syenite - - --13. Compositional data for feldspars of massive Beverly Syenite.14. Composition and properties of amphiboles from the massiveBeverly Syenite - --- - ---- - - --- - - 15. Estimated modes of trachytic syenite.16. Compositional data on feldspars of trachytic syenite.--.--.-.17. Modes of nepheline-sodalite syenite18. Estimated modes of "lamprophyres" - - - ------ - ---A52325303132333739394446474951515462
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By PRIESTLEY TOULMIN 3dABSTRACTThe Salem quadrangle, about 15 miles northeast of Boston, Mass., is underlain by metamorphic and igneous rocks and is best known geologically for its"alkalic" igneous rocks.The oldest rocks in the area are the gneisses and plagioclase amphibolites ofthe Marlboro(?) Formation, possibly Precambrian in age. These rocks arefolded into a southwest-plunging overturned syncline whose axial plane strikesnortheast and dips about 60 northwest. The Marlboro(?) Formation is overlain unconformably by the Newbury Formation, which consists of alteredvolcanic and sedimentary rocks and contains fossils of Silurian or Devonianage. The Newbury Formation is intruded by granodiorites collectively designated the younger subalkaline intrusive series, which may be related to thevolcanic rocks of the Newbury Formation. The Salem Gabbro-Diorite andNewburyport( ?) Quartz Diorite, grouped as the older subalkaline intrusiveseries, are believed to be intermediate in age between the Marlboro(?) Formation and the Newbury Formation.The "alkalic" intrusive series consists of six rock units, which were intrudedmore or less simultaneously. These rocks, the youngest major bedrock unitsin the area, are massive and fresh, in contrast to the older rocks. The rocksof .the "alkalic" series occur in two major intrusive bodies: the Peabody stock,consisting almost entirely of granite, and the Cape Ann pluton, consisting ofgranite, syenite, and several minor rock types. .Feldspathoidal rocks are notabundant and occur only as dikes; they seem to be the youngest rocks in theareas in which they are found. The most abundant rock of the Cape Annpluton is granite, syenite and other rocks being concentrated around its margins ; only the southwestern margin of the pluton is included in the Salemquadrangle.The feldspars of the "alkalic" series are rnicrocline-microperthite; none ofthe analyzed specimens contains more than about Sty weight percent CaAbSiaOs.The ratio of Ab (NaAlSi3O8 ) to Or (KAlSi3O8 ) varies widely and systematically :. Phenocrysts of .the locally developed porphyritic border facies of thegranite contain 56 to 61 weight. percent Or, feldspar of the main bodies ofgranite contain 44 to 52 weight percent Or, and feldspars of the syenite contain24 to 43 weight percent Or. Compositions were determined by X-ray diffractionmethods and by chemical analyses of selected samples.Al
A2GEOLOGY OF SELECTED QUADRANGLES EST MASSACHUSETTSChemical analyses of amphiboles from both granite and syenite show thatthe amphiboles are essentially ferrohornblende, but arfvedsonite (NaNa2Fe 3aFe sFe SiTOiaCOHh) is an important component in the amphibole of the syenite.INTRODUCTIONLOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITYThe area described in this report includes the Salem 7%-miiratequadrangle, Mass:, and that part of Salem Neck lying in the Marblehead North T -minute quadrangle, Mass. (fig. 1). The area is about42 30'-/01020304050 MILES1 ;V jAJFIGDEH 1. Index map showing location of Salem quadrangle.15 miles northeast of Boston and is traversed by U.S. Eoute 1 andMassachusetts Eoute 128, both major, limited access, divided multilane highways. It is densely populated and is served by many roadsand streets.PBEVIOUS WORKMany geologists have studied different aspects of the area, butmost of them have been interested primarily in the "alkalic" igneousrocks. The works of Clapp (1910; 1921), Washington 1898-99),and Sears (1905) are the most detailed studies available. Warrenand McKinstry (1924) studied the "alkalic" rocks of the Cape Annarea but did not describe the area of the present report. No attemptwill be made here to summarize all previous geologic investigationsin the area; references to earlier studies may be found in the publications cited.
BEDROCK GEOLOGY OF SALEM QUADRANGLE AND VICINITYA3METHODS OF STUDYDetailed geologic mapping was done on a topographic base provided by the Salem and Marblehead North 7%-minute quadranglespublished -by the U.S. Geological Survey in 19§1 at the scale of1: 31,680. The geology was recompiled on the subsequently improvedand enlarged base on which it is presented (pi. 1). Because of theabundance of cultural features, location by inspection was feasible inmost of the area, but where this method was not adequate, pace-andcompass traverses and resection by Brunton compass were employed.Laboratory investigations included examination of thin sectionsand mineral powders by conventional petrographic methods and detailed X-ray diffraction studies of the feldspars of the "alkalic" rocks.Chemical analyses were made of certain minerals of the "alkalic"rocks.PURPOSE AND SCOPEThis report is concerned both with the general bedrock geology ofthe Salem quadrangle and with the petrology of the "alkalic" rocksfor which the Salem area is renowned. The northwestern part ofthe Salem quadrangle is underlain by metamorphic rocks which onprevious geologic maps of the area are assigned to the Salem GabbroDiorite (for example, Clapp, 1921, pis. I, II, where, however, vaguelydefined areas within the Salem Gabbro-Diorite are shown by a specialpattern representing "Salem Gabbro-Diorite with amphiboliteschist"). An important goal of the present study has been to separatethe metamorphic rocks from .the truly igneous Salem Gabbro-Dioriteand to determine their structural and stratigraphic relationships tothe other rocks of .the urea.The "alkalic" igneous rocks of the Salem area have been studiedin the light of significant advances in mineralogic and petrographictechniques and petrologic theory that have been made since Clapp'sdetailed study (1921) of the "alkalic" rocks of Essex County. Muchof- the evidence bearing on the petrology of the "alkalic" rocks isbased on the author's study of areas adjacent to the Salem quadrangle.Details of this work are in an unpublished doctoral thesis &t HarvardUniversity x ; some of the most important results have been publishedelsewhere (Toulmin, 1960).ACKNOWLEDGMENTSMost of the work on which this report is based was done under acooperative program of the Massachusetts Department of PublicWorks and the U.S. Geological Survey. Much of the work onx Toulmin, Priestley 3d, 1958, Bedrock geology of the Salem area, Massachusetts: Ph.D.thesis, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass., 167 p.709-506 O - 64 - 2
A4GEOLOGY OF SELECTED QUADRANGLES IN MASSACHUSETTSadjacent parts of the Marblehead North quadrangle was done whilethe writer was a pre-Doctoral Fellow of the National Science Foundation. The Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Harvard University, financed chemical analyses of amphiboles and feldspars. ThePeabody Museum, Salem, through the courtesy of Miss Dorothy E.Snyder, Curator of Natural History, gave access to Sears' collectionof Essex County rocks. Credit for specific analyses and paleontologicdeterminations is given in the appropriate sections of the text.The advice and guidance of Professors J. B. Thompson, Jr., andM.P. Billings, of Harvard University, are deeply appreciated. Drs.E-an Zen and R. F. Schmalz offered stimulating discussions of manyof the problems that arose during the study. For enlightening discussions of nearby areas, the author is indebted to R. 0. Castle andR. F. Novotny. M. S. Toulmin gave invaluable assistance in thelaboratory.*- 'A DESCRIPTIONS OF ROCK UNITSHPRECAMBBIAN(P) BOOKS "MARLBORO (?) FORMATION DISTRIBUTION AND NAMEExposures of gneiss, schist, and amphibolite form a belt 1 to iy2miles wide that extends from the Peabody-Danvers town line westof U.S. Route 1 (the Newburyport Turnpike in this area) northeastward about 4 miles through the town of Danvers to the Wenham townline northeast of Putnamville. The extent of these rocks under thesurficial deposits to the northwest and southeast is largely conjectural,but their eastward extent in the vicinity of Putnamville is limited bythe exposures of Cherry Hill Granite east of Frost Fish Brook.These rocks are tentatively assigned to the Marlboro Formation because of their general lithologic similarity to, and structural continuity with, rocks so mapped by R. 0. Castle (written communication, 1961) in the Reading quadrangle. An area of similar rocks inthe northwestern corner of the Salem quadrangle is assigned to theMarlboro (?) Formation on the basis of lithologic similarity to therocks of the main belt of outcrop.f SUBDIVISION'"The rocks of the main belt of the Marlboro (?) Formation in theSalem quadrangle are subdivided in this report into four map units,which are, in ascending order of structural position, unit A, unit B,a band of amphibolites, and a band of chloritic schists. Units A andB underlie most of the area of the Marlboro (?) Formation in theSalem quadrangle. Unit A is composed almost exclusively of mas- tL** K*
BEDROCK GEOLOGY OF SALEM QUADRANGLE AND VICINITYA5sive and foliated plagioclase amphibolites; unit B is distinguishedfrom it by the presence of beds of augen gneiss interbedded with theplagioclase amphibolite. The contact between the two members istaken arbitrarily at the easternmost and presumably lowest bed ofgneiss found.Representative estimated modes of various lithologic types foundin the Marlboro( ?) Formation are given in table 1.UNIT AUnit A consists of plagioclase amphibolite. The rock is mediumgrained and rather dark, owing to the. high proportion of maficminerals. Hornblende, plagioclase, and locally biotite and quartzmay be recognized in hand specimen. Foliated and unfoliated varieties of plagioclase amphibolite exist; the foliation results from parallel alinement of hornblende crystals and in some specimens is parallelto a layered structure consisting of thin discontinuous bands havingdifferent proporations of plagioclase and amphibole. No differencesin mineralogical composition were noted between the foliated andunfoliated varieties.TABLE 1. Representative estimated modes of rocks of the Marlloro (t) FormationGround*mass ofaugengneiss i SQ431MineralHornblende .Biotite .Epidote. .Opaque.10351210301Tr.Tr.Tr.2Plagioclase .Tr.1M52SQ491521 Average composition of five specimens.SG431. Plagioclase amphibolite at farmhouse 1,000 ft east of Bast Street, Middleton, oneastward extension of Peabody Street.SG432. Strongly foliated plagioclase amphibolite, south end of hill 600 ft east of ThunderBridge, Middleton.SG438. Plagioclase amphibolite, East Street (Endicott Road) at Boxford-Middletom townline.SG482. Plagioclase amphibolite, abandoned quarry north of Wenham Street, Danvers,500 ft southwest of Wenhain town line.SG484. Plagioclase amphibolite, about 1,500 ft west of .bench mark 84 at intersection ofRoutes 1 and 114, Danvers.SG498. Plagioclase amphibolite, hill east of Norris Brook, southwest of Goodale Cemetery,Danvers.SG541. Plagioclase amphibolite, intersection of Routes 1 and 114, Danivers.SG250. Laminated amphibolite, outcrop in Sons of Jacob Cemetery 500 ft west of GoodaleCemetery, Danvers.SG491. Amphibolite, in woods 150 ft east of Goodale Cemetery, Danvers.
A6In thin section, the plagioclase is seen to be generally rather highlyaltered to sericite and clay minerals; saussurite was not observed.("Sericite" is used here to designate very fine-grained micaceousminerals with positive elongation and rather high birefringence. Thefew specimens that have been checked by X-ray diffraction techniqueshave proved to be micas having a basal spacing of 10 angstrom units.)Much of the fresh plagioclase is twinned polysynthetically and hasextinction angles that indicate a composition ranging from andesineto sodic labradorite. The twinned plagioclase is subhedral to anhedral,and many grains show continuously and normally zoned extinction.Some of the plagioclase of a few sections is clear and untwinned; thismaterial presumably represents completely recrystallized feldspar.Common hornblende makes up from 20 to 50 percent of the rock.It occurs most commonly as individual crystals, generally of irregularoutline, from 0.1 to 5 mm in diameter, but also forms aggregates of0.3-mm crystals very similar in appearance to the bulk of the fel
(A) Bedrock geology of the Salem quadrangle and vicinity, Massachusetts1, by Priestley Toulmin 3d. (B) Geology of the Norwood quadrangle, Norfolk and Suffolk Counties, by Newton E. Chute. (C) Surficial geology of the Athol quadrangle, Worcester and Franklin Coun ties, Massachusetts, by Donald F. Eschman.
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SIMPLIFIED lEDROCK GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE WALKER LAKE AREA, SURVEY PASS AND HUGHES QUADRANGLES, ARCTIC ALASKA, 1971 Figure 5 . 0 - 2 4 MILES SCOlO GEOCHEMICAL SAMPLING IN THE WALKER LAKE AREA, SURVEY PASS AND HUGHES QUADRANGLES, ARCTIC ALASKA, 1971 Figure 6 . 50 miles to the Kogoluktuk River in the eastern Ambler River quadrangle. .
the relative degree of the earthquake hazard throughout the Vancouver area. The mapping covers the Vancouver and Or chards 7 .5-minute quadrangles and the portions of the Port land and Mount Tabor 7 .5-minute quadrangles in Washington State (Fig. 1). Similar relative earth-quake hazard maps have been produced for the portions of the .
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