PROFILE PROJECTORS - Hoskin Scientifique
PROFILE PROJECTORSGlass Reading ScaleChart Clip Type LLUsed to measure projection imageson the screen.200mm and 300mm scales---both in0.5mm increments---are available.Accuracy: –(15 L/20) mUsed to measure charts on the screen.Comes standard with all projectorsexcept the V-12B.Glass Scale SetAccessory CabinetUsed to check the magnifyingaccuracy of the projector being used.It is equipped with a 50mm standardscale in 1mm increments(accuracy –[3 7L/100] m), a 300mmreading scale in 0.1mm increments(accuracy – [6 L/50] m), and a 6xmagnifier. *L measurement lengthUsed to store accessories.Measures (W x D x H):450 x 600 x 740mm(17.7 x 23.6 x 29.1 in.)For the V-12BFor the V-12BAuxiliary Oblique Halogen Surface IlluminatorGreen Filter, ND Filter, DIA Adapter AThis 24V-150W halogenilluminator is used to illuminateworkpieces having low surfacereflectivity such as printedmatter, cloth, or leather.The green filter is used for blackand-white photography or forviewing edges of a workpiecewith greater sharpness. The NDfilter is used to adjust brightness.Both filters must be used withthe DIA Adapter A.DIA Adapter AND FilterGreen FilterPROFILE PROJECTORSProjector Table BAccessory Cabinet comes with aside wing for a data processor.Same dimensions as AccessoryCabinet when the wing is closed.900mm (W) (35.4 in.) when thewing is set.V-24BSpecifications and equipment are subject to change without any notice or obligation on the part of the manufacturer. March 2008 2006/2007/2008 NIKON CORPORATIONThe products detailed in the brochure are controlled by the Japanese Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law and the International Export Control Regime. If there is a possibility that they may be utilizedfor the development of weapons of mass destruction, etc., they shall not be exported without authorization from the government.V-20BNIKON CORPORATION6-3, Nishiohi 1-chome, Shinagawa-ku,Tokyo 140-8601, Japanphone: 81-3-3773-9026 fax: NIKON INSTRUMENTS INC.1300 Walt Whitman Road, Melville, N.Y. 11747-3064, U.S.A.phone: 1-631-547-8500; 1-800-52-NIKON (within the U.S.A. only)fax: N INSTRUMENTS EUROPE B.V.Laan van Kronenburg 2, 1183 AS, Amstelveen, The Netherlandsphone: 31-20-44-96-222 fax: N INSTRUMENTS (SHANGHAI) CO., LTD.CHINA phone: 86-21-5836-0050 fax: 86-21-5836-0030(Beijing branch) phone: 86-10-5869-2255 fax: 86-10-5869-2277(Guangzhou branch) phone: 86-20-3882-0552 fax: 86-20-3882-0580Printed in Japan (0803-05) Am/MNIKON SINGAPORE PTE LTD.SINGAPORE phone: 65-6559-3618 fax: 65-6559-3668NIKON MALAYSIA SDN. BHD.MALAYSIA phone: 60-3-78763887 fax: 60-3-78763387NIKON INSTRUMENTS KOREA CO., LTD.KOREA phone: 82-2-2186-8410 fax: 82-2-555-4415NIKON CANADA INC.CANADA phone: 1-905-625-9910 fax: 1-905-625-0103NIKON FRANCE S.A.S.FRANCE phone: 33-1-45-16-45-16 fax: 33-1-45-16-00-33NIKON GMBHGERMANY phone: 49-211-9414-0 fax: 49-211-9414-322NIKON INSTRUMENTS S.p.A.ITALY phone: 39-55-3009601 fax: 39-55-300993NIKON AGSWITZERLAND phone: 41-43-277-2860 fax: 41-43-277-2861Code No. 2CE-IWHH-5NIKON UK LTD.UNITED KINGDOM phone: 44-20-8541-4440 fax: 44-20-8541-4584NIKON GMBH AUSTRIAAUSTRIA phone: 43-1-972-6111-00 fax: 43-1-972-6111-40NIKON BELUXBELGIUM phone: 32-2-705-56-65 fax: 32-2-726-66-45V-12B
PROFILE PROJECTORV-24BProfile projector with an effective 600mm screen diameterLarge effective screen diameter of 600mm.Superior magnification accuracy is ideal for measurement andinspection of the profiles, surface conditions, andother aspects of large workpieces.Dedicated 9V Stage610 x 290mm (24.0 x 11.4 in.)330 x 200 x 10mm (13.0 x 7.9 x 0.4 in.)225 x 100mm (8.9 x 3.9 in.)Linear encoder (SC-212 is required.)0.0005mmDovetail30kg (66.1 lb.)Approx. 75kg (165.3 lb.)Surface areaStage glass sizeCross travelReading methodMinimum readoutTool mounting grooveLoading capacityWeightPROJECTION LENSESFive types of projection lenses are available for the V-24Bprofile projector, each featuring a different magnification,working distance, and field of view with a different diameter.Select the appropriate one to suit your application.ADLarge stage mountableBA large stage with wide cross-travel can be mounted.The up/down stage movement is motorized,accommodating workpieces as tall as 250mm.Halogen light source162 (6.4) 160 (6.3) 130 (5.1) 65 (2.6)Concentric and parfocalProjection lenses from 5x up to 100x have the sameparfocal distance and are all concentric. This simplifiesoperations when magnifications must be changed often.108 (4.3)A working distanceB working distance when a half reflecting mirror is attached (5x,10x)D maximum diameter of a measurable cylindrical specimen230 (9.1)38.1 (1.5)610 (24.0)380 (15.0)The halogen light source provides sufficient brightnessregardless of whether contour or surface illumination isused, making measurements and observations simple andeasy.(mm)4-M 10 (0.4) ; 25 (0.98) depth25 (1.0) 150 (5.9)Featuring a magnification accuracy of –0.05% with contourillumination and –0.075% with surface illumination (0.1%and 0.15% when a 200x lens is used),this instrument s accuracy is extremely high whencompared with other models.4 (0.2)Highest magnification accuracy18 (0.7)Diameter of field of view Half ; fixed12Built-in; switchable 396Built-in; switchable 35DB24 50226 330- 1139981-*Part of the field of view is vignetted when the 9V Stage anda 5x lens are used under contour illumination.Center axis of m/in.)215 (8.5)V-24B configured with 9V Stage Retrofit Counter/DP Unit 2-Axis Counter Display DP-E1SPECIFICATIONSSYSTEM DIAGRAMFoot Switch 2Rotating TableType2TypeVertical optical axisImageInverted and reversedScreenø600mm (23.6 in.); etched center fication ToolPAH03000Tilting Center FixtureType D21-minute protractor; inclined 4 off verticalPAH02000Lens mountPPG501009V StageV-block FixtureReading Scale with HolderPPF00000PAH01301Lamp Verification Tool*1Magnificationaccuracy 0.05% for contour illuminationLight source24V-150W halogen for both contour andPAH09100Max. workpiece height 250mm (9.84 in.)Standard 300mm ScaleRetrofit Counter/DP UnitEDW20400EFA50000Data Processing SoftwareE-MAX seriesProfile ProjectorData ProcessorDP-E1PGA20000EFB51000CabinetEXK21072 0.075% for surface illuminationsurface illuminationProjection LensesDigital PrinterDPU-4143-lens turret mount; screw typeProjection lens 5x, 10x, 20x, 50x, 100xPPB65100PAH050102-Axis Counter DisplayFoot Switch 4EFB50200EFE00202Projection Lens 5xBooster Lens Exclusivelyfor Surface illumination(Comes standard with5x projection lens)20x10x50x100xPGB25000PGB28100Stage9V Stage directly mountablePower inputAC 100-120V (CSA), 220-240V (CEE), 240V (SAA)Dimensions(W x D x H)1,180 x 1,100 x 1,900mmWeight800kg (1,766 lb.)(46.5 x 43.3 x 74.8 in.)PGB22000PGB210005xPGB20500*1: Standard accessory23
PROFILE PROJECTORV-20BProfile projector with an effective 500mm screen diameterLarge effective screen diameter of 500mm.Permits mounting of a large stage and includes a built-indigital counter and digital protractor.Parfocal projection lensesAll projection lenses have the same parfocal distance andfeature long working distances. The built-in half mirroreliminates the need to adjust illumination each time themagnification is changed. With improved images withexcellent quality, while enabling observation in acomfortable posture by adjusting the eye-point height.PROJECTION LENSESFive types of projection lenses are available for the V-20Bprofile projector, each featuring a different magnification,working distance, and field of view with a different diameter.Select the appropriate one to suit your application.Workpieces up to 20kg measurableThe stage up/down movement unit is rigidly built, and ifthe 10 x 6 stage is used, workpieces as heavy as 20kgcan be loaded. The measurable range has beenincreased to 250 x 150mm.ADStage Adapter SFor the V-20BThis adapter is used to mount a stage other than the10 x 6 Stage to the V-20B profile projector.A working distanceD maximum diameter of a measurable cylindrical specimen(mm)Magnification5x10x20x50x100xDiameter of field of viewHalf mirror100Built-in; fixed50Built-in; switchable25Built-in; switchable10Built-in; switchable5Built-in; switchableA73798550.550.5D149215313130130*Part of the field of view is vignetted when the 5x or 10x projection lensare used under contour illumination.V-20B configured with 10 x 6 Stage DP-E1SYSTEM DIAGRAMSPECIFICATIONSI/O PanelGoniometerType 2Standard 300mm ScaleFoot Switch 4*3EDW20400PPE32100EFE00202(See page 11)2 x 2 Stage PPB25100Tilting Center FixtureType AVertical optical axisImageInverted and reversedScreenø500mm (19.7 in.); protractor screen;inclined 8 PPG40000Lamp VerificationTool*1V-block Fixture03L Stage PPB35120A *2PPF00000MagnificationVerification ToolPAH09100PAH02000ARetrofit Counter/DP UnitRotating TableType 3EFA50000PPE42100Digital PrinterDPU-414EXK21072Data Processing SoftwareE-MAX series4 x 4 Stage PPB35140A *2Foot Switch 4EFE00202Rotating TableType4Reading Scale with HolderStage Adapter SPFH27000PAH01301Lens mount3-lens turret mount; screw typeProjection lens 5x, 10x, 20x, 50x, 100xMagnificationaccuracy 0.1% for contour illuminationLight source24V-150W halogen lamp 0.15% for surface illuminationMax. workpiece height 150mm (5.9 in.)Shade*1PAH03000Stage10 x 6 Stage directly mountable;8 x 6, 6 x 4, 4 x 4, 03L, 2 x 2 Stage mountable via adapter6 x 4 Stage PPB45300B *2Profile ProjectorBData ProcessorDP-E1TypePFA200008 x 6 Stage PPB56000B r inputAC 100-120V (CSA), 220-240V (CEE), 240V (SAA)Dimensions(W x D x H)570 x 1,200 x 1,900mmWeight260kg (573 lb.)(22.4 x 47.2 x 74.8 in.)100xPFB25000 PFB28100PFB2050010 x 6 Stage PPB67000CabinetProjection LensesPAH05010*1: Standard accessory *2: Letters above the stages represent accessories that can be mounted.*3: Please use Foot Switch 2 (EFE00200) for profile projectors that have manufacturer numbers starting with No. 1 or No. 2.45
PROFILE PROJECTORV-12B SeriesDesktop-type profile projectors with an effective 305mm screen diameterWide measurable range: cross travel 250 x 150mm.Models with a built-in digital counter and/orprotractor are available.Because the rigidity of the instrument is increased, thanks toCAE (Computer-Aided Engineering) design, workpieces as tallas 100mm can be loaded.Built-in digital counter and protractorThe V-12BDC and V-12BSC types come with a digital XYcounter, while the V-12BDC and V-12BD types have a built-indigital protractor for greater ease of use.PROJECTION LENSESThree projection lenses can be mounted on the rotary turret atone time. All projection two emdashes boast high resolutionand minimal distortion, while their working distances arelonger than competitive lenses.Erect imagesProjection images are erect and unreversed for easymeasurements, and their quality is as sharp as inverted images.Switchable vertical/oblique illuminationFour types selectableBuilt-in digital protractorV-12BDCV-12BDV-12BSCV-12BSIncreased maximum workpiece heightBuilt-in digital counter-The built-in surface illuminator can be switched between verticaland oblique illumination, making detection of edges in resinparts and other workpieces much easier.ADFour-step zooming condenser lens*Fixed screen*Fixed screenWhen contour illumination is used, this condenser lens deliversthe right amount of light to suit the magnification of theprojection lens selected. (The DIA condenser must be used withthis lens when the magnification is 200x or 500x.)-D: Deluxe type. Comes with a built-in digital protractor.S: Standard type. No digital protractor is included.C: With built-in X-Y digital counter.A working distanceD maximum diameter of a measurable cylindrical specimen*The V-12BSC and V-12BS types have a fixed screen.Therefore, angular measurement by rotating the screen is not possible.(mm)Large stage mountableEPI Condenser LensThe V-12B adapts a focusing mechanism that achieves focus bymoving the objective head up and down, allowing stages withlonger cross travel to be mounted. When the 10 x 6 Stage isused, the projector can measure areas as wide as 250 x 150mm.Under surface illumination, the EPIcondenser lens is necessary when 200xor 500x projection lenses are used.DIA Condenser LensAdjustable base feetUnder contour illumination, the DIAcondenser lens is necessary when 200x or500x projection lenses are used.Because the base is 2mm away from the installation surface andthe bese feet are adjustable, the projector is less affected byirregularities in the installation surface and external vibrations.Magnification Diameter of field of 3200Foot Switch 4*3EFE00202 (See page 11)Shade*1I/O Panel(V-12BDC/V-12BSC)PAH03000PPE321002 x 2 Stage PPB25100Tilting Center FixtureType AStandard 300mm ScaleLamp VerificationTool*1EDW20400PPG40000PAH09100V-block FixturePPF00000Retrofit Counter/DP Unit03L Stage PPB35120Data Processing SoftwareE-MAX seriesPPE42100V-12BSC/V-12BS ø305mm (12.0 in.) fixed screenLens mountPAH01301A *2200x, 500xEPI BoosterGreen FilterND Filter6 x 4 Stage PPB45300B *2PCE37400PCH36100/PCH36200Chart Clip Type LL (X2 pcs.)PXA20181Projection LensesBDigital PrinterDPU-414EXK210722-AxisCounterDisplayFoot Switch 4Rotating TableType4EFE00202PPE501108 x 6 Stage PPB56000B *210x5xAPCB30501EFB5020010 x 6 Stage PPB67000V-12BDC/V-12BD ø305mm (12.0 in.); etched center crossline;PAH020004 x 4 Stage PPB35140Rotating TableType 3Erect and unreversedScreen360 rotatable (with digital reading to 1 minute of arc)Reading Scale with HolderEFB51000ImageMagnificationVerification ToolPCH39200Data ProcessorDP-E1Vertical optical axis bench typeprovided with digital protractor fine rotation knob;PCA40000 (V12BD-C)PCA41000 (V12BD)PCA42000 (V12BS-C)PCA43000 (V12BS)DIA Adapter AATypeProfile ProjectorA queIlliminationSystemGoniometerType 2A607474626150243.5*Part of the field of view is vignetted when the 5x projection lens isused under contour illumination.V-12BDC configured with 10 x 6 StageSYSTEM DIAGRAMHalf mirrorBuilt-in; fixedBuilt-in; switchableBuilt-in; switchableBuilt-in; switchableBuilt-in; switchableBuilt-in; switchableBuilt-in; switchableBuilt-in; switchableCabinetProjector Table BPAH05010(Not useable as atable for V12B)PXK2103520xAPCB31001 PCB3200125x50xA100xA200xPCB32500 PCB35001 PCB38101 PCB38200500xPCB38500High Magnification DIA Condenser Lens(used with 200x or 500x projection lens)PCE472003-lens turret mount; clamping typeProjection lens 5x, 10x, 20x, 25x, 50x, 100x, 200x, 500xMagnificationaccuracy 0.1% for oblique surface/contour illuminationLight source24V-150W halogen for both contour and surface illumination 0.15% for vertical surface illuminationMax. workpiece height 100mm (4.0 in.), 70mm (2.8 in.), with 10 x 6 StageStage10 x 6, 8 x 6, 6 x 4, 4 x 4, 03L or 2 x 2 Stage directly mountablePower inputAC 100/120V (50/60 Hz), AC 220/230/240V (50/60 Hz)Dimensions(W x D x H)409 x 648 x 970-1,070mmWeightApprox. 80kg (177 lb.)XY counterV-12BDC Built-in (1.0/0.5µm selectable) V-12BD Not provided(16.1 x 25.5 x 38.2-42.1 in.)V-12BSC Built-in (1.0/0.5µm selectable) V-12BS Not provided*1: Standard accessory *2: Letters above the stages represent accessories that can be mounted.*3: Please use Foot Switch 2 (EFE00200) for profile projectors that have manufacturer numbers starting with No. 1 or No. 2.67
(mm/in.)Stage Type 8 x 6Tool installationscrew positions11.7 (0.46)Stage Type 6 x 4225 (8.9)(mm/in.)134 (5.8)Stage Type 10 x 613.5 (0.53)8 (0.32)6.2 (0.24)1.6 (0.06)Tool installationgroove dimensions4 (0.16)Stages (mm/in.)2 (0.08)ACCESSORIES60 10.2 (0.40)T groove: Rotating Table ADovetail: 03L10 x 6, 8 x 6, 6 x 4, 4 x 4 and 2 x 2 stages require 10-M6 depth 10tool installation screw holes.T grooves may be specially ordered for 2 x 2 rotating boards.60 (2.4)354 (13.9)240 (9.4)180 (7.1)60 (2.4)220 (8.7)Stage glass dimensionsCrosswide travelmm (in.)mm (in.)mm (in.)450 x 286 (17.7 x 11.3)400 x 280 (15.8 x 11.0)350 x 240 (13.8 x 9.5)285 x 240 (11.2 x 9.5)285 x 192 (11.2 x 7.6)195 x 192 (7.7 x 7.6)305 x 190 (12.0 x 7.5)245 x 192 (9.6 x 7.6)204 x 145 (8.0 x 5.7)170 x 145 (6.7 x 5.7)170 x 120 (6.7 x 4.7)107 in diameter250 x 150 (7.9 x 5.9)200 x 150 (7.9 x 5.9)150 x 100 (5.9 x 3.9)100 x 100 (3.9 x 3.9)100 x 50 (3.9 x 2.0)50 x 50 (2.0 x 2.0)Rotating TablesReading methodMin.reddingStage topmm (in.)Linear encoderLinear encoderLinear encoderLinear encoderLinear encoderLinear encoder0.0005 (0.00002)0.0005 (0.00002)0.0005 (0.00002)0.0005 (0.00002)0.0005 (0.00002)0.0005 (0.00002) 360 rotatableToolLoading capacitykg (lb.)installationN/A (screw)20 (44)N/A (screw)15 (33)N/A (screw)10 (22)N/A (screw)6 (12)Dovetail5 (11)N/A (screw)5 (11)Stage Type 4 x 4Rotating Table Type 3Stage Type O3LFor 6 x 4, 4 x 4Rotating Table Type 4For 9V, 10 x 6, 8 x 6Goniometer Type 2Stage Type 2 x 2255 (10.0)225 (8.9)195 (7.7)134 (5.3)192 (7.6)286.3 (11.3)38.1 (1.5)313 (12.3)192 (7.6)7ø10ø174ø1506-M6 Depth 7 (0.28)90 (3.5)90 (3.5)92 (3.5)10-M6 Depth 10 (0.39)Tool installation screw hole130 (5.1)170 (6.7)30 (1.19)286 (11.3)230 (9.1)25 (0.98)340 (13.4)360 (14.2)390 (15.4)30 (1.19)30 (1.19)ø1746-M6 Depth 10 (0.39)Tool installation screw holeø262ø271Rotating Table Specifications2000 (78.7)60 (2.4)30 (1.18)230 (9.1)413 50 (16.3 2.0)285 (11.2)60 (2.4) 60 (2.4)90 (3.5)ø20425 (0.98)438 (17.2)285 (11.2)250 (9.8)For O3L210 (8.2)120 (4.7)250 (9.8) (Installation screw)354 (13.9)240 (9.4)190 (7.5)kg (lb.)Approx. 50 (110)Approx. 36 (79)Approx. 27 (60)Approx. 23 (51)Approx. 15 (33)Approx. 13 (29)(mm/in.)282 (11.0)Rotating Table Type 3Rotating Table Type 4Goniometer Type 2Table diameter (in.)204mm (8.0)282mm (11.0)160mm (6.3)Glass insert diameter (in.)165mm (6.5)262mm (10.3)107mm (4.2)Rotation range360 (uncalibrated)360 (uncalibrated)360 (2’ reading)Tool installationScrew hole 6-M6Screw hole 6-M6T groove/Screw hole 2-M6WeightApprox. 5kg (11 lb.)Approx. 8kg (17.6 lb.)Approx. 4kg (9 lb.)Standard 300mm ScaleMagnet-type V-Block FixtureGauges stage travel accuracy up to 300mm.Both 10mm-interval sensor patterns and calibrations are provided.Made of low heat-expansion glass, for minimizing influence of heat.Accuracy: Within 1µm against compensation valuesFor 8 x 6, 6 x 4, and 4 x 4 stages.The dedicated V-block fixture is available for thestage type 03L.Tilting Center Fixture307.5 (12.1)8Weight kgø10790 (3.5)416 (16.4)280 (11.0)5 (0.20)240 (9.5)126 (5.0)120 (4.7)10 x 68x66x44x4O3L2x2Surface area12-M6 Depth 10 (0.39)Tool installation screw hole16-M6 Depth 10 (0.39)Tool installation screw hole18-M6 Depth 10 (0.39)Tool installation screw holeType60 (2.4) 60 (2.4) 60 (2.4)90 (3.5)305 (11.8)60 (2.4) 60 (2.4)190 (7.5)464.5 (18.3)286 (11.3)521.5 (20.5)450 (17.7)360 (14.2)60 (2.4) 60 (2.4) 60 (2.4) 60 (2.4) 60 (2.4)Stage Specifications508 (20)350 (13.8)250 (9.8)588 (23.1)400 (15.7)374 (14.7)360 (14.2)300 (11.8)60 (2.4) 60 (2.4) 60 (2.4)Used to tilt samples around the center axis.9
ACCESSORIESNikon has a complete lineup of measurement support/data processing systems for specific purposes andapplications that support data utilization, as well as a wide variety of accessories.Data Processing Software E-MAX SeriesMeasurement support application (option): VMR Report Generator (document support system)Data Processor DP-E1Data processing system combining both enhanced accuracy and ease of useThe DP-E1 is a new data processor that Nikon developed in response to the demands for enhanced accuracy and improved workefficiency across the entire measurement system. Despite its compact form with a built-in counter, the unit dramatically improvesusability thanks to its 320 x 240 pixel LCD. It enables integrated operation with measuring microscopes
except the V-12B. Accessory Cabinet Used to store accessories. Measures (W x D x H): 450 x 600 x 740mm (17.7 x 23.6 x 29.1 in.) Projector Table B Accessory Cabinet comes with a side wing for a data processor. Same dimensions as Accessory Cabinet when the wing is closed. 900mm (W) (35.4 in.) when the wing is set. For the V-12B For the V-12B
L’enseignement scientifique cherche à développer des compétences générales par la pratique de la réflexion scientifique. Les objectifs ci-dessous énoncés constituent une dimension essentielle de l’enseignement scientifique et ne doivent pas ê
Pour chaque mot, la traduction en français est complé-tée par la catégorie grammaticale, le genre et le domaine scientifique concerné. Cet ouvrage constitue le compagnon de travail idéal de l'étudiant, ainsi que du technicien, de l'ingénieur, du chercheur ou de l'amateur de sciences. Jacques Bert DICTIONNAIRE SCIENTIFIQUE ANGLAIS - FRANÇAIS DICTIONNAIRE SCIENTIFIQUE 23 500 .
www.BandH.com A/V PRESENTATION Multimedia Projectors 274 MP160 MP180 Pocket Projectors 32 Lumens 10-80” image size Weighs only 10
Danielle Hoskin is the daughter of Dana and Bruce Bunch and Mark Hoskin. Danielle’s future plans are to attend Northwest Missouri State University. She has been involved in FBLA and Art Club while attending BHS. She currently works for Sodexho at TSU. In her leisure time, Danielle enjoys reading and drawing. Tabitha Killen is the daughter of .
For over seventy years, Hoskin Scientific has been a supplier of testing and monitoring instrumentation to the Canadian market. With offices in Vancouver, Oakville, and Montréal our customers are able to receive local sales and technical
L’enseignement scientifique cherche à développer des compétences générales par la pratique de la réflexion scientifique. Les objectifs ci-dessous énoncés constituent une dimension essentielle de l’
Bachelard à évaluer le statut du nouvel esprit scientifique en tenant compte de la pensée physico-mathématique. Ces cadres de la pensée scientifique n’ont pas échappé au philosophe et logicien Gaston Bachelard qui a conquis ses titres universitaires
The American Revolution This French snuffbox pictures (left to right) Voltaire, Rousseau, and colonial states-man Benjamin Franklin. Enlightenment and Revolution641 Americans Win Independence In 1754, war erupted on the North American continent between the English and the French. As you recall, the French had also colonized parts of North America through-out the 1600s and 1700s. The conflict .
