Effects Of Fire On Threatened And Endangered Plants: An .

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INational BiologicalServiceTechnical Report SeriesThe National .Biological Service publishes four technicalreport series. Manuscripts are accepted from Department ofthe Interior employees or contractors, students and facultyassociated with cooperative research units, and other personswhose work is sponsored by the Department. Manuscripts arereceived with the understanding that they are unpublished.Manuscripts receive anonymous peer review. The finaldecision to publish lies with the editor.Editorial StaffInformation Transfer Center1201 Oak Ridge Drive, Suite 200Fort Collins, CO 805255589Phone: (970) 2295667Fax: (970) 2269455CCMail: ITC@NBS.GOVM ANAGING E D I T O RSCIENCE EDITORSTECHNICALEDITORSSeries DescriptionsTechnical !seriesBiological Science Report ISSN 108 1-292XThis series includes the highest quality of original science,review, and inventories, which include the North American Fauna and periodic National status and trendsreports. Each publication will be available on the electronic library server of the Information Tmnsfer Center(ITC). Selected publications will be converted to CD-ROMand may be obtained from the Publications Unit or fromthe National Technical Information Service (see below).Information and Technology Report ISSN 1081-2911This series contains the widest variety of publicationsincluding conference proceedings, syntheses, annotatedbibliographies, new techniques, and other products. Anexample is the Waterfowl Management Handbook, aseries of short leaflets on waterfowl, wetlands ecology,and management. The handbook is available as a CD-ROMfrom the Publications Unit or the Government PrintingOffice.O&Y ReportsNational Biological Service Information Bulletin(formerly Research Information &dletin)These bulletins contain Interim results of scientific studies. Paper copies of each bulletin are distributed toappropriate offices and stations throughout the Department of the Interior. Electronic copies are available from?the ITC library server.National Biological Service Open File ReportsAn all-electronic series of reports is available as part of theOther Reports series. This series may include pre-publication information or other material (data sets, lengthy listsof species of contaminant data, Geographic InformationSystem [GIS] maps not appropriate for hard-copy publication). There are provisions for hard-copy access andregistration with the National Techncial Informati&n Serv.ice.43printed on recycled paperVISUAL hFORMATIONPaul A. OplerElizabeth D. RockwellJames R. Zuboy‘iJerry D. CoxDeborah K. HarrisConstance M. LemosSPECLUSTEDITORLUAWTANTEDITORUL CLERKCLERK-TYPISTMartha W. NicholsDonna D. TaitLinda K. BogardCopies of this ‘publication may be .obtainedfrom the Publications Unit, U.S. Fish and WildlifeService, 1849 C Street, N.W., Mail Stop 130,Webb Building, Washington, DC. 20240 (call703-3581711; FAX 703-35&2314), or may bepurchased from the National TechnicalInformation Service (NTIS), 5285 Port RoyalRoad, Springfield, Virginia 22161 (call toll freel-800-553-6847).,

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE 240I NFORMATIONANDA UGUST 1 9 9 5TECHNOLOGYREPORTE F FECTS OF F IRE ONT H R EA T EN ED A N DE N D A N G E R E D P L A N T S:AN ANNOTATEDBIBLIOGRAPHYBYAmy Hess1andSusan Spa&man2

Contents.Frontispiece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Acknowledgments . .Cited References . .Annotated Bibliography on the Effects of Fire on Threatened and Endangered Plants . .Appendix A. Agencies from which the authors requested information about rare, threatened, andendangered plants in relation to tire .Appendix B. Individuals, by region of the United States, who provided information about rare,threatened, and endangered plants in relation to fire .Author Index. .Geographic Index .Species Index .111.Pageiv1161619. . . 49. . .50. . .51. . .52. . . 53

Effects of Fire on Threatened and Endangered Plants:An Annotated BibliographyAmy Hessl’Susan Spackman’The Nature ConservancyColorado Natural Heritage ProgramUniversity of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado 80309Abstract. This bibliography presents basic information about the effects of fm on plants that theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lists as endangered or threatened or as category-one (Cl) candidatesfor federal listing. We searched 23 databases for publications, unpublished reports, and records withpertinent information; summarized and compiled information on the effects of fire from all final rulingson endangered and threatened plants and from endangered species recovery plans for plants; andsolicited information from key researchers and agencies involved in fxe ecology. The bibliographyincludes 126 references to the effect of fire on 172 federally listed plant species, or on 26% of the totalnumber of federally listed plant species in these categories. Our study revealed that the total numberof relevant articles has been increasing since the 1970s and more rapidly since the 1980s. Althoughresearch on fire and rare plants is increasing, an absence of information on many species persists. Wehope that this document will facilitate and encourage research in this increasingly important field ofbotanical conservation.Key words: Bibliography, botanical conservation, endangered plants, fue ecology, threatened plants,rare plants.Fire plays a role in the management of many threatenedand endangered plant species. Fire helps maintain openhabitat (**Rome 1987; Jacobson et al. 1991), encouragessexual and vegetative reproduction (*Boyd 1987; Hartnettand Richardson 1989; *Kirkman and Drew 1993). andaffects competing or associated plant species (Stone andScott 1985; Melgoza et al. 1990; *Fishbein and Gori 1992).Although fire may injure or kill plants (Dunwiddie 1990;*Cobb 1994), long-term effects on species may be beneficial. For example, the same fire that kills plants may alsoreduce competitors (*Folkerts 1977; *U.S. Fish and WildlifeService 1986) or create beneficial openings for seedling’ Present address: Colorado Natural Heritage Program, College ofNatural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.80523.* An asterisk denotes unpublished material.establishment (Gankin and Major 1964; *U.S. Fish andWildlife Service 199Oa, 1993a; Menges and McAnlis 1994).Fire suppression may imperil some endangered plant species(Schwartz and Herman 1991; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service199Ob; *Kagan 1992; *U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service1994a). On the other hand, researchers in Hawaii fear thateven a single fire would be a serious threat to the survival ofsome endangered plant species by either directly killingplants or by encouraging the invasion and competition fromexotic species that are well adapted to tire (U.S. Fish andWildlife Service 1985; *U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service199Oa; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 199Ob, 199 la, 1992a,1994a, 1994b).Fire management must address the timing of a bum (i.e.,timing in relation to the life cycles of the plants) and the area,frequency, and intensity of a bum (U.S. Fish and Wildlife1

2 INFORMMIONANDTECHNOLOGYREP RT 2Service 1987, 1992b, 1993b; S. Popovich, U.S. Bureau ofLand Management, Shoshone, Idaho, personal communication). Ideally, natural processes and cycles do not have to bedisrupted. However, land managers, particularly managersof small reserves, often face the challenge of mimickingnatural fire regimes with prescribed burns. Bums in areaswith endangered species must be carefully planned, andaccurate information about plant-fire relations is essentialfor planning, restoration, or other management of endangered-plant habitat.Investigations of rare plant populations and effects of tireare hindered by the difficulties associated with such research. For example, information on the taxonomy, habitat,and physiology of rare plants is often sparse (Owen andRosentreter 1992). Experiments with rare plants that includeprescribed bums are often limited in scope, cover a smallgeographic region, involve few plants, and are difficult toreplicate. Time and funding for research are often unavailable for long-term studies of threatened or endangeredplants.Research into fire and rare plants is, however, vital to therecovery and management of some rare plant populations.Appropriate management requires scientific data on the roleof fire in the biology and ecology of rare plants and theirhabitats. This bibliography presents basic information aboutthe effects of fire on plant species listed as threatened,endangered, and category-one (Cl) on or before 30 September 1993 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1993c, 1993d).These categories as defined in the Endangered Species Actof 1973 are:EEndangered: taxa formally listed as endangered.TThreatened: taxa formally listed as threatened.ClCategory I : taxa with substantial biologicalinformation on file to support listing asendangered or threatened.C2Category 2: taxa for which current informationindicates that listing as endangered or threatenedis possible, but appropriate or substantialbiological information for immediate rulemaking is not on file.3CCategory 3: taxa are more abundant or widespread than previously believed or are notsubject to any identifiable threat.0species that are not listed.Other objectives of this project were to provide a synopsisof useful information for the management of rare plants withfire and to update and expand the Natural Heritage Program,The Nature Conservancy, and the National Biological Service databases with the addition of information on the effectsof fire. The annotations present information that facilitatesand encourages research in this important field of botanicalconservation.We used the key wordsfire, burn, endangered, threatened, rare, plant, endemic, vegetation, and disturbance tosearch the following databases:AGRICOLA 1970-present (USDA)Arizona Natural Heritage ProgramCalifornia Natural Heritage ProgramCalifornia Regional Office of The NatureConservancy (TNC)Colorado Alliance for Research Libraries (CARL)Colorado Natural Heritage ProgramColorado State University Library SystemDissertation Abstracts Online 1990-presentFire Effects Information System (FEIS)Fish and Wildlife Reference ServiceFlorida Natural Areas ProgramGeorefTM 1989-present (Geological abstracts)International Association of Wildland FireMELVYL (University of California LibrarySystem)National Office of The Nature Conservancy (TNC)Northeastern Regional Office of The NatureConservancy (TNC)Selected Water Resources Abstracts 1990-presentSoutheastern Regional Office of The NatureConservancy (TNC)BIOSIS Previews 1989-present (BiologicalAbstracts)University of Colorado Government DocumentsLibraryU.S. Department of the Interior Reference ServiceLibraryWestern Regional Office of The NatureConservancy (TNC)Wildlife Review and Fisheries ReviewWe searched for publications, unpublished reports, final rulings on threatened and endangered plants, endangered species recovery plans (all recovery plans printed byAugust 1994 were reviewed for information on the effectsof fire), research in progress, and anecdotal information.Although threatened, endangered, and category-one species were the target of our research, we also selected otherpertinent references to the effects of fire. We searched forreferences to the effect of fire on rare but not federallylisted plant species, to plant communities with rare plantspecies, and to some plant genera with one or more federally listed species.After the literature search, we contacted key researchers and agencies involved with fire ecology. Weposted electronic bulletins on Internet and on the U.S.Forest Service computer network and contacted federal,state, and local agencies to obtain access to unpublishedreports, field notes, anecdotal information, and information on research in progress (Appendixes A-B).

EFFECXWe found 126 references to the effects of fire on 172federally listed plants (26% of the plant species in thesecategories) and 36 references to the effects of fire on otherrare plants (including some C2 plants). Of the total of 165references, 39 are unpublished documents and 9 are personalcommunications.The albeit limited number of references revealed that thenumber of relevant articles has been increasing since the1970s and most rapidly since the late 1980s (Table 1). Wefound only three articles on threatened, endangered, or Clspecies that were published before 1980. After 1980, thenumber of pertinent studies increased, probably in responseto the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (P.L. 93-205 [87stat. 8841) and the subsequent development of recoveryplans. The total number of publications was greater in the1990s (57) than in the 1980s (33). We also compared thenumber of references describing the effects of fire on endangered, threatened, and category-one plants in each state withthe number of plant species in these categories currently orhistorically occurring in each state (Table 2; Figs. 1 and 2).Although the preservation and management of botanical diversity requires an understanding of the relation offire to plants, the variety of responses documented in thisbibliography suggests that the role of tire in creating,maintaining, and destroying rare plants and their habitatscan be complex and elusive. For example, long-term monitoring is necessary to establish the role of fire in successionand other vegetative processes (Owen and Rosentreter1992; *Sutter 1994; D. Soblo, The Nature Conservancy,Columbia, South Carolina, personal communication); aminimum of 3 years may be needed to study and predictrare plant population dynamics (Menges 1986); and fireintensity, extent of bum, and season of bum must bemeasured to determine the variability of tire behavior(Pavlovic 1994). Fires may be detrimental to some speciesin spring but beneficial in summer or fall or vice versa(“Lesica 1992; D. Gori, The Nature Conservancy, Tucson,OFFIRE ON THREATENEDANDENDANGERED PLANTS3Arizona, personal communication). Similarly, anthropogenie disturbances, such as mowing or grazing, can mimica historical fire regime if they occur with the correctfrequency and intensity but can also be destructive(Pavlovic 1994).Some authors (Campbell et al. 1991; Hardin andWhite 1992; *Gordon 1992a, 1992b) simply stated thata plant species occurs in a fire-adapted community. Because fire occurs in nearly all terrestrial environments atsome time or another, we suspect that information aboutthe effects of fire on plant communities may be importantfor the general management of endangered species. Although all plants are adapted to environmental stresses,plant morphology may provide additional informationabout adaptation to fire. For example, species with thickbark, hard-coated seeds, or fire-resistant foliage maybenefit from fire during part of their life cycles (Agee1994).For each bibliographic entry, we summarized the information on the effects of fire, unless an abstract orother written summary was available. The nature of eachsummary is identified as AA (author’s abstract of thepublication), PA (partial abstract of the publication), AS(researcher’s summary of the unpublished material), orPS (researcher’s partial summary of the unpublishedmaterial). The absence of a designation denotes oursummary of a publication, unpublished material, or record.Additionally, we summarized the available information on the effects of fire on the species covered by thisbibliography in a table that lists each species, its status,associated references, and known or suspected responsesto fire (Table 3). This summary is not a comprehensivelisting of rare species affected by tire, and the listedresponses are not meant to be definitive information onthe effects of fire on species. We refer readers to theoriginal sources for more detailed information.Table 1. Number of references by year and decade to the effects of tire on federally listed endangered, threatened, orcategory-one communication24944I2SourcesTotal1980Year1987 198819891990199119921993DecadePR1994a 1970s 1970s 1980s 1990s3439161214612202765I2335762064944aExclusive of references that became available after 31 August.4659181920186123984

4INFORMATIONANDTECHNOLOGYREKIRT Table 2. Number of federally listed threatened, endangered, and category-one plants per state (U.S. Fish and WildlifeService 1993c, 1993d or as of September 1993) and number of references to species in these categories by aNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth est 1100 References1 to 5 References6 to 10 References11 to 20 References21 to 30 ReferencesFig. 1. Number of references by state to the effects of fire on federally listed endangered, threatened, and category-one plant species.

EFIXCTS OFFIF EONTHREATENEDANDENDANGEREDPLANTS 50 to 5 Species6 to 20 Species21 to 50 Species51 to 99 SpeciesOver 100 SpeciesFig. 2. Number of federally listed endangered, threatened, and category-one plant species per state as of September 1993.Table 3. Scientific names, common names, federal statuses, references to species in this bibliography, and summariesof responses by these species to fire. Status codes: E Endangered; T Threatened; C 1 Category-one candidate;C2 Category-two candidate; 3C Category-three species; 0 not federally listed.SourceaResponseCommon nameSt&ISAbronia macrocarpaAbutiloneremitopetalumA. menziesiiA. sandwicenseAgalinis acutaLarge-fruited sand verbenaEEUSFWSb 1992e Fire may maintain favorable habitatUSFWS 199lf Fire poses a significant threatKo’ola’ulaSandplain gerardiaEEEAmorpha crenulata(S A. herbacea var.crenulata)Amsinckia grandifloraCrenulate leadplantEUSFWS 1986aUSFWS 1991aJo&n 1994USFWS 1989 USFWS 1988bGordon 1992bThreatened by fueThreatened by fireFire may increase number of individualsMay require disturbance such as fueFire may maintain suitable habitatOccurs in a fire adapted communityLarge-flowered fiddleneckEPavlik 1991Pavlik 1993Fire maintains favorable habitatMortality rates decreased and survivorship increased following a fall bumScientific namePavlovic 1994USFWS 1985e0Arctostaphylos glandulosaA. hookerissp. montanaA. myrt?ifoliaTamalpais manzanitac2lone manzanitaClKelly andParker 1990Parker 1987Gankin andMajor 1964Wood andParker 1988Controlled bums may have adverse orpositive effect on this speciesResprouts following fireDecrease in germination followingwinter bumFiie kills adults, but may encourageseedling establishmentMust regenerate from seed followingfre, but fue may increasegermination rates

6 INFORMATIONANDTECHNOLOGYREPORT2Table 3. Continued.Scientific nameArgyroxiphium kauenseAristida strictaCommon nameKa’u silverswordSourceE0EUSFWS 1993eHardin andWhite 1992Bowles et al.1990Pavlovic 1994Johnson 19890A. tuberculosaAsimina tetramerastatusFour-petal pawpawAstragalus atratus var.inseptusA. onictformisMilkvetchc2Johnson 1994Kral 1993Popovich 1994Milkvetch0Popovich 1994A. schmolliaeAstrophytum aste

research on fire and rare plants is increasing, an absence of information on many species persists. We hope that this document will facilitate and encourage research in this increasingly important field of botanical conservation. Key words: Bibliography, botanical conservation, endangered plants, fue ecology, threatened plants, rare plants.

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