Stormwater Runoff BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR MARINAS
Stormwater RunoffBE STM A NA G E M E NTPRA CTICE S F ORM A RINA S:A Guide for OperatorsUpdated February 2007Bill Hunt, NC State Biological and Agricultural Engineering,NC Cooperative ExtensionBarbara Doll, NC Sea GrantBased upon the original manuscript written by:Jay Tanski, New York Sea Grant Extension Program,Cornell Cooperative Extension, New York Sea Grant PublicationNumber : NYSGI-G-98-002
Stormwater Runoff Best Management Practices for Marinas: A Guide forOperatorsStormwater Runoff, Hull Maintenance and BMPs — They All Go Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3Different Marinas, Different BMPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Source-Control BMPsIndoor Maintenance Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Outdoor Maintenance Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Work Outside of Designated Hull Maintenance Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Innovative Paint Removal Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Plastic Media Blasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6“Environmentally-Sensitive” Chemical Paint Strippers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Dustless Vacuum Sanders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Stormwater Treatment BMPsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Vegetated Filter Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10Infiltration Trench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Dry Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Vegetated Swale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Rain Garden or Bioretention Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14Water Quality Inlet Insert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Water Harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Permeable Pavement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Retention/Infiltration Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18This information is provided for educational purposes only. Mention of trade names, products,companies or services does not imply approval, endorsement or recommendation by NC StateUniversity or NC Sea Grant.Funding for this manual was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrationthrough the Coastal Nonpoint Source Program, NC Department of Environment and NaturalResources.2
“Stormwater runoff” and “Best ManagementPractices,” or BMPs, are terms being usedmore and more to discuss environmentalprotection and water quality. They are alsoterms marina owners and operators arehearing more frequently in relation to theirfacilities. But what do these terms meanand how do they relate to marina operationsfrom a practical perspective?This guide discusses why stormwater runoffmanagement is important at marinas andwhat facility owners can do to addresspotential problems. The guide is designed tofamiliarize readers with the options availableand help them determine which optionscould be applied at a specific site. Althoughintended primarily for marina owners andoperators, this information should also be ofinterest to others involved with boatingfacilities and environmental managementincluding government and agency officials,planners, consultants and the public.Stormwater Runoff, HullMaintenance and BMPs —They All Go TogetherStormwater runoff is simply rainwater thatflows across the land. This water picks uppollutants and carries them into wetlands,creeks and estuaries where they can degradewater quality and threaten aquatic habitats.Any type of development can increase theamount of stormwater runoff, alter naturaldrainage patterns and increase the concentration and types of pollutants carried byrunoff.Stormwater RunoffBEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICESFOR MARINAS:A Guide for Operatorsvery low levels, these metals can be toxic tomarine life. (Toxic levels are so low thatharmful concentrations are often measuredin terms of parts per billion). Because manycontaminants tend to attach themselves tosolid particles, even soil and fine debris inhull maintenance areas can pick up potentially harmful materials. In addition toadversely affecting marine life, materialwashed into the water from hull maintenance areas can also contaminate sediments(sand and mud) in the marina basin, posingproblems for dredging and the disposal ofdredged material. Finally, allowing pollutantsto seep into the ground can eventuallycontaminate the site itself, posing problemsif the marina is ever sold.It is easy to see why it is important to keepa close eye on hull maintenance areas toensure that the associated wastes do not getinto the water. Under the Federal CoastalNonpoint Source Pollution Control Program,each state is required to develop plans toreduce pollution from stormwater runofffrom a variety of sources, including marinas.This program seeks ways to reduce the totalamount of solids in runoff from boat maintenance areas in existing marinas. The question is, how best to do this?Runoff is a concern for marinas in areasused for boat hull maintenance. The materials and compounds used to repair boats,control fouling and corrosion, and the wastesgenerated by sanding, scraping, painting,varnishing and fiberglassing can containmetals, solvents, hydrocarbons and othercontaminants.Even relativelysimple practices canhelp reduce potentialpollution from hullmaintenance areas.Preparing a vessel for painting can generatepaint chips, dust and particles that maycontain metals such as copper, zinc andlead. Although some of these metals are relatively harmless on land, improper handlingcan allow them to get into the water. Even at3
This is where stormwater Best ManagementPractices come in. Simply put, BMPs areanything a marina owner or operator can doto help prevent or reduce the amount of pollutants coming from their facility. WhichBMPs are really “best” for a particular facility depends on the marina and the activitiesthat occur there.BMPs can involvea wide range ofactivities including: Building newstructures, Using new ordifferent equipmentor products, Changing operatingprocedures andimprovinghousekeepingpractices.Different Marinas, Different BMPsWhen evaluating BMPs for use at a site, itis important to remember all marinas aredifferent and, in some respects, unique.Marinas in different parts of the country canvary tremendously in terms of their size,services offered and operating characteristics because of differences in boat use,number and size. Even in relatively smallgeographic areas there can be a great dealof variation in these facilities. Marinas incoastal North Carolina range in size from11 to 400 slips.Obviously, the diversity in size and type ofmarinas make it difficult to generalize aboutBMPs for these facilities. A BMP that workswell at one marina might be inappropriatefor another because of location, site, economic or operational considerations. Eachmarina must be examined on a site-specificbasis to ensure that the most effective andsuitable BMPs are selected.SOURCE-CONTROLBMPSIndoor Maintenance AreasOne of the most effective ways to reducecontaminated stormwater runoff is to movemaintence and repair work indoors or underroofs where it is shielded from rainfall.However, it may also be one of the mostimpractical alternatives for many marinasdue to cost, size, space limitations orzoning restrictions, especially when traditional structures are used.For marinas with enough room, temporarywork enclosures can be a relatively inexpensive way to protect maintenance areas fromrain while also extending the work season.The enclosures are pre-fabricated structuresmade of heavy-gauge polypropylene plasticstretched over a tubular metal frame.Although the plastic has a life expectancy ofthree years, the structure pictured below isseven years old and has survived a hurricaneand a number of severe “nor’easter” stormswithout major damage.Planning ConsiderationsAlthough there is no “one size fits all” set ofBMPs for marinas, there are a number ofBMPs often suggested for reducing potentialstormwater pollution from hull maintenanceareas. Chances are one or more of the BMPsdiscussed here would be suitable for mostfacilities.BMPs often fall into two categoriescommonly known as source-control BMPsand stormwater treatment BMPs. Sourcecontrol, or non-structural, BMPs focus onkeeping stormwater from coming into contact with pollutants. Stormwater-treatmentBMPs usually involve building structures orinstalling devices to treat or manage runoff.Source-control BMPs are generally preferredbecause they usually cost less and can keepmost, if not all, pollutants out of the water.4 Indoor work areas should have hard floorsto facilitate clean up. Floor drains shouldbe avoided or covered while work is beingdone. Temporary enclosures come in varioussizes up to 100 feet long, 30 feet wideand 23 feet high. Usually, enclosurescome as a kit with materials and assemblyinstructions. The marina must supply thelabor to actually build the structure.Construction does not usually requirespecial tools or skills, but it can be timeconsuming.Temporary work enclosure located on Shelter Island, New York.
Because temporary structures do not havepermanent foundations and are portable,they may not require permits or zoningapprovals in some locations and may alsobe exempt from capital improvement taxes.Check with your local building departmentregarding the laws and regulations in yourarea.Moving certain types of work, such as painting, indoors or into enclosed areas mayrequire the use of special ventilation equipment, protective clothing, respirators andsafety equipment to meet requirements andregulations of the Occupational Safety andHealth Administration, Clean Air Act and localfire safety laws.nants. Concrete floors are particularly easyto clean, and they are resistant to solventsand petroleum products. Maintenance areas should be swept orvacuumed regularly and the collectedwastes disposed of properly (check withyour local solid waste agency on how todispose of paint chips safely). Specialattention should be paid to weatherconditions, with cleanups being done morefrequently if there is a chance of materialbeing dispersed by wind or rain. Avoidhosing down the work area.Concrete work pads areraised and surroundedby permeable gravel tocontrol runoff.CostUnless a building is already available, it is notfeasible for most marinas to build a structuresolely for maintenance activities. Typical costsfor temporary work enclosures range from 3to 5 per square foot for materials. This doesnot include labor.Outdoor Maintenance AreasUsually, it is not practical for a marina to doall of its maintenance work under a roof. Ifwork must be done outdoors, it should bedone over dry land in specially designatedareas that are designed for such purposes andare away from the water’s edge. These areasshould be clearly marked with signs.Customers and staff should be prohibitedfrom performing maintenance work outsidethese areas.Planning Considerations Locate maintenance areas as far away fromthe basin and waterways as possible to prevent contaminants from getting into the water. Maintenance areas should have a hard,impermeable surface that can be easilyvacuumed or swept to remove contami-Outdoor work area with paved, impervious surface. Care should be taken to ensure thatstormwater runoff from other parts of themarina does not flow over the maintenance area. This can be done by propersiting or by using berms or curbs to divertwater from the area. If the maintenance area cannot beproperly cleaned, rainwater falling on itshould be directed to a stormwatertreatment device before it flows intothe marina basin. These devices are discussed in the latter half of this document(see page 9). Maintenance areas should be locatedaway from storm drains. If storm drainsare nearby, they should be covered whenwork is being done to prevent materialfrom being carried into the water. If blasting or painting is done outdoors,vertically hung tarps or enclosures shouldbe used to contain dust, abrasive gritand/or paint. Work should be monitored(especially on windy days) to ensurethat paint, dust or blasting grit is containedor stopped if conditions prevent containment.5
CostCosts for hull maintenance areas vary widelydepending on the specific marina. In somecases, existing infrastructure such as parking lots or other paved surfaces may be converted to maintenance areas with minimalexpenditures. Constructing a new concretepad with appropriate runoff controls capableof handling large boats can cost 10,000 ormore in coastal North Carolina.Work Outside of Designated HullMaintenance AreasIn some marinas, it may not be possible tohave a designated work area for all hullmaintenance activities due to space limitations or cost. If work must be done outsidea designated area, precautions should betaken to contain waste and debris andprevent them from entering the water.Tarps may be used to contain paint chipsand dust from hull maintenance activities.Planning Considerations In areas without a sealed or impervioussurface, perform all work over tarps ordrop clothes. Ideally, tarps should beplaced beneath the cradle or boat stand.Tarps should be used tocontain paint chipsand dust from hullmaintenance activities. When maintenance work has to be donenear water, consider the use of additionalBMPs such as the innovative paintremoval techniques and dustless vacuumsanders described below.Innovative Paint RemovalTechniquesDifferent paint removal technologies canbe used as BMPs to eliminate or at leastcontain paint chips and dust associatedwith hull preparation activities. Specialequipment, products or procedures canalso reduce the amount of waste materialgenerated and ensure it does not get intothe environment.Plastic Media BlastingNew abrasive hull blasting technologies arebeing used in other states and may becomeavailable in North Carolina. These technologies utilize a process to reclaim and reusemedia made of plastic. In this procedure,the boat containment area must be completely enclosed to trap the media and paintwaste. The collected mixture is fed intospecialized equipment (see truck in photograph on page 7) that sifts and separatesmost of the paint dust and chips from themedia. The plastic media can then bereused. In addition to containing paint dustand chips, this process can significantlyreduce the amount of material that has to bedisposed of when stripping a hull. For example, the plastic media stripping of a 19-footboat produced a total of 200 pounds ofwaste and media. The equipment recovered185 pounds of reusable media (containing asmall amount of paint), leaving only 15pounds of paint for disposal. Tarps should be cleaned frequently byvacuuming or sweeping. Special attentionshould be paid to weather conditions —clean tarps immediately if there is thepossibility of rain or wind. Work should beavoided on windy or rainy days. If customers are allowed to do maintenance work on their boats, they should berequired to clean up the area when doneworking. Separate, covered and labeledcontainers should be provided for wastematerials. Have tarps available for customer use to assure that the wastes arecollected properly.6Boat enclosed for plastic media hull blasting.
Planning Considerations Specialized equipment and training isrequired for plastic media blasting. Somecompanies have mobile equipment andwill perform this service on site for a setfee. Clean up and disposal costs can bereduced by recovering the media andcontaining dust and debris.mobile equipment will blast hulls with plastic media on site for approximately 17 to 18 per foot. Length is calculated as thelength of the boat at the waterline plus onehalf the beam. (Approximate cost for blasting a “typical” 30-foot powerboat is about 630.) Discounts may be available for volume work.“Environmentally-Sensitive”Chemical Paint StrippersMobile equipment used to separate and recover plasticblasting media. Because the media cannot removeanything harder than itself, thesetechniques may not be effective forpreparing all surfaces. For example,plastic media may not remove corrosion orbarnacles from props, shafts or rudders.However, it will remove paint withoutdamaging sound gel coat, rubber, chromeor glass surfaces. Some softer media may not work well onvery durable, pliable paints (such as coalor tar epoxies). Paint around edges mayhave to be removed by hand. Sanding isusually required before painting a blastedhull. Be careful when blasting boats withdamaged or blistered gel coats. Blastingmay open blisters or voids that will have tobe filled before painting. Even sound gelcoats may contain small voids that mayhave to be filled after blasting.Chemical paint strippers can actually eliminate paint chips and dust associated withsanding, scraping and blasting. There arenow less toxic and less hazardous alternatives to strippers that use methylene chloride and other organic solvents. New products are non-chlorinated, biodegradable,have low volatility and are not listed as hazardous. Some of the more environmentallysensitive strippers may be water based anduse less toxic materials (look for dibasticesters, semi-aqueous terpene-based products, detergents and C9 to C12-basedhydrocarbon strippers). Although the newstrippers themselves may be considerednon-hazardous, metals and chemicals fromthe paint they remove may be hazardous.Therefore, all residue and wash water mustbe collected and disposed of properly (contact your local solid waste agency for howto properly dispose of wastes).Planning Considerations Environmentally-sensitive paint strippersare usually made without toxic or causticchemicals, so they do not burn skin andwill not release harmful fumes like someof the more aggressive chemical strippers.This can reduce or eliminate the need forspecial ventilation equipment and associated costs.Chemical paintstripper andcovering clothapplied to boathull.CostEquipment costs for a blasting system thatincorporates media recovery and reclamationstart at 25,000, not including training orthe media. Contractors with their own7
These environmentally-sensitive strippersmay require more experience and expertiseto apply correctly, as well as more time towork effectively. Some may have to remainon the hull for two to 24 hours dependingon the condition of the hull and the airtemperature. Lower temperatures requiremore time, and some products do notwork well below 32 F. When stripping, place plastic around andunder the work area to catch any drips.Some products come with a special paperthat is placed over the stripper after it hasbeen applied. The paper helps contain thechemicals and dissolved paint. Strippers may not work on all paints, suchas 2-part epoxies or chlorinated rubbers.Check with the manufacturer for specificapplications. Machines are used to pressure wash andcollect washwater in one step from achemically stripped hull. Stripping residueand washdown water may be contaminatedby paint and must be collected and disposed of properly, possibly as a hazardouswaste.Machine usedto pressure w
water quality and threaten aquatic habitats. Any type of development can increase the amount of stormwater runoff, alter natural drainage patterns and increase the concen-tration and types of pollutants carried by runoff. Runoff is a concern for marinas in areas used for boat hull maintenance. The materi-als and compounds used to repair boats,
NPDES: Stormwater Best Management Practice— — Stormwater Wetland Stormwater Retrofit A stormwater retrofit is a stormwater control (usually structural) that a community puts into place after development to improve water quality, protect downstream channels, reduce flooding or meet other specific objectives.
Stormwater Management Plan Best Management Practices This Stormwater Management Plan groups stormwater best management practices according to permit requirements into the following sections: 1. Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination . 2. Industrial and Commercial Facilities . 3. Construction Site Runoff Control . 4. Education and Outreach . 5.
Pennsylvania Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual December 2006 Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual Cover and Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Introduction and Purpose Chapter 2 - Making The Case For Stormwater Management Chapter 3 - Stormwater Management Principles and Recommended Guidelines
Northwestern Pennsylvania Homeowner’s Guide to Stormwater Management 2 Northwestern Pennsylvania Homeowner’s Guide to Stormwater Management . This guide is intended to help property owners living in Northwestern Pennsylvania evaluate current runoff pathways and identify practices to better manage stormwater runoff on their properties.
1.3 New Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs) Manual The New Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual (BMP Manual) of April 2004, as amended, was developed to provide guidance to implement the standards in the Stormwater Rules. The BMP manual provides examples of ways to meet the standards required by the Stormwater R
v Agriculture Handbook 590 Ponds—Planning, Design, Construction Tables Table 1 Runoff curve numbers for urban areas 14 Table 2 Runoff curve numbers for agricultural lands 15 Table 3 Runoff curve numbers for other agricultural lands 16 Table 4 Runoff curve numbers for arid and semiarid rangelands 17 Table 5 Runoff depth, in inches 18 Table 6 I a values for runoff curve numbers 21
Total Suspended Solids: The Hows Whys of Controlling Runoff Pollution Using Total Suspended Solids (TSS) for community stormwater management The agencies responsible for regulating stormwater runoff (U.S. EPA and the Wisconsin DNR) use TSS in two ways: 3 as the regulatory criteria used to indicate the amount of pollutants in runoff, 3 as a measure of effectiveness of BMPs in removing those
ANSI/AAMI HE74 (2001-2010) “Human factors design process for medical devices” ANSI/AAMI HE75 (2009- ) “Human factors engineering - Design of medical devices” (a Tutorial to HE-74) 37 . US & FDA FDA Human Factors Draft Guidance Document: Agency Expectations for Human Factors Data in Premarket Submissions Applying Human Factors and Usability Engineering to Optimize .
