Unit 3 Guided Notes: Latin America

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Unit 3 Guided Notes: Latin AmericaName: Date: Block:Physical Notes1. Latin America spans milesa. FromUS-Mexicobordertodel Fuegob. Part of North America, all ofandAmerica,and2. Major islands of the Caribbeana. Bahamas- hundreds of islands offsouthern , north ofCubab. is largest city andcapitalc. TheGreater-larger islands in Caribbean:i. Cubaii. Jamaicaiii. Hispaniolaiv. Puerto RicoNote: Some spellings of Latin American countries are different in our languagehere in the United States.d. The Lesser - smaller islands southeast of Puerto Rico3. Mountainsa. Mountainsb. Called the Rockies in the USc. Called in Mexicod. World’s longest mountain rangee. The Andes Mountain range is the highest mountain range outsidef.The highest peak, , rises to 22,840 ft.4. Plains for Grain and Livestocka.i. Grassy, treeless areas used for livestock grazing, farmingii. Located in and1

Unit 3 Guided Notes: Latin Americab. Cerradoi. Flat savannahs with moderate rainfall, good for farmingii. Found in interior of in mostly undeveloped Amazon River Basinc.i. Areas of grassland, rich soil, used for cattle and wheatii. Located in andiii. Home to gaucho culture centered on horsemen5. Rivers and Waterwaysa. Rio - forms border between US andMexicob. Amazon Riveri. Longestriverinthehemisphereii. Flows miles, from west toRio Grandeeast, to Atlantic Oceaniii. Branches start iniv. Fed by over tributariesv. Carries more water than next largest rivers combinedc. Canali. i. Canal traffic makes Panama an importantcrossroads of world traded. Lake - region’s largest lake6. Angel FallsPanama Canala. Located inb. World’s largest waterfall ( ft)c. The base of the falls feeds into the Kerep Riverd. Named after , a US pilote. The height of the fall is so great that before getting anywhere near the ground, much of the water isor carried away as a fine mist by the strong wind7. Natural Resources of Latin America2

Unit 3 Guided Notes: Latin Americaa. Region is rich in , energy resources, agriculture,b. Mineralsi. Goldii. Silveriii.iv. Copperv. Bauxite ( ore)vi. Leadvii. Nickelc. South America is a world leader in and exporting raw materialsd. began bauxite mining to reduce dependency on agriculture & tourisme. Oil, , natural gas, uranium, and power are plentifulf.is rich in hydroelectric power, oil, and gasg. and have major oil deposits8. Climatesa. Rain forestsi. Denseforestswithdifferentof treesii. Hot and rainy all yeariii. Unique ecosystem- community ofplants, animals living in balanceiv. LargestisBrazil’sRain Forestwith 2 million square milesv.typesofAmazon treesAmazon Rainforestvi. Animals include1.2.3.b. Savannahsi. Found in , Colombia, Argentinaii. Hot with seasonal rain3

Unit 3 Guided Notes: Latin Americac. Desertsi. Desertii. Located in northd. Highlandsi. Varies from moderate to cold due to elevation, wind, sun, and landscapeii. Found in mountains of and South9. Agriculture Reshapes the Environmenta. Slash andi. Cut trees, brush, grassii. Burn to clear fieldsiii. Used by native peoples and today by poor in Amazon basiniv. They move to new area when soil isv. One reason for rain forestsb. farmingi. Step like farm fields cut into , hillsidesii. Allows crops grow on steep land, cuts down oniii. Used by in Peru, in MexicoCultural Notes1. Historya. Three important native civilizations that began in Latin America were:ThreeCivilizationsMayanInca4Aztec

Unit 3 Guided Notes: Latin Americab. Mayansi. The lived in southern Mexico, , and Guatemalaii. Their civilization was at its peak around 250 – 900 ADiii. The Maya had city states ruled by andiv. They worshipped the gods by ritual and -lettingv. Lived in a tropical wet climate with rainforestsvi. They practiced and farming and grew squash and cornc. Incai. The Inca lived in in Peru and Chileii. The Inca built a system of through the Andes Mountains to connect theirempireiii. The Inca did not have a system but they kept records with a complicatedsystem of withiv. The Inca spoked. Azteci. The Aztec lived in central5

Unit 3 Guided Notes: Latin Americaii. Their capital was called and it was located on islands in a lakeiii. now stands on the ruins of the Aztec capitaliv. The Aztec also practiced and built large like the Mayav. The Aztec empire flourished from 1400 to about 1520, when it was overthrown by thee. Europeans Arrivei. 1492- discovered Americaii. 1494- Treaty of1. Agreement between and Portugal2. Gave control of what would become Braziliii. Early 1500s- and Spanish destroyed capital, and built Mexico City on ruins1. Spanish brought own , religions; Indian heritage stays strong2. Large population- mixed Spanish, Native American heritage3. conquered Incas for Spain4. Since Spanish conquest in 1500s, Native Americans ruled by others5. Under Spain, ruled the region, acting on behalf of monarchs6

Unit 3 Guided Notes: Latin Americaf.European Colonizationi. Latin American was colonized countriesii. colonized Mexico and most of Central America and South Americaiii. colonized Braziliv. The English colonized andv. The French colonizedvi. The Europeans converted the natives to and made themlearn their languagesvii. The most wide-spoken languages are andviii. The Europeans also brought to work on sugar plantations as slavesg. African Influencesi. Latin America is heavily influenced by cultureii. Music1.2. Steel drum bands3.iii. Religion1. in Haiti2. in Brazilh. Populationi. Most of Latin America has a mixedpopulation calledii. are people of mixed and Native ancestryiii. People in the have mixed European, Native, and African ancestryi.Following Independencei. Minority of Spanish colonists still ruled after 1800s independenceii. - non-democratic government of the few (ruled by a few people)1. Press , free speech limited, and dissent punished2. against those not in Spanish ruling classiii. If government could not control people, would seize power1. Form a2. Harsh government run byiv. Many 20th century Latin-American countries ruled by a7

Unit 3 Guided Notes: Latin America1. Military dictator or boss2. Supported by military and ; sometimes even electedj.Rigid Social Structurei. There are many people and a few rich peopleii. The class is very smalliii. During most of its history Latin America was divided among rich who ownedmost of the land2. Culturea. Languagesi. Most Latin American countriesspeakii. Suriname is Dutch-speaking andGuiana is part ofFranceiii. is the officiallanguage of Brazilb. Emigrationi. Manyworkerstravelto(2,000-mileborder with the US)ii. Separates families; workers in USsendmoney,returnwithiii. Growing population and government policies create a shortage ofiv. Many Mexicans migrate to US for work, but can’t get good jobsv. School attendance is improving; of school age kids in classc. Urbanization: The Move to the Citiesi. farming barely supports people and their familiesii. People move to cities to improve their livesiii. factors- factors that “push” people to leave rural areasiv. factors- factors that “pull” people to citiesv. Rapidly growing cities have similar problems1. Growing8

Unit 3 Guided Notes: Latin America2. Increasing and crime3. Environmental problems include air , drinking water shortages4. Failing infrastructure- , transportation, electricity,vi. of Latin America’s most populous cities are in South America1. Most populous city in Latin America is City2. 18 to 20 million in city, million in greater metropolitan aread. Literacy in South Americai. Spanish speaking South Americancountries have a high literacy rateii. BetterthanCentralAmerica,, Mexico, Braziliii. in Argentina, Chile,with rates forwomen as high asiv. Chile has a adultliteracy rate andfor young peoplev. All children ages 6-13 attend school; free public education3. Economya. gap- difference between quality of life of the rich and poorb. Gap is widening in most Latin American countriesc. Most countries have -market economies and minimal rulesd. People have freedom, and rewards they need to create wealthe. Poor lack skills to fully, equally participate in such an economyi. Most have little ; can’t ; can’t find jobsii. End up doing laboriii. Conditions in slums bring , crime, short life spansf.Gulf oil reserves help develop industrial economy and manufacturingi. Many new factories along borderii. - factories that assemble imported materialsiii. Export products ( , clothes) to USg. Mexico is part of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) with and9

Unit 3 Guided Notes: Latin Americai. Prosperity through expectedh. Sugar cane is largest export cropi.Poor crop-labor leaves Caribbean’s per capita income very lowj.plantations produce 10% of world’s coffee, bananask. Mining and forest resources are alsol.Chile’s largest export ism. Advantages of Tourismi. Tourists spend money on , trips, restaurantsii. New hotels, businesses have been built in and theiii. Regional ports serve cruise shipsiv. work in restaurants and resorts, guide tours and activitiesv. Helps reduce income between rich and poorn. Disadvantages of Tourismi. Resort built on settings create congestion, pollutionii. Gap between rich tourists and poor residents createsiii. Local governments run up to build tourist facilitiesiv. Airports, harbors, hotels, resorts, sewage systems, shopping mallsv. Facility owners often live out of , so profits leave the areavi. Such owners make decisions that may not be in the area’s best interesto. Rain Forest Land Usesi. Rain forest has - wide range of plant, animal species1. 50 million acres of rain forest worldwide destroyed2. and cedar harvested; exported from Amazonii. Poor native farmers clear rain forests for crops ( and )1. Poor soil fertility; increased lead to more timber clearing10

Unit 3 Guided Notes: Latin America2. Brazil’s growing population: million in 2000, millionprojected in 20203. Over half of Amazon rain forest is inp. The Price of Destructioni. Deforestation- cutting down and clearing awayDeforestation of the Amazonii. Rain forests regulate climate1. Absorb2. Produce3. Fewer forests means less carbon dioxide absorbed- it builds up in atmosphere, preventsheat from escaping intoiii. Global warming- atmospheric temperature rises, weather patterns changeiv.Covers 6% of earth’s surface but has of plant, animal speciesv. Researchers are trying to develop from rain forest plantsq. Moving Toward Solutionsi. Balancing economic development with rain forestii. Some countries restrict economic developmentiii. organizations try to educate people about rain forests1. Protest environmentally damaging plans2. Debt-for swap- group pays part of government’s large debt3. Government protects part of rain forest4. Approach works in11

vi. _ of Latin America’s most populous cities are in South America 1. Most populous city in Latin America is _ City 2. 18 to 20 million in city, _ million in greater metropolitan area d. Literacy in South America i. Spanish speaking South American countries have a high literacy rate ii.

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