The Vietnam War 1954 - 1975 - Warrenhills
The VietnamWar1954 - 1975Backgroundto the War France controlled “Indochina” sincethe late 19th century Japan took control during WorldWar II With U.S. aid, France attemptedre-colonization in the postwarperiodBackgroundto the War The French lost control toHo Chi Minh’s Viet Minhforces in 1954 at Dien BienPhu1
Background tothe War International Conference atGeneva (1954)thP Vietnam was divided at 17parallelO Ho Chi Minh’s nationalistforces controlled the NorthO Ngo Dinh Diem, a Frencheducated, Roman Catholicinstalled by the US in theSouthBackground tothe War A date was set for democraticelections to reunify Vietnam Diem backed out of theelections, leading to militaryconflict between North andSouthU.S. MilitaryInvolvement Begins Repressive dictatorial rule by DiemP Diem’s family holds all powerP Wealth is hoarded by the eliteP Buddhist majority persecutedP Torture, lack of political freedomprevail The U.S. aided Diem’s governmentP Ike sent financial and military aidP 675 U.S. Army advisors sent by 1960.2
Early Protests ofDiem’s GovernmentSelf-Emolation by a Buddhist MonkU.S. MilitaryInvolvement Begins Kennedy elected 1960 Increases military “advisors” to16,000 1963: JFK supports aVietnamese military coup d’etat –Diem and his brother aremurdered (Nov. 2) Kennedy was assassinated justweeks later (Nov. 22)Johnson SendsGround Forces Remembers Truman’s “loss”of China Domino TheoryrevivedI’m not going to bethe president whosaw Southeast Asiago the way Chinawent.3
Johnson SendsGround Forces Advised to rout the communistsby Secretary of Defense,Robert S. McNamara Tonkin Gulf Incident 1964 Tonkin Gulf ResolutionP“The Blank Check” *U.S. TroopDeploymentsin Vietnam600,000500,000400,000U.S. Troops300,000200,000100,0001961 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 19680The Ground War1965-1968 No clear territorial goals Body counts on TV every night(first “living room” war) Viet Cong supplies over theHo Chi Minh Trail4
The Air War1965-1968 1965: Sustained bombing of North Vietnam Operation Rolling Thunder (March 2, 1965) 1966-68: Ongoing bombing of Hanoinonstop for 3 years! Esp. targets theHo Chi Minh Trail. Downed Pilots: P.O.W.s Carpet Bombing – napalmThe Air War:A Napalm AttackWho Is theEnemy? Vietcong:PPPFarmers by day; guerillas atnight.Very patient people willing toaccept many casualties.The US grossly underestimatedtheir resolve and theirresourcefulness.5
Who Is theEnemy?The Ground War1965-1968 General Westmoreland, late1967:We can see the“light at the end of the tunnel.”The Tet Offensive,January 1968 N. Vietnamese Army (Peoples Army ofVietnam) Viet Cong attack Southsimultaneously (67,000 attack 100cities, bases, and the US embassy inSaigon) Take every major southern city U.S. ARVN beat back the offensive Viet Cong & N. Vietnamese armyweakened, but regroups6
The TetOffensive,January1968Impact of theTet Offensive Domestic U.S. Reaction:Disbelief, Anger, Distrust ofJohnson Administration Hey, Hey LBJ! Howmany kids did youkill today?Johnson’spopularitydropped in1968 from48% to 36%.7
Impact of theVietnam WarJohnson announces (March, 1968): I shall notseek, and I willnot accept, thenomination of myparty for anotherterm as yourPresident.American MoraleBegins to DipFurther Disproportionate representation ofpoor people and minorities. Severe racial problems. Major drugproblems. Officers in combat6 mo.; Enlistedmen in combat for 12 mo.And at home 8
Are We theEnemy?Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Mylai Massacre, 1968 200-500 unarmed villagers Lt. William Calley,Platoon LeaderAnti-WarDemonstrationsColumbia University1967Anti-WarDemonstrationsStudent Protestorsat Univ. of CAin Berkeley, 1968Democratic Conventionin Chicago, 19689
Nixon on Vietnam Nixon’s 1968 Campaign promised anend to the war: Peace with HonorP Appealed to the great“Silent Majority” Vietnamization Expansion of theconflict The “Secret War”P CambodiaP Laos Agent Orange(chemical defoliant)“Pentagon Papers,”1971 Former defense analyst Daniel Ellsbergleaked govt. docs. regarding war effortsduring Johnson’s administration to theNew York Times. Docs. Govt. misled Congress & Amer.People regarding its intentions in Vietnamduring mid-1960s.P Primary reason for fighting not toeliminate communism, but to avoidhumiliating defeat.P New York Times v. United States (1971) *The Ceasefire,1973 Peace is at hand Kissinger, 1972PPNorth Vietnam attacks SouthMost Massive U.S. bombing commences 1973: Ceasefire signed betweenPU.S., South Vietnam, & North Vietnam10
The Ceasefire,1973 Conditions:1. U.S. to remove all troops2. North Vietnam could leave troopsalready in S.V.3. North Vietnam would resume war4. No provision for POWs or MIAs Last American troops left SouthVietnam on March 29, 1973 1975: North Vietnam defeats SouthVietnam Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh CityThe Fall ofSaigonApril 30, 1975America Abandons Its EmbassyThe Fall ofSaigonNorth Vietnameseat the Presidential Palace11
A United VietnamFormerly SaigonThe Costs1. 2-3,000,000 Vietnamese killed2. 58,000 Americans killed;300,000 wounded3. Under-funding of Great Societyprograms4. 150,000,000,000 in U.S.spending5. U.S. morale, self-confidence,trust of government, decimatedThe Impact 26th Amendment: 18-year-olds vote Nixon abolished the draft all-volunteer army War Powers Act, 1973PP ٭ President must notify Congress within 48hours of deploying military forcePresident must withdraw forces unless hegains Congressional approval within 90days POW/MIA issue lingered12
Some American POWsReturned from the“Hanoi Hilton”Senator John McCain(R-AZ)2,583 AmericanPOWs / MIAsstill unaccounted for today.Andin the End .Ho Chi Minh:If we have to fight, wewill fight. You will killten of our men and we willkill one of yours, and in the end itwill be you who tires of it.13
Lessonsfor FutureAmerican Presidents1. Wars must be of short duration.2. Wars must yield few Americancasualties.3. Restrict media access tobattlefields.4. Develop and maintain Congressionaland public support.5. Set clear, winnable goals.6. Set deadline for troop withdrawals.The VietnamMemorial,Washington, D.C.58,00014
President Clintonformally recognizedVietnam onJuly 11, 1995Where Were Youin the War, Daddy?This warhauntsus still!AND TODAY .The “Light” at theEnd of This Tunnel?2003 to ?: “Operation Iraqi Freedom”2400 American dead and counting ?15
AnotherVietnam?ORA transformation ofthe Middle East?Only time & historycan tell!16
1.U.S. to remove all troops 2.North Vietnam could leave troops already in S.V. 3.North Vietnam would resume war 4.No provision for POWs or MIAs Last American troops left South Vietnam on March 29, 1973 1975: North Vietnam defeats South Vietnam Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City The Fall of Saigon America Abandons Its Embassy April 30, 1975
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Chronology of Vietnam War, 1962-1975 CHRONOLOGY OF KEY MARINE CORPS EVENTS IN VIETNAM WAR, 1962 – 1975 April 9, 1962 - The leading elements of Marine Task Unit 79.3.5, a helicopter task unit codenamed Shufly commanded by Col John F. Carey arrived at Soc Trang, Republic of Vietnam.
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