Water - Its Properties And Role In The Environment
Water - Its Properties and Role in the EnvironmentOutline: Role in early history and science Unique chemistry Hydrologic cycle - redistribution, climate effects Ocean circulation - basic wind & thermohaline
Chemically uniqueExists in all three phases at atmospheric temperatures & pressures(high melting and boiling points compared to molecules of similarsize It is the only substance that does this!
Chemically and Physically unique High heat capacity (4.2 J/g/K). It stores a lot of heat energy whichmakes it a good medium for spreading the planet’s heat High heat of fusion (solid to liquid 335 J/g/K) and vaporization(liquid to gas 2400 J/g/K) so more effectively transfers heat whenchanging phase in atmosphere/ocean
Physically Unique Water is physicallyunique because it is lessdense as a solid (ice) thanas a liquid. The maximum density ofliquid water occurs at 4ºC
Chemically andBiologicallyUnique High surface tension so it forms drops & helps make good cellmembranes Dissolve other compounds very easily and so can transportchemicals (e.g., NaCl, nutrients) Mediates or facilitates most chemical reactions in living systems(e.g., takes water to photosynthesize) - neutral pH
Covalent and Ionic Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds - 10 x stronger than normalintermolecular (van der Waals)forces.
Distribution of waterWater volume, incubic milesPercent oftotalwater317,000,00097.24%Icecaps, Glaciers7,000,0002.14%Ground water2,000,0000.61%Fresh-water lakes30,0000.009%Inland seas25,0000.008%Soil %Water sourceOceansRiversTotal watervolume326,000,000100%
Hydrologic Cycle (in 103 km3)
Quantitative Hydrological Cycle
Period of RenewalWater of HydrospherePeriod of renewalWorld Ocean2500 yearsGround water1400 yearsPolar ice9700 yearsMountain glaciers1600 yearsGround ice of the permafrost zone10000 yearsLakes17 yearsBogs5 yearsSoil moisture1 yearsChannel network16 daysAtmospheric moisture8 daysBiological waterseveral cle.htm
Aquifers
Freshwater ResourcesRiversGroundwaterVolume(cubic miles)Residence Time30020000016 days1400 yrsFlux(cubic miles / year)7000140
Atmospheric circulation
Equatorial Hadley 0/Image56.gif
PrecipitationTo see the animated version go tohttp://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim animations/gifs/prate web.gif
Rain shadow
Effects of global warming on water cycleGlobal warming(temperature increase)Speeds up globalwater cycleMore extreme weather events Droughts Storms Floods
Projected Changes in Annual Precipitation for the 2050sThe projected change is compared to the present day with a 1% increase per year in equivalent CO2Source: The Met Office. Hadley Center for Climate Prediction and Research
Global Precipitation Trends(% per decade) 1900 - 1994Green increasing, Brown decreasingSource: Watson 2001
U.S. Precipitation Trends: 1901 to 1998Green increasing, Brown decreasingAll stations/trends displayed regardless of statistical significanceSource: National Climatic Data Center/NESDIS/NOAA
Extreme Precipitation Events in the U.S.Source: Karl, et.al. 1996.
Rivers 300 0.0001% Atmosphere 3,100 0.001% Soil moisture 16,000 0.005% Inland seas 25,000 0.008% Fresh-water lakes 30,000 0.009% Ground water 2,000,000 0.61% Icecaps, Glaciers 7,000,000 2.14% Oceans 317,000,000 97.24% Percent of total water Water volume, in cubic miles Water source Distribution of water
PROPERTIES OF FRESH WATER AND SEAWATER Unit: Salinity Patterns & the Water Cycle l Grade Level: Middle l Time Required: Up to three 45-min. periods l Content Standard: NSES Physical Science, properties and changes of properties in matter. l Ocean Literacy Principle 1e: Most of Earth's water (97%) is in the ocean.Seawater has unique properties: it is saline, its freezing point is slightly lower .
Water Re-use. PRESENTATION TITLE / SUBTITLE / DATE 3. Water Scarcity. Lack of access to clean drinking water. New challenges call for new solutions Water Mapping: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Reclaim Water resources Water Fit for Purpose Water resources Tap Water Waste water Cow Water Rain water Others WIIX Mapping True Cost of Water
Grey water-Recycling - In a german household [1] General Grey water-Recycling 48l Grey water-Recycling 70l Grey water 22l Grey water-discharge 25l Black water 25l Black water-discharge 25l toilet flush water 5l irrigation 48l service water from Grey water-Recycling 13l laundry washing 5l cleaning 52l drinking water 40l shower, bathtubs, wash .
An air humidifier and its magnetic suspension type water adding device are provided . The magnetic suspension type water adding device includes a water tank , a water slot , a water outlet valve , and a magnetic power generator , wherein water in the water tank enters the water slot to provide supplement water through the water outlet valve .
Matter—Properties and ChangesMatter—Properties and Changes Section 3.1 Properties of Matter In your textbook, read about physical properties and chemical properties of matter. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage. Matter is anything with (1) and volume. A (2) is a form
Mechanical Properties Tensile and Shear properties Bending properties Time dependent properties . Tensile and Shear properties Types of forces that can be applied to material: a) Tensile b) Compressive c) Shear d) Torsion . Tensile
Physical Properties of Minerals Physical properties of minerals are controlled by chemical composition and structure So, samples of same minerals exhibit the same properties Thus physical properties can be used to identify minerals Physical properties can be grouped into four categories Introduction to Mineralogy, Second edition
main idea of the rough paths theory is to introduce a much stronger topology than the convergence in p-variation. This topology, that we now explain, is related to the continuity of lifts of paths in free nilpotent Lie groups. Let G N(Rd) be the free N-step nilpotent Lie group with dgenerators X 1; ;X d. If x: [0;1] !Rd is continuous with bounded variation, the solution x of the equation x(t .
