A Survey And Review On Gain Enhancement Methods Of .
etInternational Journal on Emerging Technologies (Special Issue on NCRIET-2015) 6(2): 98-104(2015)ISSN No. (Print) : 0975-8364ISSN No. (Online) : 2249-3255A Survey and Review on Gain Enhancement Methods of MicrostripPatch AntennaAnilkumar Patil* and Dr. B. Suryakanth***Assistant Professor, DYPIEMR Pune (Maharashtara), INDIA**Associate Professor, BKIT, Bhalki (Karnataka), INDIA(Corresponding author: Anilkumar Patil)(Published by Research Trend, Website: www.researchtrend.net)ABSTRACT: Microstrip Patch antenna (MPA) is widely used in a number of antenna systems because of theirlow profile, light weight, low cost, compactness etc. Patch antenna is also used with Microwave IC’s andMonolithic Microwave IC’s because of its compatibility. But one of the major drawbacks of MPA is its lowergain and Bandwidth. Various methods were used by the researchers for the purpose of gain enrichment suchas in microstrip antenna array, superstrate structure, change of dielectric material and partial removal ofsubstrate. All these mechanisms individually increases the gain of MSA are being proved by researches. Buthowever there is scope for improving gain of the antenna by hybridization techniques. In this paper we havemade a survey and review on some of the different Gain and bandwidth enhancing techniques.Index terms: MPA (Micro strip Patch Antenna), Gain, Bandwidth.I. INTRODUCTIONMicrostrip antenna technology has been now recognizedas emerging trend in the antenna field in the last fifteenyears. Throughout this period there have been over 1500published journal objects, many books and countlesssymposia sessions and short courses devoted to thesubject of microstrip antenna and arrays.As we know that the Microstrip Patch Antenna is widelyused because of its low profile but simultaneously it ishaving some disadvantages such as Lower Bandwidthand Lower Gain. We presented here a survey of variousmethods used in increasing the bandwidth (BW) . Gain and Bandwidth Enhancement of a MicrostripAntenna Using Partial Substrate Removal in Multiplelayer Dielectric Substrate.In this paper [1], authors presented a novel antennadesign for simultaneous improvement of patch antennagain and bandwidth using partial substrate removal in amultiple-layer dielectric by suppression of surface wavelosses beneath the substrate surface by embedding a lowdielectric (air) void. In this way, improvement in gain isachieved by fractional removal of substrate. Bandwidthof the patch antenna is increased by using multiple layerdielectric substrates.It is known that bandwidth of microstrip antenna is smalland varies directly with the size of the patch. Increasingsize of patch to improve bandwidth makes it large andbulky.Thus to overcome the bandwidth limitationwithout increasing size unacceptably, a patch onmultiple-layer scheme has been designed to reduce theeffective dielectric constant. This ensures that bandwidthincreases greatly while size is nearly unaffected.Performance parameters like bandwidth and reflectionloss have been evaluated and compared with thatobtained from single layer dielectric substrates.Results suggest considerable improvement in bandwidthusing the proposed patch antenna design on multilayered dielectric substrate. The designed patch has asize of 12 8 mm2 and gives a bandwidth and gain of314MHz and gain 4.035 dB at 6.479 GHz.Table 1 shows the dimensions and the simulation resultsof the tested microstrip antenna designs.The parametricdescription of the multiple-layer substrate is as follows:Glass substrate (εr 4.6) of 1mm is sandwiched betweentwo silicon layers (εr 11.9) of thickness 0.5mm each.
Patil and Suryakanth99Table 1: Comparison of Simulation Results on Rectangular Patch Antenna Using Different Types (mm)BW(MHz)Size PatchGDSilicon Layer(Single layer)11.9272.78x62.4904.728Glass(Single (Multiple Layer)11.9/4.6/11.90.5/1/0.53148x124.0356.646The rectangular patch has size 12 8mm2 and has beenfed using microstrip feed. All of the designedmicrostrip antenna have 15 15mm2 ground plane. Bestbandwidth-size trade-off was observed using ass/Si) giving a bandwidth of 314MHz (reflectionloss: -9.5014 dB) at patch size8X12mm2 [1]. Theproposed antenna design using multiple layer dielectricswith partial substrate removal hasbeen found to give abandwidth of 314MHz with a gain of 4.035 dB at anoperating frequency of 6.646 GHz. This is a noteworthy improvement in bandwidth over that obtainedusing microstrip antenna over single-layer silicon orsingle-layer glass substrate [1].The proposed antenna is simulated and measured.According to the simulated and measured results, it isshown that theunidirectional antenna has a higher gainand a higher front to back ratio (F/B) than thebidirectional one. This is achieved by usinga secondflame retardant layer (FR-4), coated with an annealedcopper of 0.035mm at both sides, with an air gap of0.04 0 as areflector.A gain of 5.2 dB with directivity of 7.6 dBi, F/B of 9.5dB, and 18 dB return losses ( 11) are achieved throughthe use of adual substrate layer of FR-4 with a relativepermittivity of 4.3 and a thickness of 1.6 mm. Theproposed dual layer microstrip patchantenna has animpedance bandwidth of 2% and the designed antennashows very low complexity during fabrication. Aunidirectional and low profile microstrip patch antennaof 0.069 0 has been introduced. Using a second layer ofFR-4, which is coated with copper, reduced the backlobe and enhanced the gain up to 5.4 dB as well asincreased the directivity up to 7.74 dBi with F/B ratioof 9.5 dB. Moreover, the proposed antenna showsflexibility during the optimization technique and thesimulation results are evaluated by measurements [2].B. Gain Enhancement of a Microstrip Patch AntennaUsing a Reflecting LayerA low profile, unidirectional, dual layer, and narrowbandwidth microstrip patch antenna is designed toresonate at 2.45GHz.The proposed antenna is suitablefor specific applications, such as security and militarysystems, which require a narrow bandwidth and a smallantenna size.This work is mainly focused on increasingthe gain as well as reducing the size of theunidirectional patchantenna.Table 2: Comparison of the Antennas’ Parameters.Designfr(GHz)S11(dB)G(dB)First (dBi)6.3405.9387.7475.02Size(L W H)55 60 1.655 60 1.655 60 8.3740 40 1.6
Patil and SuryakanthThe proposed antenna is compatible for specificapplications, such as security and military systems, dueto considerable gain, small size, low profile, andunidirectional propagation. Furthermore, it is easilyfabricated at low cost and low complexity. Theproposed antenna outperforms both the conventionalone in terms of the matching impedance and gain andthe DB-CPWFA in terms of matching impedance and asignificant size reduction of 67.4% with a comparablegain [2].100bandwidth. The gain of the single patch antenna is4.22dBi. By adding side parasitic patch, the bandwidthof the antennacan be improved up to 375%. Theantenna works from 2.8 to 3.1GHz this band is usedfor air surveillance radar. Moreover thegain of the sideparasitic patch antenna is 5.57 dBi. A single elementproximity coupled rectangular patchantenna has beendesigned for future air surveillance radarapplication inIndonesia.A proximity coupled feed with additional side parasiticpatch is used to enhance theantenna’s gain andbandwidth. The simulated S-parameter hasa fractionalbandwidth of 10%. As for the absolute gain, it earch satisfies the required bandwidth ofair surveillanceradar, however to achieve the complexspecificationrequirement for the antenna radar, moreresearch has to beconducted.C. Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement of ProximityCoupled Microstrip Antenna Using Side ParasiticPatchIn this paper [11], a single element proximitycoupledrectangular patch antenna is designed forfuture radarapplication, where high gain and widebandwidth is required. A proximity coupled fedantenna is used to enhance the antenna’s gain andTable 3: Performance Comparison of Several Feeding ncy(GHz)BW(MHz)Directivity(dBi)Gain(dB)Feeding 03649636.2746.3392.8843.53D. High Gain of C Shape Slotted Microstrip PatchAntenna for Wireless SystemIn this paper [3], a novel C-shape slotted microstrippatch antennawith enhanced gain is presented anddiscussed. The proposed design offers low profile, highgain and compact antenna element. The maximum gainis 7.31541 dBi at 2.31610 GHz, antenna and radiationefficiency are more than 95.5319% andbandwidth is50% from 1GHz to 3GHz.The proposed design is suitable particularly for wirelesscommunication applicationsuch as Wi-Fi andWiMaxbeen proposed in this paper the return loss is 17.2610 can beachieved by using C shape slot on thepatch the bandwidth ofthe antenna is 50% from 1GHzto 3GHz and gain is7.31541dBi.In comparison tosimple microstriprectangular patch antenna theproposed antenna is betterbecause it gives maximumProximitycoupled2.9733.0381016.3783.921dual band return loss and very highgain at very lowfrequency. The new designed antenna is betterthan thesimple microstrip rectangular patch antenna [3].E. Enhanced Gain and Bandwidth of Patch AntennaUsing EBG SubstratesIn this paper [4], authors proposed a rectangularmicrostrip patch antenna with EBG substrates andcompare the performance of the proposed antenna witha conventional patch antenna in the same physicaldimension. Due to the presence of the EBG structure inthe dielectric substrates, the electromagnetic band gapis created that reduces the surface waves considerably.As a result, the performance of the proposed antenna isbetter comparing the conventional existing microstrippatch antenna.Table 4: Simulation 077.31541
Patil and SuryakanthThe patch antenna mostly used in modern mobilecommunication. The goals of this paper are to designconventional patch antenna and the patch antenna onEBG substrates with same physical dimensions thatcan operate at 10GHz and study the performance of101Microstrip antenna when EBG structure added on it.From the simulated results, it is seen that theperformance is better of a patch antenna that isdesigned on EBG substrates than the conventionalpatch antenna.Table 5: Geometrical Configuration of the Patch Antenna.Antenna PartPatchParameterLengthwidthDielectric constantHeightDielectric loss TangentRectangle WidthGap WidthSubstrate thicknessPatch substrate(NelteeNx9245)(IM)(tm)EBG SubstrateOperating frequencyF. Gain and Bandwidth Enhancement in CompactMicrostrip AntennaIn this paper [5], a new compact microstrip patchantenna has been proposed in stacked configuration.The characteristics of the antenna are obtained in termsof return loss, gain and bandwidth and are comparedwith theconventional microstrip patch. It is observedthat the new proposed configuration reduces the patcharea by 66.34% andat the same time enhances the gainand bandwidth significantly with superstrate loading.The Genetic Algorithm optimizer built in with IE3DCommercial simulator is used to obtain the optimizedperformance of the proposed antenna. A size z0.02λ12GHz0.04λ12GHz10GHzof 53% is obtained in the proposed configuration alongwith 4dBi gain and 91 MHz band width [5].Fig. 1. Cross-sectional view of probe-fed stacked-patchgeometry.Table 6: Characteristics of Grooved Patch LP Patch Antenna In Stacked tional tenna(LP) )Gain(dBi)6.6585.333.462.650.140.4973.291.54.01
Patil and SuryakanthG. Design and Development of Dual E-ShapedMicrostrip Patch Antenna for Bandwidth and GainEnhancementIn this paper a dual E-shaped antenna is designed bycutting four notches in the rectangularshapedmicrostrip antenna. The designed antenna structure isfurther simulated using IE3D simulation software. Thesimulation result shows good enhancement inbandwidth and gainwhich also shows that the designedantenna structure can work in four different frequencybands.The simulated result is further compared to themeasured result of the antenna. The comparison showsthat the result of the designed hardware of the antennais in good agreement with the simulated result.A dual E shaped antenna is designed and simulatedover IE3D simulation software. The simulated resultshows that the designed antenna structure is suitable tooperate in threefrequency bands with bandwidth of6.85%, 6.98% and 38.94%. The antenna structurealsoprovides a gain of 5.82dBi and the antennaefficiency of 85%. Further hardware of the antennaisimplemented and tested using network analyzer. Thecomparison of the tested and simulatedresult shows theresult of the hardware implementation is comparable tothat of the simulatedone [6].Fig. 2. Design of Dual E shaped Microstrip PatchAntenna.H.Gain Enhancement in Microstrip Patch Antennas byReplacing Conventional (FR-4 and Rogers) Substratewith Air SubstrateIn this paper [7], authors have designed Antenna usingIE3D/HFSS simulation software. Here they havesimply modified the shape of the patch, such asRectangular, Circular and Triangular Patches. Withrespect to each patch they are used different substratematerials and observed Gain values and compared witheach other as tabulated in Table 7.102The three patch geometries were investigatedtheoretically and reasonable values of resonantfrequency, return loss and gain are examined andcompared. Numerical computation to predict theequivalent circular and triangular patch geometry froma reference rectangular patch geometry and theresultant increase in gain from this geometry when theconventional substrate is replaced with air substratewas theoretical analyzed [7].Table 7: Gain Results for Different Patches.Patch DesignRectangular PatchTriangular PatchCircular PatchSubstrate and Gain .979.608.899.73I. Gain Enhancement of V-Slotted Triangular ShapeMicrostrip Patch Antenna for WiMax ApplicationsA V-slotted triangular shape microstrip patch antennais presented in this paper with enhanced gain for Wimax applications. The microstrip patch antennabecomes very popular day by day because of its easeof analysis low cost, light weight, easy to feed andtheir attractive characteristics. The return loss is below 10dB from 3.54 GHz to 3.75 GHz with impedancebandwidth 210MHz.The antenna is thin and compactwhich makes it easily portable.A maximum gain of 7.29dB achieved at 3.66GHzfrequency. The VSWR parameter was found to be lessthan 2 within the operating frequency range. Theantenna parameters of with v-slot and without v-slot oftriangular shape patch are compared. The substratematerial of RT-duriod-5880 with relative permittivity2.2 and loss tangent of 0.009 is used in the proposedantenna. The total simulation has been done on AnsoftHFSS software [8].J. Design and Enhancement of Gain & Bandwidth ofRectangular Patch Antenna Using Shifted SemiCircular Slot TechniqueMicrostrip Antennas are strongly used in wirelesscommunication applications. This paper proposed arectangular patch antenna loaded with a semi-circularslot to operate at 5.25 GHz with moderate gain (about8.53dBi),bandwidth (96.7 MHz) and a good matching (S11 24.13dB). This paper also describes the incrementin Bandwidth andGain of Rectangular Microstrip Patchantenna with the Slot. Microstrip patch antenna isdesigned on a Duroid 5880 substrate with a dielectricconstant of 2.2.
Patil and SuryakanthThe results of both the designs with and without slotsare compared and itwas found that an increase in thebandwidth by33.82% and gain by 28.25% are beingachieved. The antenna isdesigned based on extensiveHFSS simulation studies. In this paper we can enhancethe gain value by changing the feed point position byusing some mathematical analysis.Table 8: Microstrip Patch Antenna Parameters.ParameterOperating frequencyεrHeight of Sub(h)Length(L)Width(W)Dimension5 GHz2.20.787mm19.84mm23.71mmThe proposed antenna design operates at the frequencyof 5.25GHz and has the bandwidth of 96.7MHz(5.2011GHz -5.2971GHz). It can be used in WLANapplications (IEEE 802.11ac standard).The IEEE802.11ac is a standard under development which willprovide high throughput in the 5 GHz band. Therectangular patch antenna with and without a shiftedsemi-circular slot are analyzed.Both the feed probepositions and the slot positions arevaried to achieve anoptimum bandwidth and gain. TheShifted slot increasedthe bandwidth by33.82% and103more gain is obtained i.e.8.53dBi.The antenna modelalso provides good matchingwith return loss (S11 24.13dB) [9].K. Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement of MultibandFractal Antenna Based on the Sierpinski CarpetGeometryIn this paper, authors have achieved a compactmultiband fractal antenna based on Sierpinski carpetgeometry. The simulation of the proposed antenna wasdone by CST Microwave Studio EM simulationsoftware. The Sierpinski carpet fractal antenna provesthat it is capable to create multiband frequencies. Thereare four resonant frequencies appeared at 0.85 GHz,1.83 GHz, 2.13 GHz and 2.68 GHz. Simulated resultsindicates that the return loss is better than 15 dB, theVSWR is less than 1.3,the directivity is greater than6dBi & the gain is more than 6dB in each band.The simulated results show that return loss is morethan -15 dB, VSWR is less than 1.3, directivity is morethan 6 dBi, and gain is more than 6 dB. Multibandproperty is achieved with multiple iterations. Gain isenhanced with multiple iterations. Bandwidthenhancements for multiple iterations are compared.Antenna size is reduced by using fractal shapes withmultiple iterations. So the designed antenna can beproposed for the fixed microwave & aviationapplications [10].Table 9: Comparison of Different Major Parameters for Multiple Iterations.Parameters0th IterationRL, S11-16.19VSWR1.356Directivity6.043Gain1st Iteration2nd Iteration3rd esence of multiband0.1%3.46%1.69%1.44%1.96%1.48%Size s(2)2.09%2.54%52.1%
Patil and SuryakanthIII. CONCLUSIONAs we know that the Microstrip Patch Antenna iswidely used because of its low profile and moreadvantages but simultaneously it is having somedisadvantages also such as Lower Bandwidth andLower Gain. In this paper, we have briefly discussedabout design and comparative analysis of differenttechniques used for enhancing the Bandwidth andGain of Microstrip Patch Antennas.REFERENCES[1] Neeraj Rao and Dinesh Kumar V. “Gain andBandwidth Enhancement of a Microstrip AntennaUsing Partial Substrate Removal in Multiple-layerDielectric Substrate” Progress In ElectromagneticResearch Symposium Proceedings, Suzhou, China,Sept. 12-16, 2011 Page no-1285.[2] Anwer Sabah Mekki, Mohd Nizar Hamidon,Alyani Ismail, and Adam R. H. Alhawari “GainEnhancement of a Micro strip Patch Antenna Using aReflecting Layer” Hindawi Publishing Corporation.International Journal of Antennas and Propagation,Received 20 December 2014; Revised 5 March 2015;Accepted 5 March 2015.[3] Anamika Singh, Aadesh Arya & Sanjay Sharma“High Gain of C Shape Slotted Microstrip PatchAntenna for Wireless System” International Journalof Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562Vol. 7 No.11 (2012).[4] Mst. Nargis Aktar, Muhammad Shahin Uddin, Md.Ruhul Amin, and Md. Mortuza Ali “Enhanced Gainand Bandwidth of Patch Antenna Using EBGSubstra
D. High Gain of C Shape Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless System In this paper [3], a novel C-shape slotted microstrip patch antennawith enhanced gain is presented and discussed. The proposed design offers low profile, high gain and compact antenna element. The maximum gain is 7.31541 dBi at 2.31610 GHz, antenna and radiation
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