This Booklet Was Developed As Part Of The Project .

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This booklet was developed as part of the project Practical Guidelines for the Development of Prewriting and Writing skills: A college based approach . This project was run by the LiteracyDepartment, Gozo College in collaboration with the Occupational Therapy Department, PhysicalSection, Gozo General Hospital.Contact us:Occupational Therapy DepartmentPhysical SectionGozo General HospitalTel: 22106282

Handwriting is one of the most complex skills that we learn and teach and requires a number ofother skills (e.g., motor, sensory, cognitive, etc.). The skills that are involved in learning to write arecalled pre-writing skills. Pre-writing skills contribute to the child s ability to hold a pencil and use it todraw, copy and colour. This leaflet provides a list of activities that can help in the development ofthese skills.Developmental stages in acquiring pre-writing skillsStage 1 (8 12 months)Crinkles paperBangs crayons or writing utensils on paperStage 2 (1 2 years)Randomly scribblesSpontaneously scribbles in vertical/horizontal and/or circular directionImitates a horizontal/vertical/circular directionStage 3 (2 3 years)Imitates a horizontal lineImitates a vertical lineImitates a circleStage 4 (3 4 years)Copies a horizontal lineCopies a vertical lineCopies a circleImitates a crossImitates a right/left diagonalImitates a squareStage 5 (4 5 years)Copies a crossCopies a squareCopies a right/left diagonalImitates an XImitates a triangleAble to copy some letters and numbersMay be able to copy own nameStage 6 (5 6 years)Copies an XCopies a triangleRecognizes between a big and small line or curveCopies most lower and upper case lettersImitation and copying activities to facilitate pre-writing skillsû Students can walk on straight, curved and diagonal lines, e.g., Walking on tape line or string line. Walking on shapes in sand.û Playing hoop games to reinforce the concept of circle.Activities for the development of pre-writing and writing skillsPage 2

û The children can form their bodies into a line (e.g., vertical , horizontal, diagonal).û Star tracking. Drawing from star to star to make a shape.û Drawing shapes in the air.û Drawing in sand.û Tracing around hands and feet.û Using a paper-towel roll as a wand and drawing in the air with both handsû Rainbow drawing. Ask the child to trace lines using different coloured pencils.û Draw simple pathways for your child to draw along. E.g., a straight lined road so that a car canget to a house or a dog can get to a bone. Start with straight, wide paths and progress tonarrower curving paths.û Opening/closing snaps, buttons and zippers. These help the child practice up/down movementsand to learn the vertical concept.ûDecorating cakes and cookies. The child can make vertical, horizontal, diagonal or circulardesigns. Children can also make circles, squares, rectangles and other shapes.ûCutting a sandwich with straight or diagonal lines.ûDrawing with cheese spread on crackers or bread.ûWhen using playdough, show the children how to make lines up, down and across, usinga plastic pizza cutter.The above-mentioned activities can also be used later on, or with older children to learn letters andnumbersû The child can write on different materials. E.g., aluminium foil, construction paper of differentcolours, brown paper bags, butcher paper, waxed paper, standard paper, colouring books,colouring books in which colour appears when child paints with water.û Different colours of chalk, markers, crayons, pens or pencils can be used.û Paints can be used, e.g., finger paints or water colours.û The child can write on different textures, e.g.: Writing on sandpaper with different crayons, paintbrushes or chalk. Writing on Magnadoodle. Drawing around sandpaper or wooden stencils. Tracing with a finger around a shape made of yarn. Drawing in sand or mud.Activities for the development of pre-writing and writing skillsPage 3

Finger painting using lotions, oatmeal, whipped cream or sponges. One can put paint/markers/crayons in the refrigerator before an activity for a change intemperatureû Different smells can be use, e.g.: Drawing with scented markers. Adding a few drops of bubble bath or scented oil to finger paints. Adding flavours such as vanilla or mint to finger paints.IMP: USE EDIBLE FINGER PAINT ONLYûOne can add sound by attaching bells to the end of a pencil or paintbrush.Hand DominanceHand dominance is usually established by the age of 5 years. Different tools help children toestablish hand dominance, e.g., spoons, forks, toothbrushes, combs, hammers, crayons. Initially,hand switching is acceptable and normal. Present the writing tool in midline and let child choosehand. Always encourage the child to hold the paper with the other hand while writing.Pencil graspHolding a pencil properly can be difficult for a child who does not yet have enough strength inhis/her hands and fingers. To facilitate a more mature grasp one can use triangular-shaped pencilsor colours. Thick diameter triangular-shaped pencil or colours can also be used. When colouring, tryto give the child some broken or short crayons. This will help promote a proper grasp, so theycannot "fist" the crayons easily and encourages them to use the pads of their fingers.Demonstrate how to properly grip the pencil between the thumb and index finger,letting the pencil rest on the middle finger.Keep pre writing practice short5 to 15 minutes is plenty of time for practice.Activities for the development of pre-writing and writing skillsPage 4

Fine Motor SkillsFine motor activities are activities that develop the child s control of the small muscles of the hands.They are important prerequisites to pre-writing and handwriting skills. The following activities helpthe child in developing their fine motor skills:û Stacking and knocking over blocks, sponges, books or little boxes.û Stringing beads.û Putting pennies into a money box.û Playing with finger puppets.û Spinning tops.û Using small tongs to pick up cotton balls, blocks or other small objects.û Using a clothes peg to do finger push-ups .ûRolling, pinching, pulling and squashing playdough, putty or plasticine. The child can use arolling ravioli-maker to cut snakes of playdough.û Tearing up coloured paper for pasting or collage activities.û Decorating a picture using tissue paper. Ask the child to scrunch up small pieces of tissue paperbetween his/her thumb, index and middle finger. Then glue them onto the picture.û Scissoring.The following are some other activities that develop body stability, tactile perception, bilateralcoordination and hand function. These are essential fundamental skills for the development of finemotor skills.û Swinging between monkey bars in playgrounds.û Wheelbarrow walking.û Walking like an animal, e.g., crab-walking.û Abdominal exercises such as sit-ups.û Lying on tummy and propping up to read or colour.û Pouring from a pitcher or watering can.û Carrying a ball or small rock at arm's length on a wooden spoon.û Playing with a yo-yo.û Messy play, e.g., using paints.Activities for the development of pre-writing and writing skillsPage 5

û Bag Hunt. This activity can be done using common objects, different shapes or letters. This canbe done by placing an object in a bag and having children try to guess what it is without lookingor by placing numerous items in a bag and asking children to pick out a specific object.û Sensory Bowls. Hide small objects in bowls filled with different substances. Encourage the childto dip hand and find hidden objects.ûPulling a rope, e.g., pulling something to self, or pulling self along a rope while on scooter board.ûFishing games where the child needs to pull the "fish" off the "line" with one hand while holdingthe line with the other hand.ûDrumming with both hands. Listen and copy each other s' rhythm patterns.ûPull-apart and push-together building materials and toys.ûStringing beads - match the size of beads and string to child s ability level. Start witheasy activities e.g., threading large square wooden beads on a pipe cleaner andgradually move on to harder ones, e.g., threading tiny beads on a thread.ûPour rice or sand into the child's hand and "see how much one can hold before it spills".ûTongs or large tweezers.ûPlay games using terms such as "up and down," "back and forth" and "front and back .Writing lettersDo not be too eager to teach children how to write letters. Instead have fun drawing together,copying shapes and colouring in. Ensure that the child has acquired the basic patterns for prewriting shapes before moving on to letter formation.ûEmphasize continually that written work should be from top to bottom and left to right .ûGo through the proper developmental sequence of pre-writing skills.ûIt may be easier to start with capital letters.ûIt is easier to use simple letter shapes.ûProvide models on the left and right so that left-handed children can easily see the model theyare copying.ûUse step-by-step words that show students how to make each part of every letter and number.Make it easy by using only a few words, and words that children know or understand.IMP: Use the same words at home and at school.Activities for the development of pre-writing and writing skillsPage 6

Please talk to an occupational therapist if your child is having difficulties related to prewriting orwriting skills. One can contact the Occupational Therapy Department, Physical Section, GozoGeneral Hospital, telephone no: 22106282.References:Amundson S. J. (2001) Prewriting and handwriting skills pg. 545-570. In Case-Smith, J (Ed.) Occupationalththerapy for children. 4 ed. St. Louis: Mosby.Bondin, R., Bonnici, F. & Mizzi, T. (2015). Early Education: Facilitating learning through motor activities.Flora S.B. (2010). Fine Motor Fun, Grades PK - 1: Hundreds of Developmentally Age-Appropriate ActivitiesDesigned to Improve Fine Motor Skills. Carson-Dellosa Publishing.Handwriting without Tears (2015). www.hwtears.comKlein, M D. (1990). Pre-writing skills. Revised. Therapy Skill BuildersLandy J.M. & Burridge K. R. (1999). Ready-to-use Fine Motor Skills & Handwriting Activities for Young Children:Book 2 of Complete Motor Skills Activities Program, Center for Applied Research in Education.Landy, J.M., & K. Burridge. (2000). Ready to use fundamental motor skills & movement activities for youngchildren. West Nyack, NY: Center for Applied Research in Education.Little, T.L., & L. Yorke. (2003). Why motor skills matter. New York: McGraw-Hill.McCall, R. M. & Craft, D. H. (2000). Moving with a purpose, Developing programs for pre-schoolers of allabilities. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics.McCall, R.M. & Craft, D. H (2004). Purposeful play: Early childhood movement activities on a budget.Champaign, Ill.: Human KineticsPica, R. (2004). Experiences in movement: Birth to age eight. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Learning. Sanders, S.W.2002. Active for life: Developmentally appropriate movement programs for young children. Washington, DC:NAEYC.Smith J (2003) Activities for Fine Motor Skills Development. Teacher Created Resources.Written by:Theresien MizziAllied Health PractitionerOccupational TherapistOccupational Therapy Department Physical SectionGozo General HospitalActivities for the development of pre-writing and writing skillsPage 7

called pre-writing skills. Pre-writing skills contribute to the child s ability to hold a pencil and use it to draw, copy and colour. This leaflet provides a list of activities that can help in the development of these skills. Developmental stages in acquiring pre-writing skills Stage 1 (8 12 months) Crinkles paper

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