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MCAT-3200185mca88351 fmNovember 17, 201510:24MHID: 1-25-958835-1ISBN: 1-25-958835-8McGraw-Hill EducationMCATBIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICALFOUNDATIONS OF LIVING SYSTEMS2O16

MCAT-3200185mca88351 fmNovember 17, 201510:24MHID: 1-25-958835-1ISBN: 1-25-958835-8McGraw-Hill EducationMCATTest Preparation Series Biomolecules Molecules, Cells,and Organs Systems of Tissuesand Organs Physical Foundations of Biological Systems Perception and Chemical Foundations of Biological Systems Self and Others Social StructureSocial Strata Critical Analysis andPractice Test 1 ResponseBehaviorReasoning SkillsAnswers andExplanations Practice Test 2 Answers andExplanations

MCAT-3200185mca88351 fmNovember 17, 201510:24MHID: 1-25-958835-1ISBN: 1-25-958835-8McGraw-Hill EducationMCATBIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICALFOUNDATIONS OF LIVING SYSTEMS2O16George J. Hademenos, PhDCandice McCloskey Campbell, PhDShaun Murphree, PhDAmy B. Wachholtz, PhDJennifer M. Warner, PhDKathy A. Zahler, MSThomas A. Evangelist, MA Contributor

MCAT-3200185mca88351 fmNovember 19, 20159:52MHID: 1-25-958835-1ISBN: 1-25-958835-8Copyright 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in theUnited States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Actof 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form orby any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior writtenpermission of the publisher.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CUS/CUS 1 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5ISBNMHID978-1-25-958835-81-25-958835-1e-ISBN 978-1-25-958836-5e-MHID1-25-958836-XMCAT is a registered trademark of the Association of American Medical Colleges,which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.McGraw-Hill Education products are available at special quantity discounts to use aspremiums and sales promotions or for use in corporate training programs. To contacta representative, please visit the Contact Us pages at www.mhprofessional.com.This book is printed on acid-free paper.

MCAT-3200185mca88351 fmNovember 17, 201510:24MHID: 1-25-958835-1ISBN: 1-25-958835-8ContentsAbout the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiHow to Use the McGraw-Hill EducationMCAT Preparation Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixIntroducing the MCAT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiiiMCAT Basics The Computerized Test Format Where and When to Take theMCAT How to Register for the MCAT Taking the MCAT More Than Once Your MCAT Scores How Medical Schools Use MCAT Scores ReportingScores to Medical Schools For Further Information The Format of theTest What Is Tested in the Science Sections What Is Tested in CriticalAnalysis General Test-Taking StrategiesUnit IChapter 1BiomoleculesStructure and Function of Proteins and Their ConstituentAmino Acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Amino Acids Protein Structure Functions of Proteins Enzyme Structureand Function Enzyme KineticsChapter 2Transmission of Genetic Information from the Geneto the Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Nucleic Acid Structure and Function DNA Replication Mutations andDNA Repair The Central Dogma Ribonucleic Acid Transcription Translation Chromosome Organization Control of Gene Expression Recombinant DNA and BiotechnologyChapter 3Transmission of Heritable Information from Generation toGeneration and Processes That Increase Genetic Diversity . . . 41DNA Is the Genetic Material Basic Mendelian Concepts PredictingGenotypes Exceptions to Mendel’s Laws Pedigree Analysis Environmental Influences on Genes and Epigenetics Genetic Variabilityv

MCAT-3200185mca88351 fmNovember 17, 201510:24MHID: 1-25-958835-1ISBN: 1-25-958835-8viContentsDuring Cell Division Mutations Evolution Genetic Basis for Evolutionand the Hardy–Weinberg Equation Types of Natural Selection Speciation Types of EvolutionChapter 4Principles of Bioenergetics and Fuel Molecule Metabolism. . . 63Bioenergetics Carbohydrates Cellular Metabolism Fatty Acid and ProteinMetabolismUnit I MINITEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Unit II Molecules, Cells, and OrgansChapter 5Assemblies of Molecules, Cells, and Groups of CellsWithin Multicellular Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101The Plasma Membrane Movement of Solutes Across Membranes Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function Cellular Adhesion Tissues MembranesChapter 6Structure, Growth, Physiology, and Geneticsof Prokaryotes and Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Cell Theory The Three Domains Viruses Subviral ParticlesChapter 7Processes of Cell Division, Differentiation,and Specialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Mitosis Meiosis Gametogenesis EmbryogenesisUnit II MINITEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Unit III Systems of Tissues and OrgansChapter 8Structure and Function of the Nervous and EndocrineSystems and Ways in Which These SystemsCoordinate the Organ Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159The Nervous System Biosignaling The Senses The Endocrine SystemChapter 9Structure and Integrative Functions of the MainOrgan Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Integumentary System Muscular System Skeletal System CirculatorySystem Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System LymphaticSystem Immune System Reproductive SystemsUnit III MINITEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

MCAT-3200185mca88351 fmNovember 17, 201510:24MHID: 1-25-958835-1ISBN: 1-25-958835-8About the AuthorsGeorge J. Hademenos, PhD, is a former Visiting Assistant Professor of Physics at theUniversity of Dallas. He received his BS from Angelo State University, received his MSand PhD from the University of Texas at Dallas, and completed postdoctoral fellowships in nuclear medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center and inradiological sciences/biomedical physics at UCLA Medical Center. His researchinterests have involved potential applications of physics to the biological and medicalsciences, particularly with cerebrovascular diseases and stroke. He has published hiswork in journals such as American Scientist, Physics Today, Neurosurgery, and Stroke.In addition, he has written several books including The Physics of Cerebrovascular Diseases: Biophysical Mechanisms of Development, Diagnosis and Therapy, and Schaum’sOutline of Biology. He currently teaches general and advanced physics courses.Candice McCloskey Campbell, PhD, received her doctorate in organic chemistry fromGeorgia Tech in 1985. She has been teaching at the undergraduate level since 1987.She currently teaches at Georgia Perimeter College in Dunwoody, Georgia. Her professional work has been in synthetic organic chemistry and mechanistic organic chemistry. She has been active with the Two-Year College Chemistry Consortium to enhancethe chemistry curriculum at the two-year college level.Shaun Murphree, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Chemistry at Allegheny College inMeadville, Pennsylvania. He received a BA in chemistry from Colgate University(Hamilton, New York) and a PhD in organic chemistry from Emory University (Atlanta,Georgia), and he conducted a postdoctoral study at Wesleyan University (Middletown,Connecticut). His current research interests include microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS), synthetic methodology, and heterocyclic synthesis. In addition to thepresent work, he has coauthored a monograph on microwave chemistry, several chapters and reviews on heterocyclic synthesis, and numerous articles in both the syntheticchemistry and chemistry education literature.Amy B. Wachholtz, PhD, MDiv, MS, is an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at theUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School and the Director of Health Psychology atUMass Memorial Medical Center. Dr. Wachholtz graduated with a Master of Divinitydegree from Boston University, where she specialized in Bioethics. She then continuedvii

MCAT-3200185mca88351 fmNovember 17, 201510:24MHID: 1-25-958835-1ISBN: 1-25-958835-8viiiAbout the Authorsher education to earn a Master’s and PhD in Clinical Psychology from Bowling GreenState University where she had a dual specialization in Behavioral Medicine andPsychology of Religion. She completed an internship through a fellowship at DukeUniversity Medical Center, where she focused on medical psychology. She has alsocompleted a postdoctoral Master’s of Science degree in Psychopharmacology.Dr. Wachholtz has multiple funded research projects with her primary focus on(1) bio-psycho-social-spiritual model of chronic pain disorders and (2) the complexities of treating of comorbid pain and opioid addiction in both acute pain andchronic pain situations. She enjoys teaching students from a variety of health disciplines, both in the classroom and on the clinical floors of UMass Memorial MedicalCenter Hospitals.Jennifer M. Warner, PhD, is the Director of the University Honors Program and amember of the faculty in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University ofNorth Carolina at Charlotte. She received her BS in Biology from the University ofNorth Carolina at Chapel Hill, her MS in Biology with a focus in microbiology fromthe University of North Carolina at Charlotte, and her PhD in Curriculum and Teaching from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Her current research interestsrevolve around variables that influence student success and retention in the sciences.She currently teaches a variety of courses including principles of biology, human biology, the nature of science, and pathogenic bacteriology.Kathy A. Zahler, MS, is a widely published author and textbook writer. She hasauthored or coauthored numerous McGraw-Hill Education preparation guides fortests, including the GRE , the Miller Analogies Test, the Test of Essential AcademicSkills (TEAS ), and the Test Assessing Secondary Completion (TASC ).