MEETING THEMDG DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION TARGET
M E E T I N GT H EM D GD R I N K I N GWATERANDSANITATIONTHE URBAN AND RURAL CHALLENGE OF THE DECADETARGET
MDGREGIONALGROUPINGS43Photo credits: UNICEF PhotolibraryDesign:www.paprika-annecy.com
The world is still on track for reaching theMDG drinking water target, but the trendappears to be deteriorating. On currenttrends, the world will miss the sanitationtarget by more than half a billion people.- Every year, unsafe water, coupled with a lack of basic sanitation,kills at least 1.6 million children under the age of five years– more than eight times the number of people who died in theAsian tsunami of 2004.- At the beginning of the Water for Life decade, 1.1 billion peopledid not have access to an improved source of drinking water.- 84% of the population without access to an improved sourceof drinking water live in rural areas.- 2.6 billion people, more than 40% of the world population,do not use a toilet, but defecate in the open or in unsanitaryplaces.In 2004, more than three out of every fiverural people, over 2 billion, did not have accessto a basic sanitation facility.- If the current trend persists, nearly 1.7 billion rural dwellerswill still not have access to improved sanitation by 2015.- In 2004, urban sanitation coverage was more than double therural sanitation coverage.- Although 73% of rural dwellers have access to an improvedsource of drinking water, only 30% have access to piped waterin the home.Keeping up with the population increase is amajor challenge for urban areas; maintainingcurrent coverage levels till 2015 requiresserving 700 million urban dwellers over thecoming decade.- Migration from rural to urban areas poses a major challengefor city planners; extending basic drinking water and sanitationservices to periurban and slum areas to reach the poorestpeople is of the utmost importance to prevent outbreaksof cholera and other water-related diseases in these oftenovercrowded places.- Urban drinking water coverage has remained at 95% since1990. Urban sanitation coverage has increased by only onepercentage point, from 79% to 80%.- About 770 million and 700 million urban people gained accessto improved drinking water and sanitation, respectively, during1990–2004.World Health OrganizationUnited Nations Children’s FundAvenue Appia 201211 Geneva 27Switzerlandwww.who.int3 UN PlazaNew York, NY 10017USAwww.unicef.org
M E E T I N GT H EM D GD R I N K I N GTARGETWATERANDSANITATIONTHE URBAN AND RURAL CHALLENGE OF THE DECADE
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataMeeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target : the urban and ruralchallenge of the decade.1.Water resources development. 2.Potable water - supply and distribution.3.Sanitation. 4.Water supply. 5.Millennium development goals. I.WHO/UNICEFJoint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. II.World HealthOrganization. III.UNICEF.ISBN 92 4 156325 7(NLM classification: WA 675)ISBN 978 92 4 156325 3 World Health Organization and UNICEF 2006All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can beobtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: 41 22 791 3264; fax: 41 22 791 4857; e-mail:bookorders@who.int).The World Health Organization and UNICEF welcome requests for permissionto reproduce or translate their publications — whether for sale or fornoncommercial distribution. Applications and enquiries should be addressed toWHO, Office of Publications, at the above address (fax: 41 22 791 4806; email: permissions@who.int) or to UNICEF, Division of Communication, 3 UnitedNations Plaza, New York 10017, USA (fax: 1 212 303 7985; e-mail: nyhqdoc.permit@unicef.org).The designations employed and the presentation of the material in thispublication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the partof the World Health Organization or UNICEF concerning the legal status of anycountry, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitationof its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximateborder lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ productsdoes not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World HealthOrganization or UNICEF in preference to others of a similar nature that are notmentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary productsare distinguished by initial capital letters.The World Health Organization and UNICEF do not warrant that theinformation contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall notbe liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use.Printed in Switzerland
CONTENTSForeword . 2Definitions and data sources . 4Purpose of this report . 5Challenge of the Water for Life decade . 6Drinking water coverage . 8Drinking water trends over 2005–2015 . 10Urban/rural disparities in access to drinking water . 12Urban and rural drinking water in the Water for Life decade . 14Sanitation coverage . 16Sanitation trends over the Water for Life decade . 18Urban/rural disparities in access to sanitation . 19Urban and rural sanitation perspectives . 20Monitoring drinking water and sanitation . 22JMP mission statement. 26Country, regional and global drinking water andsanitation coverage, 1990 and 2004 . 28Reaching the MDG drinking water and sanitation target: regional andglobal status in 1990 and 2004, and efforts required in 2005–2015 . 40MDG regional groupings . 411
FOREWORDSafe drinking water, sanitation and good hygiene are fundamental to health, survival,growth and development. However, these basic necessities are still a luxury formany of the world’s poor people. Over 1.1 billion of our fellow citizens do not usedrinking water from improved sources, while 2.6 billion lack basic sanitation. Safedrinking water and basic sanitation are so obviously essential to health that theyrisk being taken for granted. Efforts to prevent death from diarrhoea or to reducethe burden of such diseases as ascaris, dracunculiasis, hookworm, schistosomiasisand trachoma are doomed to failure unless people have access to safe drinkingwater and basic sanitation. Lack of basic sanitation indirectly inhibits the learningabilities of millions of school-aged children who are infested with intestinal wormstransmitted through inadequate sanitation facilities and poor hygiene.The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have set us on a common course topush back poverty, inequality, hunger and illness. The world has pledged to reduceby half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking waterand basic sanitation. Entering the International Decade for Action, Water for Life,2005–2015, this report looks at the challenge of meeting the MDG target fordrinking water and sanitation. Achieving the MDG drinking water and sanitationtarget poses two major challenges: a rapid pace of urbanization, which requires amajor effort even to keep up the current coverage levels; a huge backlog of ruralpeople unserved with basic sanitation and safe drinking water, which calls for anintensive mobilization of resources to reduce the vast coverage gap between urbanand rural populations.Sub-Saharan Africa remains the area of greatest concern. It is a region of theworld where, over the period 1990–2004, the number of people without accessto drinking water increased by 23% and the number of people without sanitationincreased by over 30%. More intensive, effective and concerted action by allstakeholders is needed if the MDG drinking water and sanitation target is to bemet in this region.We call on all countries to set realistic targets, develop achievable action plans, andallocate the financial and human resources needed to bring safe drinking waterand basic sanitation to their populations, in a sustainable manner, while protectingthe basic needs of poor and vulnerable people. This effort must be made, not onlyfor humanitarian reasons, but also because it is highly cost-effective, reduces healthcosts enormously, and is directly related to health, equity and economic growth,which are prerequisites for poverty alleviation.
DEFINITIONS ANDDATA SOURCESTsurveys (www.wssinfo.org).his report by theWHO/UNICEF JointMonitoring Programmeby these surveys allows JMPto estimate the drinking waterPopulation data includingand sanitation coverage figuresfor Water Supply and Sanitationpopulation projections and aand hence to derive coverage(JMP) is concerned with thebreakdown of urban and ruraltrends nationally, regionally andMDG target to halve, by 2015,populations are obtained fromglobally. The JMP method forthe proportion of peoplethe United Nations Populationderiving coverage estimates canwithout sustainable access toDivision:be viewed in greater detail at:safe drinking water and basicWorld population prospects: thehttp://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/sanitation. The indicators of2004 revision (POP/DB/WPP/Policies Procedures 04.pdf.progress towards this target are:Rev.2004/2/F1 – February2005). proportion of populationwith sustainable access toData sources used to calculatean improved drinking waterthe proportion of populationsource, urban and rural;using different types of drinking proportion of population withwater sources and sanitationaccess to improved sanitation,facilities are national censusesurban and rural.and nationally representativehousehold surveys. Most of theThe proportion of thedata points used by the JMPpopulation with access to safeare provided by Demographicdrinking water is an indicatorand Health Surveys (DHS),expressed as the percentage ofMultiple Indicator Clusterpeople using improved drinkingSurveys (MICS), Living Standardswater sources or delivery pointsMeasurement Studies (LSMS)(listed below). Improved drinkingand World Health Surveyswater technologies are more(WHS).likely to provide safe drinkingwater than those characterizedOther sample surveysas unimproved.contributing to the JMPcoverage estimates are:Similarly, the proportion ofthe population with access tobasic sanitation is an indicator Core Welfare IndicatorQuestionnaires (CWIQ)expressed as the percentage Health and nutrition surveysof people using improved Household budget surveyssanitation facilities (listed below). Pan Arab Project for FamilyImproved sanitation facilities aremore likely to prevent humanHealth surveys (PAPFAM) Reproductive health surveys.contact with human excretathan unimproved facilities.The estimates presented in thisreport are based on over 5004These facilities are furthernationally representative surveysdefined in the JMP publicationand censuses conducted overCore questions on drinking waterthe past 20 years.and sanitation for householdAnalysis of the data collectedIMPROVED DRINKINGWATER SOURCES Piped water into dwelling,plot or yard Public tap/standpipe Tubewell/borehole Protected dug well Protected spring Rainwater collectionUNIMPROVED DRINKINGWATER SOURCES Unprotected dug well Unprotected spring Cart with small tank/drum Bottled water a Tanker-truck Surface water (river, dam,lake, pond, stream, canal,irrigation channels)IMPROVED SANITATIONFACILITIESb Flush or pour–flush to:- piped sewer system- septic tank- pit latrine Ventilated improved pitlatrine Pit latrine with slab Composting toiletUNIMPROVEDSANITATION FACILITIES Flush or pour–flush toelsewhere c Pit latrine without slab oropen pit Bucket Hanging toilet or hanginglatrine No facilities or bush or fielda Bottled water is considered improvedonly when the household uses waterfrom an improved source for cooking andpersonal hygiene.b Only facilities which are not shared orare not public are considered improved.c Excreta are flushed to the street, yard orplot, open sewer, a ditch, a drainage wayor other location.
PURPOSEOF THIS REPORThis report providesTthe 1990–2004 trend, withestimates of drinkingthe MDG drinking water andwater and sanitationsanitation target.and MDG region. It showsThe statistics presented herehow many people have gainedwere obtained from users ofaccess since the MDG baselineservices (rather than providersyear (1990) and identifies theof services) and thus arechallenges to meet the MDGnot affected by differencesdrinking water and sanitationin definitions of access fromtarget over the coming decade.country to country or politicalIt compares progress towardsinfluence in presenting coveragethe target, identifying whichdata. The JMP data are thus likelyregions are on track, which areto be more reliable and moremaking progress but wherecomparable than data fromprogress is insufficient to reachnational official reports. Becausethe target, and which are notof retroactive adjustmentson track. With ever changingto reflect new and moreurban/rural population dynamics,accurate data, coverage figuresJMP has analysed differentin previous JMP reports arechallenges for urban and ruralsuperseded by those given inareas, including the inequitythis report.coverage in 2004, by countrybetween urban and rural areas,the emerging challenges of theincreasing urban populationgrowth, and the low coverage inrural areas.The report analyses how accessto drinking water and sanitationservices is evolving, looking intothe trends in urban and ruralareas and how these are relatedto the likelihood of achievingthe MDG drinking water andsanitation target. It highlightsthe efforts to be exerted inrural areas where there arebillions of unserved peopleagainst a background of almoststatic population growth, andcontrasts this with the effortsrequired in urban areas where,though coverage is high, rapidurbanization is under way. Thereport also compares projectedcoverage in 2015, based on5
CHALLENGE OF THEWATER FOR LIFE DECADEThe challenge forthe Water forLife decade isthreefold: to maintainthe gains already made;to push ahead quickly toprovide drinking waterand sanitation services tothe billions of people livingin rural areas who haveno such services; and toaccelerate the successfulefforts in urban areasto keep pace with therising urban population,particularly by focusingon low income anddisadvantaged groups.JMP estimates that itrequires roughly a doublingof efforts of the past 15years to reach the MDGsanitation target and a onethird increase in efforts tomeet the MDG drinkingwater target. While 1.2billion people gainedaccess to both improveddrinking water sources andimproved sanitation from1990 to 2004, another 1.6billion need to gain accessfrom 2005 to 2015 toreach the MDG sanitationtarget and 1.1 billion needto gain access to meetthe drinking water target(Figures 1 and 2).though making progress, isnot on track to achieve thesanitation target. To reachthat target means providingservices to an additional450 thousand people a dayfrom 2005 to 2015. Thiscalls for almost doubling thecurrent efforts.Although the world as awhole is on track to achievethe MDG drinking watertarget the trend appears tobe deteriorating. Reachingthat target will require theprovision of services to anadditional 300 thousandpeople a day over the nextdecade, requiring currentefforts to be stepped up byalmost one third.Of course, some regionswill reach the drinkingFigure 1World population with and without access to an improved drinkingwater source in 1990, 2004 and 2015Population 15(projected)2015(if target is met)106911874000300040922000100001990YearThe numbers provided inthis report express a bluntreality: business as usual istaking the sector towards apotential non-achievementof the global MDGsanitation target. The world,6water and sanitation target.Others, if the current trendis confirmed, will not. Forexample, in sub-SaharanAfrica, with a 85% increasein urban population from1990 to 2004, the numberof urban dwellers unservedwith either safe drinkingwater or basic sanitationdoubled from 1990 to2004. In rural areas, in 2004,in the same region, thenumber of people unservedwith improved drinkingwater was five times higherthan the number of urbanpeople unserved, and thenumber unserved withimproved sanitation wasalmost three times thenumber of urban unserved.With slow progress, lowcoverage, and a hugedisparity between urbanPopulation servedPopulation unservedProjected population servedProjected population unservedPopulation served if MDG target is metStill unserved if target is met The number of people without an improved drinking watersource decreased by only 118 million between 1990 and2004.
Figure 2World population with and without access to improved sanitation in1990, 2004 and 2015Population d)2015(if target is met)Population servedPopulation unservedProjected population servedProjected population unservedPopulation served if MDG target is metStill unserved if target is met The number of people without improved sanitationdecreased by only 98 million between 1990 and 2004. The global MDG sanitation target will be missed by morethan half a billion people if the trend 1990–2004 continuesup to 2015.and rural coverage, subSaharan Africa is unlikely toreach the MDG target.innovation with a specialemphasis on meeting theneeds of poor households.To reach the MDG drinkingwater and sanitation targetpresents a huge challenge.The numbers speak forthemselves. Achieving thetarget requires the buildingof the drinking waterinfrastructure to provideservices to an additional1.1 billion people andsanitation to an additional1.6 billion people by 2015.It will also require actionto prevent current andfuture infrastructure fallinginto disrepair as a resultof inadequate institutionalarrangements, insufficientcost-recovery, pooroperation and maintenance,and an overall lack of soundmanagement practices.Progress towards drinkingwater and sanitationsolutions needs to beaccelerated and sustainedto contribute to breakingthe circle of poverty, lackof education, poor housingand ill-health.Reaching the MDG drinkingwater and sanitation targetrequires accelerating thewhole cycle of servicesdelivery, comprisingpolicy-making, mobilizationof resources (financialand human), planningand design, construction,and operation andmaintenance, with a focuson poor and underservedpeople worldwide. Sectorprogress has to evolvefrom advances in fits andstarts to a continuous andsustained developmentprocess. Considering thattwo thirds of the time spanfrom the baseline year(1990) to the MDG targethas elapsed, business asusual is not enough. Theworld urgently needs tostep up activities, increaseeffectiveness and accelerateinvestments if the target isto be met.The approaches are wellknown: the final reportof the United NationsMillennium Project TaskForce on Water andSanitation1 re
will still not have access to improved sanitation by 2015. - In 2004, urban sanitation coverage was more than double the rural sanitation coverage. - Although 73% of rural dwellers have access to an improved source of drinking water, only 30% have access to piped water in the home. Keeping up with the population increase is a
1.1 Drinking Water Quality 1.2 Community and Household Water Treatment 1.3 Need for Drinking Water Quality Testing 1.4 Drinking Water Quality Guidelines and Standards 1.5 Drinking Water Quality Testing Options 1.6 Lessons Learned 1.7 Summary of Key Points 1.8 References Section 2 Planning f
Best Practices Manual Office of Drinking Water Small Drinking Water Systems 1.0 Introduction New regulations pursuant to The Drinking Water Safety Act, administered by the Office of Drinking Water, resulted in changes to the approval, licensing, monitoring, record-keeping
1.1. Central Valley Drinking Water Policy Development The Drinking Water Policy will be considered as a Basin Plan amendment in 2009 or 2010. To provide the technical information needed for the development of the Drinking Water Policy, a Central Valley Drinking Water Policy Workgroup (Work Group),
ProcessLab water analysis systems from Metrohm are used to monitor the drinking water quality. Cape Town drinking water The drinking water of the City of Cape Town largely originates from unpolluted mountain catchments and is treated according to national and international drinking water standards in the city's water treatment facilities.
1. Past-Year and Past-Month Drinking and Driving Behavior 7 2. National Estimates of Total Drinking and Driving Trips 9 3. Frequency and Amount of Drinking for Drinker-Drivers vs. Others Who Drink 11 4. Most Recent Driving After Drinking Occasion 13 5. Calculated or Estimate BAG for Most Recent Drinking-Driving Occasion 15 6.
Binge (Episodic) Drinking: Having 5 or more drinks on a single occasion at least once in the past 30 days. Moderate Drinking: 1 drink per typical drinking occasion at least once a week, or 2-4 drinks per typical drinking occasion 2-3 times per month, or 5 or more drinks per typical drinking occasion once a month or less, or
The City of Stockton tests your drinking water for several regulated and unregulated contaminants. Th e table below lists only those contaminants that were detected. In the table, water quality test results are divided into three main sections: 1) Primary Drinking Water Standards, 2) Secondary Drinking Water Standards and 3) Unregulated Compounds.
ELSEVIER Artificial Intelligence 82 ( 1996) 369-380 Book Review Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence Artijcial Intelligence: A Modem Approach * Nils J. Nilsson Robotics Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 1. Introductory remarks I am obliged to begin this review by confessing a conflict of interest: I founding director .
