Chapter 16: Cardiovascular And Respiratory Systems
HS HEALTH U05 C16 CO12/8/0312:10 PMPage 414Cardiovascular andRespiratory SystemsThe Cardiovascular SystemCare and Problems of theCardiovascular SystemThe Respiratory SystemCare and Problems of theRespiratory System414
HS HEALTH U05 C16 CO12/8/0312:11 PMPage 415Before You ReadUse this Foldable to help you organizeyour notes on the structure and functionof the cardiovascular system. Begin withthree sheets of 8 1 2 x 11 paper.Fold a sheet ofpaper in half alongthe short axis.Unfold. Fold the bottom 2 of the paperup. Glue along the sides of the fold toform pockets.Label as shown. Place 3 x 5 indexcards or pieces of paper in the pockets.StructureFunctionAs You ReadAs you read and discuss the materialin the chapter, record and defineterms, draw diagrams, and list mainideas and supporting facts on the indexcards in the appropriate pockets ofyour Foldable.Using Visuals. Write a short paragraph describinghow the cardiovascular and respiratory systemsare important for participation in active sports.How might a respiratory condition such asasthma affect a person’s ability to participate?415
HS HEALTH U05 C16 L112/8/0312:16 PMPage 416The Cardiovascular sveinsplateletslymphlymphocytesYOU’LL LEARN TO Identify the functions and structures of the cardiovascular system. Describe the circulation of blood throughout the heart and body. Identify the structures and functions of the lymphatic system. Demonstrate knowledge about personal and family health concernsrelated to the cardiovascular system.Use a digital timer or the second hand on a watch to take your pulse for60 seconds. Use this number to calculate how many times your heart beats in 24 hours.What can cause your heart rate to increase or decrease?When you look at a road map, you see a series of interconnected roads—some small, others large—that connect citiesand towns. Vital goods are transported into and out of central areason these roads. Similarly, your cardiovascular system consists ofvessels, both large and small, that transport life-supporting materials to cells of your body. Your heart, one of the main organs ofyour cardiovascular system, is the central point from which thesevessels branch.Functions of the Cardiovascular SystemTAny physical activity thatraises your heart ratewill help strengthen yourcardiovascular system.What is the main functionof the cardiovascularsystem?416he cardiovascular system is composed of the heart and all theblood vessels of the body. Its function is to circulate blood,thereby maintaining an internal environment in which all the cellsof your body are nourished. As your heart pumps blood, bloodvessels carry oxygen and nutrients to body cells. At the same time,carbon dioxide is carried, along with waste matter, from your cells.Carbon dioxide is delivered to your lungs and waste products to thekidneys for removal from the body.Chapter 16 Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
HS HEALTH U05 C16 L112/8/0312:16 PMPage 417Structure of the Cardiovascular SystemThe cardiovascular system consists of the heart; blood; andblood vessels, including arteries, capillaries, and veins, whichtransport blood throughout the body.The HeartThe heart and the brain are perhaps the most important organsin your body. Your heart is the pump that makes the cardiovascular system work. It never rests. Most of the heart is made of muscletissue called the myocardium, which contracts and relaxes constantly and rhythmically. Your heart rate adjusts automatically inresponse to an increase or decrease in physical activity. In an average life span, a person’s heart beats more than 2.5 billion times.CHAMBERS OF THE HEARTInside the heart are four chambers. Each of the two smallerchambers is called an atrium. The two lower, larger chambers arecalled ventricles. A wall of tissue called the septum separates the rightand left atria, as well as the right and left ventricles, from oneanother.At the top of the right atrium is an area of muscle that acts as anatural pacemaker for the rest of the heart. Regular electricalimpulses generated from this area stimulate the muscles of eachatrium to contract, forcing blood into the ventricles. Within milliseconds each electrical impulse travels through the heart to anarea between the two ventricles. There it stimulates the muscles ofthe ventricles to contract, pumping blood out of the heart.Valves between the atria and ventricles allow blood to flowthrough the chambers of the heart. These valves are “one-way”valves, opening to allow blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles. When the ventricles contract, the valves close again to keepblood from flowing back into the atria. The sounds heard as theheart beats are produced by the closing of the valves.Get the Most fromYour Physical ActivityAerobic activities can reduceyour risk of developing cardiovascular diseases later in life.Exercising within your targetheart range: Sit quietly for five minutes,and then take your pulse. Thisis your resting heart rate.Subtract your age from thenumber 220 to find yourmaximum heart rate.Subtract your resting heartrate from your maximumheart rate.Multiply the number youarrived at by 60 percent andagain by 85 percent. Roundoff these numbers.Add your resting heart rateto the numbers you justcalculated. These two newnumbers represent your targetheart range.CIRCULATION IN THE HEARTThe circulation of blood through the heart and lungs is shown inFigure 16.1 on page 418. Blood that has been depleted of oxygenbut contains carbon dioxide and waste matter is carried to the heartby two large blood vessels called the vena cava. This deoxygenatedblood enters the right atrium and is transferred to the right ventricle.The blood is then pumped to the lungs. In the lungs the bloodreleases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen from inhaled air. Thisnewly oxygenated blood is returned from the lungs to the leftatrium of the heart. The left atrium pumps the oxygenated bloodinto the left ventricle, which then pumps the blood out of the heartto the rest of the body by way of a large artery called the aorta.Lesson 1 The Cardiovascular System417
P ULMONARY C IRCULATIONThe circulation of the blood between the heart and lungs is calledpulmonary circulation.right lungleft lungpulmonary arterypulmonary arterysuperior vena cavaaortacapillariesleft atriumpulmonary veinsleft ventricleright atriumright ventricleinferior vena cavaBloodWhat is blood type?There are four blood types:A, B, AB, and O. Blood type isdetermined by the presenceor absence of certain substances, called antigens,that stimulate an immuneresponse. Type A has antigenA, type B has antigen B, typeAB has both those antigens,and type O has neither. Mostblood also carries anothersubstance called the Rhfactor. Blood that doesn’thave the Rh factor is calledRh negative.418Blood delivers oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to the cells andcarries away wastes that the cells produce. About 55 percent of totalblood volume consists of plasma, the fluid in which other parts ofthe blood are suspended. Plasma, which is mostly water, containsnutrients, proteins, salts, and hormones. Red blood cells make upabout 40 percent of blood. White blood cells and platelets togethermake up the remaining 5 percent of blood. One milliliter of bloodcontains millions of each of these types of cells.RED BLOOD CELLS AND WHITE BLOOD CELLSRed blood cells transport oxygen to the cells and tissues of thebody. Formed in bone marrow, red blood cells contain hemoglobin.Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein in blood. Hemoglobincontains iron that binds with oxygen in the lungs and releases theoxygen in the tissues. Hemoglobin also combines with carbondioxide, which is carried from the cells to the lungs.The main role of white blood cells is to protect the body againstinfection and fight infection when it occurs. White blood cells, whichare part of the body’s immune system, are also produced in bone marrow. Production of these cells increases when an infection is present.Some white blood cells surround and ingest disease-causing microbes.Others are involved in allergic reactions. Still another type of whiteblood cell forms antibodies that provide immunity.Chapter 16 Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Blood VesselsThe network of more than 60,000 miles of blood vessels thattransports blood is shown in Figure 16.2 on page 420. There arethree main types of blood vessels: arteries, capillaries, and veins.ARTERIESThe blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are calledarteries. Arteries have thick elastic walls that contain smoothmuscle fibers. The elastic fibers in the walls of arteries allow themto withstand the pressure exerted by the blood as the heart beats.Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Systemic arteries, such as the aorta, carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all areas of the body. Asarteries move away from the heart, they branch into progressivelysmaller vessels called arterioles. Arterioles deliver blood to capillaries.CAPILLARIESCapillaries are small vessels that carry blood between arterioles andvessels called venules. Capillaries form an extensive networkthroughout tissues and organs in the body, reaching almost allbody cells. The exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes betweenblood and cells takes place through the ultra-thin walls of capillaries. Capillaries also play a role in body temperature regulation. Asbody temperature rises, capillaries near the skin’s surface dilate,allowing heat to escape the body through the skin. If body temperature begins to drop below normal, the capillaries constrict,reducing heat loss.The blood regulates bodytemperature. Explain howthese swimmers’ bodiesadjust to cold watertemperature.VEINSThe blood vessels that return blood to the heartare called veins. Although the walls of veinsare thinner and less elastic than those ofarteries, veins are still able to withstand thepressure exerted by blood as it flows throughthem. The large veins called the vena cavacarry deoxygenated blood from the body tothe right atrium of the heart. Pulmonaryveins carry oxygenated blood from the lungsto the left atrium. Many veins throughoutthe body, especially those in the legs, havevalves that help prevent the backflow ofblood as it is pumped under lower pressureback to the heart. Pressure on the vessel wallsfrom the contraction of surrounding muscleshelps move blood through the veins. Thevenules collect blood from capillaries andempty it into larger veins.Lesson 1 The Cardiovascular System419
PLATELETSPlatelets are cells that prevent the body’s loss of blood. Plateletsgather at the site of an injury and release chemicals that make themsticky, causing them to clump together with other cells. The chemicals released by platelets also stimulate the blood to produce smallthread-like fibers called fibrin. Fibrin threads trap platelets alongwith red and white blood cells. A mass of fibrin, platelets, and redand white blood cells continues to clump together until a clot isformed. This stops the loss of blood from the injury site. A scab isformed on a healing wound as the surface of the clot dries.T HE C ARDIOVASCULAR S YSTEMA network of arteries, veins, and capillaries moves blood throughoutthe body, providing cells with oxygen and nutrients and removingwastes.left jugular veinright jugular veinleft common carotid arteryright common carotid arteryleft subclavian arteryright subclavian arteryaortic archsuperior vena cavaleft pulmonary veinright pulmonary veinleft pulmonary arteryright pulmonary arteryhearthepatic veinsleft brachial arteryright brachial arteryabdominal aortainferior vena cavaleft common iliac veinright common iliac veinleft common iliac arteryright common iliac arteryfemoral arteryfemoral arteryfemoral veinfemoral veingreat saphenous veinpopliteal arterypopliteal veinanterior tibial arteryanterior tibial veinposterior tibial arteryposterior tibial vein420Chapter 16 Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
The Lymphatic SystemThe lymphatic system helps fight infection andplays an important role in the body’s immunityto disease. This system, shown in Figure 16.3, is anetwork of vessels that helps maintain the balance offluids in the spaces between the cells. The lymphaticsystem supports the cardiovascular system. All bodytissues are bathed in a watery fluid that comes fromthe blood. Although much of this fluid returns to theblood through capillary walls, some excess remains andis carried to the heart through the lymphatic system.T HE LYMPHATIC S YSTEMThe lymphatic system is a network ofvessels, much like the cardiovascularsystem, that helps protect againstpathogens.tonsilsLymphLymph is the clear fluid that fills the spaces aroundbody cells. It is transported by the lymphatic system tothe heart and eventually returns to the blood. Lymphis similar to plasma in content, consisting of waterand proteins along with fats and lymphocytes.Lymphocytes are specialized white blood cells thatprovide the body with immunity and protect the bodyagainst pathogens. A pathogen is an organism thatcauses disease. There are two types of lymphocytes, B cells and T cells.thymus glandlymphatic ductlymphatic vesselspleenB CELLSB cells are lymphocytes that are stimulated tomultiply when they come in contact with a pathogen.Some of the new B cells form plasma cells, which produce antibodies that attack the pathogen. Other B cellsform memory cells that are activated if the body isexposed to the same pathogen a second time, creatingimmunity.lymphatic nodelymphatic vesselT CELLSLike B cells, T cells are lymphocytes that are stimulated to enlarge and multiply when they encounter apathogen. There are two main types of T cells, killercells and helper cells. Killer T cells stop the spread ofdisease within the body by releasing toxins thatdestroy abnormal and infected cells. Helper T cells aidin the activation of B cells and killer T cells and control the body’s immune system.B cells and T cells For moreinformation about how theimmune system works, seeChapter 24, page 630.Lesson 1 The Cardiovascular System421
HS HEALTH U05 C16 L112/8/0312:17 PMPage 422Structure of the Lymphatic SystemLymph is moved throughthe body by the contraction of skeletal musclesduring physical activity.Name the structures ofthe lymphatic system.LORESCOMPReviewing Facts and Vocabulary1. What are the functions of the cardiovascularsystem?2. Describe the functions of arteries, capillaries,and veins.3. Define lymph and lymphocytes.Thinking Critically4. Comparing and Contrasting. Compare andcontrast the cardiovascular and lymphaticsystems.5. Evaluating. What might swollen lymph nodesindicate?The lymphatic system consists of a networkof vessels and tissues that are involved in themovement and filtering of lymph. Much likethe capillaries and arterioles in the cardiovascular system, small lymph vessels collect lymphand combine to form larger vessels. Lymph ismoved toward the heart both by the contraction of smooth muscles that line the wallsof lymph vessels and by the contraction of surrounding skeletal muscles.Two large lymphatic ducts empty lymph intoveins close to the heart, where it is returned tothe blood. As it is moved through the body,lymph is filtered by lymph nodes, small, beanshaped organs that are found in lymph vessels.White blood cells within lymph nodes trapand destroy foreign organisms such as bacteriaand viruses to keep them from spreadingthroughout the body. Other structures of thelymphatic system include the spleen, thymusgland, and tonsils, all of which play a role inimmunity, protecting the body from infection.Applying Health SkillsAdvocacy. Research and demonstrateknowledge about personal and familyhealth related to the cardiovascular system.Examine the effects of sedentary behavioron cardiovascular health. Create an informative brochure about the relationshipbetween an active lifestyle and a healthyheart. Share the brochure with your family.INTERNET RESOURCESUse information and links found at health.glencoe.com to help withyour research.422Chapter 16 Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systemshealth.glencoe.com
HS HEALTH U05 C16 L212/8/0312:17 PMPage 423Care and Problems of theCardiovascular SystemVOCABULARYblood pressurecongenitalanemialeukemiaHodgkin’s diseaseYOU’LL LEARN TO Analyze the relationship between health promotion and preventionof cardiovascular disease. Examine the effects of health behaviors on the cardiovascular andlymphatic systems. Relate the importance of early detection and warning signsthat prompt individuals of all ages to seek health care.Think about the last time you were examined by a medicalprofessional. Which parts of the examination focused on the health of yourcardiovascular and lymphatic systems?Most problems of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systemscan be prevented with proper care and by decisions youmake during your teen years that can promote health. Theseinvolve physical activity, adequate rest, proper diet, and regularmedical checkups. Some problems may be hereditary. If you knowthat heart disease runs in your family or if you have other traitsthat may lead to heart disease, you need to make careful choicesnow to promote a lifetime of cardiovascular health.Health Behaviors and the Cardiovascularand Lymphatic SystemsHealthful habits can help reduce many of the risk factors associated with problems of the cardiovascular and lymphaticsystems. Here are some healthful behaviors that should becomepart of your life.These coronary arteriesare partially blocked.Blood supply to the heartis reduced if blood cannotflow through arteries.What health behaviorswill help you avoid cardiovascular system problems?Lesson 2 Care and Problems of the Cardiovascular System423
cholesterol For more information on heart disease andcholesterol, see Chapter 26,page 675.illegal drugs For more information about how illegal drugscan damage the cardiovascularsystem, see Chapter 23,page 594. Follow a well-balanced diet that is low in saturated fats,cholesterol, and salt. Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress on the heart, bloodvessels, and lymph vessels. Participate in regular aerobic exercise for at least 30 minutesthree to four times per week. Avoid the use of tobacco products and exposure to secondhandtobacco smoke. Avoid illegal drugs, including stimulants, marijuana, andecstasy (MDMA).Blood PressureMedical professionalscheck your heart and bloodpressure during regularmedical examinations.What measurementsare taken during bloodpressure readings?healthful eating plan Formore information on eatingfor cardiovascular health, seeChapter 5, page 113.424Maintaining pressure in the cardiovascular system is importantfor proper blood circulation. Pressure in arteries is created as theventricles contract. As blood is forced into the arteries that exit theheart, arterial walls stretch under the increased pressure. When theventricles relax and refill with blood, arterial pressuredecreases. Blood pressure is a measure of the amount of forcethat the blood places on the walls of blood vessels, particularly largearteries, as it is pumped through the body.Blood pressure can be measured with an instrumentcalled a sphygmomanometer (sfig-mo-muh-NAHmuh-ter) and a stethoscope. A cuff is placed aroundthe upper arm and inflated until the pressure fromthe cuff blocks the flow of blood. As the cuff isdeflated, the health care professional listens throughthe stethoscope for blood flow. As your heart contracts to push blood into your arteries, the maximumpressure, called systolic pressure, is measured. This isrecorded as the upper number of the fraction representing your blood pressure. As the ventricles relax torefill, blood pressure is at its lowest point, called thediastolic pressure. This is the lower number of thefraction in a blood pressure reading.Blood pressure is an indicator of cardiovascularhealth. Although a healthy person’s blood pressure will vary withphysical activity or emotional stress, it should remain within a normal range. Blood pressure above 140/90 is considered high, and ifchronic, places a strain on the heart as it pumps. Chronic highblood pressure is an early indicator of several cardiovascular systemproblems and should prompt individuals of all ages to seek healthcare. Prevention of high blood pressure includes maintaining ahealthy weight, staying physically active, managing stress, avoiding tobacco and drugs, and following a healthful eating planthat is low in salt.Chapter 16 Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Cardiovascular System ProblemsDisorders of the cardiovascular system can interfere with bloodflow through the heart and body, reduce the amount of oxygenthat reaches the cells, and keep the blood from clotting properly.Some problems are inherited; others result from illness.Congenital Heart DefectsA condition that is present at birth is said to be congenital. Onecommon type of congenital heart defect is a septal defect, in whicha hole in the septum allows oxygenated blood to mix with deoxygenated blood and affects the pumping efficiency of the heart. Inother cases of congenital heart defects, valves may not functionproperly, or the aorta may be abnormally narrow, reducing theamount of blood flowing to the body.Some congenital heart defects are less serious than others, butmost require medication and possibly surgery to repair the affectedportion of the heart. In many cases the cause of a congenital defectremains unknown. Use of alcohol and other drugs duringpregnancy is associated with heart defects in newborns. Certaininfections during pregnancy can also increase the risk of congenital heart defects. Some cases may be hereditary.Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular disease (CVD) is actually a group of diseasesof the cardiovascular system that includes hypertension, heart disease, and stroke. CVD is the number one killer of both men andwomen among all racial and ethnic groups in the United States.According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about95,000 Americans die of CVD each year. Many of these diseases areassociated with lifestyle behaviors. Early detection is important forreducing the risk for CVD.Heart MurmurSubstances taken into thebody can have serious effectson the heart and cardiovascular system—includingconsequences that can resultin death. Ephedra, which is used bysome people as a diet aid,stimulates the cardiovascular system. As a result,its use has been linked toheart attacks and strokes. Stimulant drugs includingcocaine and amphetamines can cause rapidheart rate, high bloodpressure, and damageto blood vessels. Marijuana use has beenlinked to heart and lungdamage.cardiovascular diseaseFor more information on CVDand lifestyle behaviors, seeChapter 26, page 678.Heart murmurs are abnormal sounds that are made as bloodflows through the heart. Some heart murmurs may be very slightand disappear without treatment. Other murmurs can be an indication of problems in the heart, such as the valve between the leftatrium and ventricle not closing properly, and may require surgery.Varicose VeinsVaricose veins form if valves in the veins do not close tightlyenough to prevent backflow of blood. Varicose veins become enlargedand can be painful. They most commonly occur in veins in the legs.Weakened valves can be the result of a congenital defect or naturalaging. Physical activity helps prevent varicose veins. Treatmentincludes reducing standing time, exercise, elevating legs whensleeping, and in severe cases, surgery to remove the affected vein.Lesson 2 Care and Problems of the Cardiovascular System425
Individuals in good healthwho are from 17 to 70years of age can donateblood. Name one waydonated blood can be used.Anemiairon deficiency For moreinformation on nutrition forindividual needs, see Chapter 6,page 157.Anemia is a condition in which the ability of the blood to carryoxygen is reduced. Anemia can result from low numbers of red bloodcells or from low concentrations of hemoglobin in the blood. Bothof these conditions interfere with the blood’s ability to carry oxygen. The most common cause of anemia is iron deficiency,which can be avoided by eating foods high in iron, such as darkgreen leafy vegetables, red meat, liver, egg yolks, and fortifiedcereals. Taking an iron supplement also may be recommended by amedical professional.LeukemiaRespect. Making healthful decisions about diet and incorporatingphysical activity into your dailyroutine are ways to demonstrateresponsibility and respect for yourbody. Determine what type ofeating plan and physical activityprogram would be best suited foryou. With the advice of a healthcare provider, make a plan tomaintain your cardiovascularhealth.426Leukemia is a form of cancer in which any one of the different typesof white blood cells is produced excessively and abnormally. The abnormal white blood cells cannot function properly, making theleukemia patient very susceptible to infection. Because all bloodcells are produced in the bone marrow, the uncontrolled productionof white blood cells can hinder the production of red blood cellsand platelets. The result is infection, severe anemia, or uncontrolled bleeding. Childhood leukemia is often curable, and inadults leukemia can go into remission. Chemotherapy and radiationare among the treatment options. Also, some forms of leukemiahave been successfully treated with bone marrow transplants.HemophiliaHemophilia is an inherited disorder in which the blood does notclot properly. Certain proteins, called clotting factors, are absent.This may cause uncontrolled bleeding that can occur spontaneously or as a result of injury. Bleeding can take place internallyin muscles, tissues of the digestive and urinary tract, and the joints.It may also occur externally as a result of injury or surgery.Treatment for hemophilia includes injections that introduce themissing clotting factors into the blood. These clotting factors canbe extracted from blood donated by healthy individuals.Chapter 16 Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Lymphatic System ProblemsP roblems in the lymphatic system can be the result of infection orheredity and may range in severity from mild to life-threatening.Immune Deficiency. Immune deficiencies occur when theimmune system can no longer protect against infection. Someimmune deficiencies may be congenital, and others can becaused by HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. A weakenedimmune system may be the result of natural aging or a sideeffect of chemotherapy. Hodgkin’s Disease. Hodgkin’s disease, or Hodgkin’slymphoma, is a type of cancer that affects the lymph tissue foundin lymph nodes and the spleen. Early detection and treatment,as in all types of cancer, is essential for recovery. Treatment mayinclude removal of lymph nodes, radiation, and chemotherapy. Tonsillitis. Tonsils are part of the immune system and helpreduce the number of pathogens entering the body through therespiratory system. Infected tonsils, or tonsillitis, can be commonin children. The condition is most often treated with antibiotics.Chronic cases may call for surgical removal of the tonsils.Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary1. Analyze the relationship between health behaviorsand diseases of the cardiovascular system. Listthree health promotion behaviors you can practiceto help prevent cardiovascular diseases.2. What is blood pressure?3. Name and describe two problems that can occurin the lymphatic system.Thinking CriticallyHIV For more information onhow HIV affects the immunesystem, see Chapter 25,page 658.cancer To learn about cancerand how it affects the body,turn to Chapter 26, page 681.Applying Health SkillsCommunication Skills. Imagine that youare worried about a close family memberwho has unhealthy eating and fitness habits.Write a dialogue in which you encouragethis person to incorporate positive healthbehaviors into his or her lifestyle. Examineand include the positive effects such achange would have on his or her cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.4. Applying. What symptoms might indicate that aperson is suffering from anemia?5. Analyzing. Relate the importance of early detectionof cardiovascular disorders in prompting individualsof all ages to seek health care.SPREADSHEETSDesign a table that canbe used to record foods eaten and periods of physicalactivity. See health.glencoe.com for information on howto use a spreadsheet.health.glencoe.comLesson 2 Care and Problems of the Cardiovascular System427
The Respiratory bronchilarynxYOU’LL LEARN TO Identify the functions and structures of the respiratory system. Describe the process of breathing. Demonstrate knowledge about personal and family health concernsrelated to the respiratory system.List situations in which your breathing rate changes. Why does this happen?Your lungs and chestexpand like a balloon asyou inhale. As you exhale,your lungs deflate slightly.Name the structures ofthe respiratory systeminvolved in breathing.Without your conscious control, your lungs rhythmicallyfill with air and then empty. This rhythm varies withchanges in your level of activity. Breathing is regulated by certainareas of the brain that send impulses to stimulate the automaticcontraction of muscles involved in respiration.Functions of the Respiratory SystemThe main function of the respiratory system is respiration,the exchange of gases between the body and the environment.The process of respiration can be divided into two parts. Externalrespiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxidethat takes place between air and blood in the lungs.Oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood, andcarbon dioxide moves from the blood into the lungs.Internal respiration is the exchange of gases betweenblood and body cells. Oxygen moves from the bloodinto the cells, and carbon dioxide moves from thecells into the blood. Th
416 Chapter 16 Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Any physical activity that raises your heart rate will help strengthen your cardiovascular system. What is the main function of the cardiovascular system? HS_HEALTH_U05_C16_L1 12/8/03 12:16 PM Page 416
Part One: Heir of Ash Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 .
TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD. Contents Dedication Epigraph Part One Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Part Two Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18. Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26
DEDICATION PART ONE Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 PART TWO Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 .
PSI 11 Postoperative Respiratory Failure Rate www.qualityindicators.ahrq.gov J95821 Acute postprocedural respiratory failure J9620 Acute and chronic respiratory failure, unspecified whether with hypoxia or hypercapnia J95822 Acute and chronic postprocedural respiratory failure J9621 Acute and chronic respiratory failure with hypoxia
respiratory problems such as a cold Upper respiratory tract-Nose-Pharynx-Larynx Nose Pharynx Larynx Lower respiratory tract in the thorax - trachea, bronchial tree & lungs Respiratory Tract Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi & bronchioles are hollow tubes - Form air passageways - Constitute conducting portion of respiratory system
Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular system is sometimes called blood-vascular or simply referred to as the circulatory system. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, which is a muscular pumping device, and a closed system of channels 1 F Kappel, “A MATHEMATICAL CARDIOVASCULAR MODEL WITH PULSATILE AND NON-PULSATILE
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