10.3.1 Reading A String From The Keyboard Arrays And Strings
Christian JacobChapter 10Arrays and Strings10.1 Arrays10.2 One-Dimensional Arrays10.2.110.2.210.2.310.2.410.2.5Accessing Array ElementsRepresentation of Arrays in MemoryExample: Finding the MaximumNo Array-to-Array AssignmentsNo Bounds Checking10.3 Strings10.3.1 Reading a String from the Keyboard10.3.2 Some C Library Functions for Strings10.3.3 Using the Null TerminatorChapter Overview
Christian Jacob10.4 Two-Dimensional Arrays10.5 Multidimensional Arrays10.6 Array Initialization10.6.1 Character Array Initialization10.6.2 Multi-Dimensional Array Initialization10.6.3 Unsized Array Initializations10.7 Arrays of Strings10.8 An Example Using String Arrays10.8.110.8.210.8.310.8.410.8.5Entering InformationDisplaying Database ContentsMenu For User s SelectionMain FunctionPutting It All Together10.9 ReferencesChapter Overview
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 3 Christian Jacob10.1 ArraysAn array is a collection of variables of the same typethat are referred to by a common name.Arrays offer a convenient means of grouping together severalrelated variables, in one dimension or more dimensions: product part numbers:int part numbers[] {123, 326, 178, 1209}; student scores:int scores[10] {1, 3, 4, 5, 1, 3, 2, 3, 4, 4}; characters:char alphabet[5] {’A’, ’B’, ’C’, ’D’, ’E’};FirstBackTOCPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 4 Christian Jacob names:char names[][40] {“Peter”, “Mary”, “Lisa”, “John”, "George-Simon"}; 3D s[4][3] 0, 0},0, 1},0, 5}7, 9}};TOCPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 5 Christian Jacob10.2 One-Dimensional ArraysA one-dimensional array is a list of related variables. The generalform of a one-dimensional array declaration is:type variable name[size] type:base type of the array,determines the data type of each element inthe array size:how many elements the array will hold variable name:the name of the arrayExamples:int sample[10];float float numbers[100];char last name[40];FirstBackTOCOne-Dimensional ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 6 Christian Jacob10.2.1 Accessing Array ElementsAn individual element within an array is accessed by use of an index.An index describes the position of an element within an array.Note: In C the first element has the index zero!FirstBackTOCOne-Dimensional ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 7 Christian JacobExample: Load the array sample with the numbers 02 through 92#include iostream.h int main(){int sample[10]; // reserves for 10 integersint t;// initialize the arrayfor(t 0; t 10; t) sample[t] t*t;// display the arrayfor(t 0; t 10; t)cout sample[t] ‘ ‘;return(0);}FirstBackTOCOne-Dimensional ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 8 Christian Jacob10.2.2 Representation of Arrays in MemoryIn C , any array is mapped to a contiguous memory location.All memory elements reside next to each other.The lowest address corresponds to the first element, and the highestaddress to the last element.FirstBackTOCOne-Dimensional ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 9 Christian JacobExample:int a[8];int j;for(j 0; j 8; j ) a[j] 7-j;Then the memory representation of array a looks like this:a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4] a[5] a[6] a[7]7FirstBack6TOC5432One-Dimensional Arrays10Prev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 10 Christian Jacob10.2.3 Example: Finding the Maximum#include iostream.h int main(){int i, max 0;int list[100];// initialize the array with random valuesfor(i 0; i 100; i ) list[i] rand();// find maximum valuefor(i 0; i 100; i )if(max list[i]) max list[i];cout “Maximum value: “ max;return(0);}FirstBackTOCOne-Dimensional ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 11 Christian Jacob10.2.4 No Array-to-Array AssignmentsYou cannot assign one array to another in C .The following is illegal:int a[10], b[10];// do something// assign all elements of array b to array aa b; // error -- illegalInstead, you have to do the assignments for each element:int i;// assign all elements of array b to array afor(i 0; i 10; i ) a[i] b[i];FirstBackTOCOne-Dimensional ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 12 Christian Jacob10.2.5 No Bounds CheckingC performs no bounds checking on arrays.Nothing will stop you from overrunning the end of an array: You will assign values to some other variables data!!! You might even write into a piece of the program code!!!FirstBackTOCOne-Dimensional ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 13 Christian JacobFor example, you can compile and run the following program, eventhough the array crash is being overrun:// An incorrect program. Do not execute!int main(){int crash[10], i;for(i 0; i 100; i ) crash[i] i;return(1);}FirstBackTOCOne-Dimensional ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 14 Christian Jacob10.3 StringsThe most common use for one-dimensional arrays is to store stringsof characters.In C , a string is defined as a character array terminated by a nullsymbol ( ‘\0’ ).‘H’‘e’‘l’‘l’‘o’‘\0’To declare an array str that could hold a 10-character string, onewould write:char str[11];Specifying the size as 11 makes room for the null at the end of thestring.FirstBackTOCStringsPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 15 Christian JacobSome examples of string constants in C are:"hello there""I like C .""# %§@@ *""\"""\"\"""\\"""The null string, ““, only contains the null terminator and representsthe empty string.FirstBackTOCStringsPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 16 Christian Jacob10.3.1 Reading a String from the KeyboardHow to read a string entered from the keyboard?Make an array, that will receive the string, the target of a cin stream.The following program reads (part of) a string entered by the user:#include stdio.h int main(){char str[80];cout “Enter a string: “;cin str; // read string from keyboardcout “Here is your string: “;cout str;return(0);}FirstBackTOCStringsPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 17 Christian JacobProblem: Entering the string “This is a test”, the above program onlyreturns “This”, not the entire sentence.Reason: The C input/output system stops reading a string whenthe first whitespace character is encountered.Solution: Use another C library function, gets().#include iostream.h #include cstdio.h int main(){char str[80]; // long enough for user input?cout “Enter a string: “;gets(str); // read a string from the keyboardcout “Here is your string: “;cout str endl;return(0);}FirstBackTOCStringsPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 18 Christian Jacob10.3.2 Some C Library Functions for StringsC supports a range of string-manipulation functions.The most common are: strcpy() :copy characters from one string to another strcat() :concatenation of strings strlen() :length of a string strcmp() :comparison of stringsFirstBackTOCStringsPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 19 Christian Jacobstrcpy(to string, from string) — String Copy:#include iostream.h #include cstring.h int main(){char a[10];strcpy(a, “hello”);cout a;return(0);}a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4] a[5] a[6] a[7] a[8] a[9]heFirstBacklTOClo\0Strings?Prev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 20 Christian Jacobstrlen(string) — String Lengthstrlen(str) returns the length of the string pointed to by str, i.e.,the number of characters excluding the null terminator.#include iostream.h #include cstdio.h #include cstring.h int main(){char str[80];cout “Enter a string: “;gets(str);cout “Length is: “ strlen(str);return(0);}FirstBackTOCStringsPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 21 Christian Jacobstrcat(string 1, string 2) — Concatenation of StringsThe strcat() function appends s2 to the end of s1. String s2 isunchanged.// includes .int main(){char s1[21], s2[11];strcpy(s1, “hello”);strcpy(s2, “ there”);strcat(s1, s2);cout s1 endl;cout s2 endl;return(0);}FirstBackTOCStringsPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 22Output:FirstBack Christian Jacobhello therethereTOCStringsPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 23 Christian JacobNote: The first string array has to be large enough to hold both strings:s1:0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20h e l l o \0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?s2:0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10‘ ‘ t h e r e \0 ? ? ? ?0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20h e l l o ‘ ‘ t h e r e \0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?strcat(s1,s2): To be on the safe side:strlen(s1concats2) strlen(s1) strlen(s2)FirstBackTOCStringsPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 24 Christian Jacobstrcmp(string 1, string 2) — Comparison of StringsThe strcmp(str 1, str 2) function compares two strings andreturns the following result: str 1 str 2:0 str 1 str 2:positive number str 1 str 2:negative numberThe strings are compared lexicographically (i.e., according todictionary order):a aa aaa b ba bb bz baa abca abd .FirstBackTOCStringsPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 25 Christian JacobLexicographical order: Given: Two words a, b Σ over an alphabet Σ , and an orderingrelation “ “ on the elements of the alphabet.a b: ** ( w Σ ) ( x, y Σ ) ( ( v 1, v 2 Σ ) )( ( a wxv 1 ) ( b wxv 2 ) ( x y ) )FirstBackTOCStringsPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 26 Christian Jacob// Comparing strings#include iostream.h #include cstring.h #include cstdio.h int main(){char str[80];cout “Enter password: “;gets(str);if(strcmp(str, “password”)) {// strings differcout “Invalid password.\n”;}else cout “Logged on.\n”;return(0);}FirstBackTOCStringsPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 27 Christian Jacob10.3.3 Using the Null TerminatorOperations on strings can be simplified using the fact that all stringsare null-terminated.// Convert a string to uppercase// . includes .int main(){char str[80];int i;strcpy(str, “this is a test”);for(i 0; str[i]; i )str[i] toupper(str[i]);cout str; return(0); }FirstBackTOCStringsPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 28 Christian Jacob10.4 Two-Dimensional ArraysA two-dimensional array is a list of one-dimensional arrays.To declare a two-dimensional integer array two dim of size 10,20 wewould write:int matrix[3][4];This corresponds to a table with 3 rows and 4 columns (for example).0123012341567829101112two dim[1][2]Left IndexFirstBackRight IndexTOCTwo-Dimensional ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 29 Christian JacobWe can generate the array above by using this program:#include iostream.h int main(){int row 3, col 4;int matrix[row][col];for(row 0; row 3; row) {for(col 0; col 4; col) {matrix[row][col] (row*4) col 1;cout matrix[row][col] ‘ ‘;}cout ‘\n’;}return(0);}FirstBackTOCTwo-Dimensional ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 30 Christian JacobMemory Allocation for Two-Dimensional ArraysStorage for all array elements is determined at compile time.The memory used to hold an array is required the entire time thatthe array is in existence.The following formula determines the number of bytes of memorythat will be allocated:bytes rows * columns * number of bytes in typeFor example, an integer array (with two-byte integers) withdimensions 100,100 would require 100 * 100 * 2 20,000 bytes.FirstBackTOCTwo-Dimensional ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 31 Christian Jacob10.5 Multidimensional ArraysC allows arrays with more than two dimensions.The general form of an N-dimensional array declaration is:type array name [size 1] [size 2] [size N];For example, the following declaration creates a 4 x 10 x 20 characterarray, or a matrix of strings:char string matrix[4][10][20];This requires 4 * 10 * 20 800 bytes.If we scale the matrix by 10, i.e. to a 40 x 100 x 20 array, then 80,000bytes are needed.FirstBackTOCMultidimensional ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 32 Christian Jacob10.6 Array InitializationThe general form of array initialization is similar to that of othervariables:type array-name[size] { list-of-values };The list-of-values has to be a comma-separated list of constants thatare type-compatible with the base type of the array.In the following example, a 10-element float array is initialized withthe numbers 1.0 through 10.0:float i[10] {1.,2.,3.,4.,5.,6,7,8,9,10};Therefore, i[0] will have the value 1.0, and i[9] will have thevalue 10.0.FirstBackTOCArray InitializationPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 33 Christian Jacob10.6.1 Character Array InitializationCharacter arrays that will hold strings allow a shorthand initializationthat takes this form:char array-name[size] “string”;For example, the following code fragment initializes str to thephrase “hello”:char str[6] “hello”;This is the same as writingchar str[6] {‘h’, ‘e’, ‘l’, ‘l’, ‘o’, ‘\0’};Remember that one has to make sure to make the array long enoughto include the null terminator.FirstBackTOCArray InitializationPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 34 Christian Jacob10.6.2 Multi-Dimensional Array InitializationMulti-dimensional arrays are initialized the same way as onedimensional arrays.For example, the following code fragment initializes an arraysquares with the numbers 1 through 10 and their squares:int squares[9][2] { 1, 1,2, 4,3, 9,4, 16,5, 25,6, 36,7, 49,8, 64,9, 81 };FirstBackTOCArray InitializationPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 35 Christian JacobFor better readability, especially for multi-dimensional arrays, onecan use subaggregate grouping by adding braces accordingly.The same declaration as above can also be written as:int squares[10][2] {{1, 1},{2, 4},{3, 9},{4, 16},{5, 25},{6, 36},{7, 49},{8, 64},{9, 81},{10, 100}};FirstBackTOCArray InitializationPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 36 Christian JacobThe following program uses the squares array to find the root of anumber entered by the user.#include iostream.h // declaration of squares array goes hereint main(){int i, j;cout “Enter a number 1 i 100: “;cin i;// look up ifor(j 0; j 10; j )if(squares[j][1] i) {cout "Root: " squares[j][0];return(0);}cout "No integer root."; return(0);}FirstBackTOCArray InitializationPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 37 Christian Jacob10.6.3 Unsized Array InitializationsIt is possible to let C automatically dimension the arrays throughthe use of unsized arrays.char error 1[] “Divide by 0\n”;char error 2[] “End-of-File\n”;char error 3[] “Access Denied\n”;C will automatically create arrays large enough to hold all theinitializers present.For a multi-dimensional array, all but the leftmost dimension have tobe specified. So we can write:char errors[][20] {“Divide by 0\n”,“End-of-File\n”,“Access Denied\n” };FirstBackTOCArray InitializationPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 38 Christian Jacob10.7 Arrays of StringsAn array of strings is a special form of a two-dimensional array. The size of the left index determines the number of strings. The size of the right index specifies the maximum length of eachstring.For example, the following declares an array of 30 strings, eachhaving a maximum length of 80 characters (with one extra characterfor the null terminator):char string array[30][81];FirstBackTOCArrays of StringsPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 39 Christian JacobFor accessing an individual string, one simply specifies only the leftindex:firstString string array[0];sixthString string array[5];The following example calls the gets() function with the third stringin the array:gets(string array[2]);FirstBackTOCArrays of StringsPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 40 Christian JacobThis program accepts lines of text entered at the keyboard andredisplays them after a blank line is entered.// includes go hereint main(){int t, i;char text[100][80];for(t 0; t 100; t ) {cout t “: “;gets(text[t]);if(!text[t][0]) break;}// quit on blank linefor(i 0; i t; i ) // redisplay the stringscout text[i] ‘\n’;return(0);}FirstBackTOCArrays of StringsPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 41 Christian Jacob10.8 An Example Using String ArraysArrays of strings are commonly used for handling tables ofinformation.One such application would be an employee database that stores the name telephone number hours worked per pay period, and hourly wage.These data we could store in arrays:char name[20][80]; // employee namesint phone[20]; // phone numbersfloat hours[20];// hours workedfloat wage[20];// wageFirstBackTOCAn Example Using String ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 42 Christian Jacob10.8.1 Entering Informationvoid enter(){int i;for(i 0; i 20; i ) {cout “Last name: “;cin name[i];cout “Phone number: “;cin phone[i];cout “Hours worked: “;cin hours[i];cout “Wage: “;cin wage[i];}}FirstBackTOCAn Example Using String ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 43 Christian Jacob10.8.2 Displaying Database Contentsvoid report(){int i;for(i 0; i 20; i ) {cout "Name: " name[i] " / " "phone: " phone[i] ‘\n’;cout “Pay for the week: “;cout wage[i] * hours[i];cout ‘\n’;}}FirstBackTOCAn Example Using String ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 44 Christian Jacob10.8.3 Menu For User s Selectionint menu(){int choice;cout “0. Quit\n”;cout “1. Enter information\n”;cout “2. Report information\n”;cout “\n”;cout “Choose one: “;cin choice;return choice;}FirstBackTOCAn Example Using String ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 45 Christian Jacob10.8.4 Main Functionint main(){int choice;do {choice menu(); // get selectionswitch(choice) {case 0: break;case 1: enter(); break;case 2: report(); break;default: cout “Try again.\n\n”;}} while( choice ! 0);return(0);}FirstBackTOCAn Example Using String ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 46 Christian Jacob10.8.5 Putting It All Together#include iostream.h // array declarationsint menu();void enter();void report();int main() { . }int menu() { . }void enter() { . }void report() { . }FirstBackTOCAn Example Using String ArraysPrev NextLast
Chapter 10: Arrays and StringsPage 47 Christian Jacob10.9 References Schildt, H., C from the Ground Up, Berkeley, McGraw-Hill, 1998,Chapter 5. G. Blank and R. Barnes, The Universal Machine, Boston, MA: WCB/McGraw-Hill, 1998. Chapter 11.FirstBackTOCReferencesPrev NextLast
Christian Jacob Chapter Overview Chapter 10 Arrays and Strings 10.1 Arrays 10.2 One-Dimensional Arrays 10.2.1 Accessing Array Elements 10.2.2 Representation of Arrays in Memory
All About the Alphabet Reading Alphabet Fun: A Reading Alphabet Fun: B Reading Alphabet Fun: C Reading Alphabet Fun: D Reading Alphabet Fun: E Reading Alphabet Fun: F Reading Alphabet Fun: G Reading Alphabet Fun: H Reading Alphabet Fun: I Reading Alphabet Fun: J Reading Alphabet Fun: K Reading Alphabet Fu
Recent studies have suggested that reading-while-listening can assist in fostering reading skills. For example, Chang and Millet (2015) evidenced a superior rate of reading, and level of reading comprehension, for audio-assisted reading (reading-while-listening) over silent reading.
The Reading section measures your ability to understand academic passages written in English. You will read one passage and answer questions about it. In the actual TOEFL iBT test, you would have 20 minutes to read the passage and answer the questions. Test takers with disabilities can request a time extension. Reading Practice Set 1File Size: 658KBPage Count: 21Explore furtherSample TOEFL Reading Practice Test (updated 2021)www.mometrix.comTOEFL Reading Practice: 100 Free Questions (PDF included)tstprep.comTOEFL Reading Practice - Free TOEFL Reading Test with .www.bestmytest.comTOEFL reading test 1: free practice exercises from Exam .www.examenglish.comTOEFL reading test 4: free practice exercises from Exam .www.examenglish.comRecommended to you b
is effective for developing the reading rates of Japanese learners at a lower-intermediate reading proficiency level. Keywords: pleasure reading, extensive reading, graded readers, reading rate, reading fluency Second language (L2) reading authorities
akuntansi musyarakah (sak no 106) Ayat tentang Musyarakah (Q.S. 39; 29) لًََّز ãَ åِاَ óِ îَخظَْ ó Þَْ ë Þٍجُزَِ ß ا äًَّ àَط لًَّجُرَ íَ åَ îظُِ Ûاَش
Collectively make tawbah to Allāh S so that you may acquire falāḥ [of this world and the Hereafter]. (24:31) The one who repents also becomes the beloved of Allāh S, Âَْ Èِﺑاﻮَّﺘﻟاَّﺐُّ ßُِ çﻪَّٰﻠﻟانَّاِ Verily, Allāh S loves those who are most repenting. (2:22
F. Reading for Enjoyment 9 G. Versatility in Rnadinq 10 III. Description of the Nongraded, Individualized Reading Program 10 A. Pre-Reading Experiences 10 B. Language Experienr:. 13 C. Expanding Reading Vocabulary 13 D Reading-Thinking Activities 14 E, Developing Indept:ndence in Reading 14 F. Reading for Enjoyment G. Versatility in Reading 16 IV.
the construct of reading comprehension as reading literacy, which was measured by two assessment types: components of reading and global reading literacy. Two assessment systems were developed to assess components of reading in K–12: the Reading Inventory and Scholastic Evaluation (RISE) and the FCRR Research Reading Assessment (FRA).
