Encoding, Storage And Retrieval
LP 6B model of memory 103/30/20Encoding, Storage and RetrievalMemory is the mental processes that enable us to retain and use informationover time that involve three fundamental processes: encoding, storage andretrieval Encoding: The processing of transforming information into a form that can beentered into and retained by the memory system (page 208). Storage: The process of retaining information in memory sothat it can beused at a later time (page 208). Retrieval: The process of recovering information stored in memory so thatwe care consciously aware of it (page 208).
LP 6B model of memory 203/30/20
LP 6B model of memory 303/30/20THINKING ABOUT PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE: Memory and Study derateAlmostalwaysalwaysCandidly respond to the following items about your own memory and study strategies. Rate yourself on the followingquestions and then total your points.I’m good at focusing my attention and minimizing distractions.I study for understanding rather than rotely memorizing material.I organize information hierarchically as part of my memory strategy.I use mnemonic strategies when I have to memorize lists or specific facts.I ask myself questions about what I have read or about class activities.I spread out my studying and consolidate my learning.I cognitively monitor what I read and study.I am a good time manager and planner.I have a good note-taking system.I regularly review my notes.I use the SQ3R* or similar systematic study system.Total:If you scored 50 to 55 points, you likely use good memory and study strategies.If you scored 45 to 49 points, you likely have some reasonably good memory and study strategies.If you scored below 45, spend some time working on improving your memory and study strategies. Most collegesand universities have a study skills center where specialists can help you. If you are concerned about your studyskills, visit Academic Learning Services.*SQ3R (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review)
LP 6B model of memory 403/30/20Encoding Long-Term Memory?We are going to look at some efficient and less efficient strategies to encodeinformation. Practice, Feedback and distribute your learning Deeper levels of processing and elaboration
LP 6B model of memory 503/30/20Encoding: Elaborative Encoding (Depth of Processing)12%58%88%Image Source: Myers, PsychologyThe type of judgment task influences how you think about each word and whatyou remember. Putting meaning to the word, it makes it more likely that yourmemory will endure. What do these results suggest about bad strategies for studying information? What do these results suggest about good strategies for studying information?
LP 6B model of memory 603/30/20Encoding: Elaborative EncodingIf you can elaborate on the information and connect it with information youalready know that is relevant, it increases the likelihood you will remember theinformation.
LP 6B model of memory 703/30/20Encoding: Elaborative Encoding (types of Rehearsal)Rehearsal or Maintenance Rehearsal: The process of keeping information inshort term memory by mentally repeating it (page 279). hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala are all parts of the limbic system* hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala are all parts of the limbic system* hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala are all parts of the limbic system**your book breaks the limbic system down differentlyElaborative Encoding or Elaborative rehearsal: Encoding by actively relating newinformation to knowledge that is already in memory (page 279). “I knew it was lunchtime because my hypothalamus told me I was hungry,thirsty and cold. My hippocampus helped me remember a new restauranton campus, but I got there and had to wait in line, which my amygdala mademe angry.1. What are other examples of these rehearsal strategies?2. Why does elaborative rehearsal work better than maintenance rehearsal forremembering information?
LP 6B model of memory 803/30/20Maintenance Rehearsal vs. Elaborative Rehearsal for Networking SuccessMaintenance Rehearsal1. polite greeting2. state your name3. relevant personal link4. manage expectations1. polite greeting2. state your name3. relevant personal link4. manage expectations1. polite greeting2. state your name3. relevant personal link4. manage expectationsElaborative Rehearsal
LP 6B model of memory 903/30/20Encoding Memories: Organizational EncodingThe main theme is ORGANIZATION. How you organize information affects yourability to encode, store and recall the information. If you can find some way oforganizing information, it increases the chance that you will remember theinformation.The more you practice your organizational skills, the more you will be able to usethese skills efficiently and automatically while recalling information at a fasterrate.
LP 6B model of memory 1003/30/20Encoding: Organizational EncodingOrganizational Encoding: The process of categorizing information according tothe relationships among a series of items (page 223, Schacter, Gilbert andWegner).If you can find a way to organize information, it increases the likelihood that youwill remember the information.Examples areCategoriesA 8 5 6 3 2 K 5 4 Hierarchies8 7 2 Semantic networks orassociative networks
LP 6B model of memory 1103/30/20Encoding: Clustering or CategorizeAnother way to help you organize information is to cluster similar items together.Concepts, ideas, items, words, etc. are grouped or categorized by similarity.Note that similarity is not “objective” and can depend on the individual and goal.Examples: Demonstration of lists Harvey Korman in Blazing Saddles When I memorize my shopping list or “to do” list, I cluster my groceries orerrands in “clusters” that are similar.Fruits/VegetablesCanned/BoxMeat/Deli When playing cards (such as bridge, hearts, pinochle), it is easier toremember the cards you have if you organize it by suit and then by number.SpadesHeartsDiamondsClubsA 8 5 6 3 2 K 5 4 8 7 2 vsA K 8 8 7 6 5 5 4 3 2 2
LP 6B model of memory 1203/30/20 When studying vocabulary/chapter key terms, organize by clusters
LP 6B model of memory 1303/30/20Serial position effectThe serial position effect is the tendency to remember items at the beginning(primacy effect) or the end (recency effect) of a list better than items at themiddle.Serial Position EffectPrimacy EffectABCDRecency EffectEIJKLM
LP 5F retrieval 1403/30/20Serial position effectFrom the movie Blazing Saddles: I want you to gather the most vicious criminalsand gunslingers in the West.rustlerscut throatsmurderersbounty witsviperssniperscon-menindian agentsMexican banditsmuggersbuglersbushwackershorn swaggershorse thievesbull dikestrain robbersbank robbersass kickersshit kickers, andMethodist
LP 6C LTM 1503/30/20 What is it called when people tend to remember the items “ass kickers, shitkickers, and Methodists”? What is it called when people tend to remember the items “rustlers,cutthroats and murders”?
LP 6C LTM 1603/30/20Encoding: HierarchiesExample #1:Example #2:LearningClassical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning
LP 6C LTM 1703/30/20Example #3:The BrainHindbrainMedullaPonsCerebellumReticular formationMidbrainSubstantia NigraForebrainCerebral CortexCorpus callosumCerebral cortex Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Frontal lobeForebrainLimbic SystemHippocampusThalamusHypothalamusAmygdala
LP 6C LTM 1803/30/20Encoding: HierarchiesOrganize these minerals in a way that make it easier to remember theseminerals. There are different many different ways to organize the information.emeraldmarbleslaterubysilverlimestone goldleadplatinumcopper
LP 6C LTM 1903/30/20Encoding: onegranitemarbleslateRole of organization in memory (from Baron, Psychology, p226)
LP 6C LTM 2003/30/20Recall as many of the words from the list as possible.StreetTruckVehicleBusFire clouds
LP 6C LTM 2103/30/20Organization of Long-Term Memory: Semantic Network ModelSemantic network model: A model that describes units of information in longterm memory as being organized in a complex network of associations. Noticethe relation to elaborative rehearsal (page 218).
LP 6C LTM 2203/30/20Broken Associations Make Retrieval Difficult
LP 6C LTM 2303/30/20To make your own semantic network, visit http://vue.tuft.edu/
LP 6C LTM 2403/30/20
LP 6C LTM 2503/30/20The Implicit Attitude TestMany prejudicial attitudes and associations are unconscious. The implicitattitude association measures the reaction time in how long it takes you to makea judgment between the color of a person’s skin and positive or negative words.Image source: Lillenfeld
LP 6C LTM 2603/30/20Associative Networks and the Implicit Attitude Test
LP 6C LTM 2703/30/20Associative Networks and the Implicit Attitude Test
LP 6C LTM 2803/30/20Associative Networks and the Implicit Attitude Test
LP 6C LTM 2903/30/20The Implicit Attitude Test
LP 6C LTM 3003/30/20Encoding: Mnemonics and AcronymsA mnemonic and acronym are memory strategies for placing information in anorganized context to facilitate memory.What are the Great Lakes?HOMESDo you add acid to water, or water to acid? (do you addhydrofluoric acid (HF) to the water, or the other way around?)AAAWhen checking vital signs, what is the sequence in which youcheck?ABCWhat are the five personality factors in “The Big Five” model of OCEAN or CANOEpersonality?What is the relationship between sine, cosine, tangent and the SOH CAH TOAlength of each side of a triangle?What are the nine “planets”?My Very EarnestMother Just ShowedUs Nine PlanetsWhat are the colors of the spectrum?ROY G. BIVWhat are the color codes for resistors?BBROYGBVGW
LP 6C LTM 3103/30/20Mnemonics
LP 6C LTM 3203/30/20Encoding: Visual Imagery EncodingVisual imagery encoding: The process of storing new information by converting itinto mental pictures (page 223, Schacter, Gilbert and Wegner).If you can visually imagine the material to remember, it increases the likelihoodthat you are going to remember the information. Therefore, pay attention to theimages in the text or lecture or generate your own visual images.
LP 6C LTM 3303/30/20Visual Organization
LP 6C LTM 3403/30/20Visual Organization
LP 6C LTM 3503/30/20Strategies to Encoding Information--Getting Information into MemoryBefore we can have a memory to retrieve, it needs to be encoded and stored. Ifyou don’t effectively encode information, it will be more difficult to retrieve thatinformation.Effective strategies: Elaboration,o elaborative rehearsalo encode with “depth” or semantic meaning Visual imagery, Organizationo hierarchieso categorieso associative networkso mnemonicsLess Effective strategies: Encode with superficial characteristics Maintenance rehearsal (extends short-term memory)
LP 6C LTM 3603/30/20Reasons why me might forget: Encoding failure Multitasking What were examples of these strategies? How can you use these strategies? Why is understanding these strategies important?
Encoding, Storage and Retrieval Memory is the mental processes that enable us to retain and use information over time that involve three fundamental processes: encoding, storage and retrieval Encoding: The processing of transforming information into a form that can be
A character encoding capable of encoding all possible characters Why UTF-8? Dominant encoding of the www (86.5%) SAS system options for encoding Encoding –instructs SAS how to read, process and store data Locale - instructs SAS how to present or display currency, date and time, set timezone values
[B]. RETRIEVAL PHASE The retrieval phase is the reverse process of the storage phase. In this phase another automatic monorail will arrive at the retrieval reference point without any load (package) on it. The proximity sensor will sense it, the sensor will change to on state which sends the signal to PLC alerting it about the request of retrieval.
Memory Processes The three main processes involved in human memory are therefore encoding, storage and recall (retrieval). Additionally, the process of memory consolidation (which can be considered to be either part of the encoding process or the storage process). Memory Encoding: It allows the perceived information of interest to be converted into construct that can be stored within the brain .
whole process of encoding, storage, and retrieval of the information, is the subject of this research and plays a noteworthy role in learning a foreign language. The part memorization techniques play in the development of language learning was further emphasized after the
Memory depends on three sequential processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Some theorists have drawn an analogy between these processes and elements of information processing by computers as depicted here. The analogies for encoding and retrieval work pretty well, but the storage analogy is somewhat misleading.
Cost Transparency Storage Storage Average Cost The cost per storage Cost Transparency Storage Storage Average Cost per GB The cost per GB of storage Cost Transparency Storage Storage Devices Count The quantity of storage devices Cost Transparency Storage Storage Tier Designates the level of the storage, such as for a level of service. Apptio .
formation and access of memory: Encoding, consolidation, storage and recall/retrieval. Figure 1. Stage Model based on the work of Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) Encoding Encoding is the first and most important step in the creation of new memories. The
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