INTERVIEW: GLORIA FARLEY Discovering America’s ‘Old .
ANCIENT DISCOVERYINTERVIEW: GLORIA FARLEYDiscovering America’s ‘Old Country’ RootsEDITOR’S NOTEThis interview by Alan Gillespie waspublished in the Epigraphic SocietyOccasional Papers, ESOP, Vol. 24(2006), and is reprinted here with permission. Gloria Farley died on March18, 2006, and an obituary by Julian Fellappeared in the Spring/Summer 2006issue of 21st Century.Courtesy of Warren DexterGloria Farley:“Hard evidence [of Old Country influence] is not scarce in America,it is just not known by many and is not accepted by most in academia.”Biographical SketchGloria Farley was born October 21,1916, in the hilltop home of her parentsin Heavener, Oklahoma. Her father, Dr.Matthew A. Stewart, was of Scottishdescent. He had come to Heavener,then in Indian Territory, in 1902, as apioneer physician. Her mother,Eunice Virginia Upchurch Stewart, ofEnglish descent, was a postal clerkbefore her marriage in 1911.Gloria quit college after only oneyear to marry J. Ray Farley, of Miami,Oklahoma. They lived in Missouri fortwo years and in Ohio for elevenyears before returning to Heavener toraise their two small sons, Scott andMark. They built a brick home nextdoor to her mother’s home, on thesame hill where Gloria was born.Gloria encountered pre-Columbianartifacts as a young girl, and spent 5480Fall-Winter 2006years as an adult pursuing the history of pre-Columbian transoceaniccontact with America. After her husband became an invalid, Gloria hadto balance support for the familywith her historical interests. She hasrecorded over 300 pieces of evidence that Old World people werein early America. Most of this evidence consisted of translatableinscriptions in 20 ancient scripts,plus related petroglyphs.Much of the evidence was published in 1994 in her book In PlainSight: Old World Records in AncientAmerica (Columbus, Ga.: ISAC Press).Gloria has also published 95 articlesand delivered more than 80 lecturesin the United States. At age 86, shewas still writing and lecturing.—Alan Gillespie21st CENTURYQuestion: Mrs. Farley, you are nearingcompletion of a second book. What isits title? When will it be published, andwhat topics will it address?It will be Volume II of In Plain Sight,and I hope it will be finished soon. Everytime I think I have it finished, alongcomes something new and wonderfulwhich must be included. It will containmore of everything that is in Volume I,plus two new subjects that I think areimportant: “The Early Chinese inAmerica,” and “Indian Relationships.”Question: What events kindled your interest in epigraphy, and when did they occur?I unconsciously became an epigrapheras a skinny girl at age 12, when I wasshown what I would eventually name TheHeavener Runestone. At that time, thelocals called it “The Indian Rock.” Thiswas in 1928. The site was in the wilderness, in a deep ravine on PoteauMountain. It was only about 2 miles fromHeavener, but there were no trails or pathsleading to it. When, at age 14, I saw arunic chart and realized that the Heavenersymbols were runes, I tucked this fact backin my mind and thought about it often. In1948, I read about the KensingtonRunestone, and I then sent a copy of theHeavener runes to the Smithsonian.Question: How do you work in thefield? What is your methodology? Whatdo you look for?When I was still able physically towork in the field, I followed any hint fromanyone on where to look. I climbed cliffsand crawled in caves all over America,from New England to California. I corANCIENT DISCOVERY
what was on the rock,but others have sharplycriticized the practice asdestructive to the rock.How have you answeredthese critics?Of course we neverattempt to take a latexmold of any stone that isfriable. When Dr. ClydeQuestion: How did youKeeler and I werebecome involved in theaccused of damaging theEpigraphic Society, andAnubis panel [Figure 1]when was this?by making a latex mold,I had been working withwe also made otherDr. George Carter of Texasmolds in the cave, butfor years, and I sent him areceived no criticism forpuzzling inscription in1975. Dr. Carter forward- Farley on a cliffside by the Cimarron River in western Oklahoma, that. Many visitors weretaken to Anubis Caves,ed it to Barry Fell at near the discovery of an image of Cernunnos, a Celtic god.without the owner’s perHarvard University. Dr.Fell received it with enthusiasm, so I sent as proof against later criticisms and mission and not by me. The damagehim many more recordings, to his delight. adverse opinions. My drawing of the 22- caused by these visitors is unknown, andHe invited me to Harvard to attend, in inch ship, which was published on page uncriticized. However, the importanceSeptember 1975, a joint meeting of the 23 of my book, is slightly different than of the Anubis Caves would never haveEpigraphic Society, New England the seal because, in the interest of clarity, been ascertained if Clyde and I had notAntiquities Research Society (NEARA), I drew all the ropes as more narrow than made the latex molds and several casts.and the Early Sites Research Society the ship lines. The plaster cast shows that(ESRS). They arranged to give me 10 min- all the lines are actually of the same width. Question: The photograph [this page]shows you in one of your field exploutes to speak. From that time I had manynew colleagues, and worked hand-in- Question: This is the second time you rations. Can you tell us the story behindhave mentioned latex molds of petro- the photo?hand with Barry until his death in 1994.The photograph shows me walking inglyphs. You say that these offer proof ofQuestion: You made your first appearance in the pages of ESOP in 1976. BarryFell eventually named you as Director ofExploration for the Epigraphic Society.When did he do this, and for what did hethus distinguish you?I think it was in 1977. By 1978, theField Exploration Committee consistedof me and John Williams. [ESOP Editor’snote: in 1977, John Williams held thispost alone]. This listing continued until1992, when I was listed alone. Barrysaid that I was in this position because ofthe large number of sites and petroglyphs that I had found.rectly recorded all I foundwith photographs, tracings, and, if possible, withlatex molds and plastercasts. I searched for anyinscriptions that were notin English, as well as related petroglyphs.Question: The Epigraphic Society logois adapted from a petroglyph you discovered. Can you tell us about that discovery, and do you think the depictionon the seal is accurate?The seal of The Epigraphic Society is asomewhat abstract copy of a ship petroglyph near the bottom of Spider Rock insoutheastern Colorado. Dale Murphy, thena young geologist with my explorationparty, saw it first. We made a latex moldANCIENT DISCOVERYFigure 1ANUBISThe Anubis drawing from the Anubis cave site. Anubis, the Egyptian god of theunderworld, is usually depicted as a man with the head of a jackal.Source: Courtesy of the Epigraphic Society21st CENTURYFall-Winter 200681
time that it had been madeby Indians.triumph, even with a cane,on a cliffside by the CimarronRiver in western Oklahoma,in 1979. We had just discovered the image of Cernunnos,the Celtic god who woreantlers and was always associated with a horned snake. Ihad recognized him, andcopied an inscription belowhim. The inscription, whichconsisted of dots, turned outto be in Bricren Ogam, whichBarry Fell could translate.Question: The KensingtonRunestone is perhaps better known than the onefrom Heavener, in partbecause of its long historyof charges of fraud. Yet linguistic evidence compiledand analyzed by RichardNielsen appears convincing that it could not havebeen manufactured in19th Century America. Doyou find the archeologicalQuestion: As with manyCourtesy of Warren Dexterinformation surroundinglarger-than-life figures, BarryFell provoked many differ- Farley with Dr. Barry Fell (left), founder of the Epigraphic Society, the Kensington runestoneuseful in your studies, oneent and strong reactions and Dr. Norman Totten, Epigraphic Society president.way or the other?from different people. InThe fame of the Kensingtonparticular, his scholarly message was he was a Near East specialist. Fell neveranathema to some academics. You knew would let me publish this account, say- Runestone made Americans aware ofBarry Fell for many years. Do you have ing that if I did not know who said it, it the meaning of the word “runestone,”any insights into why some scholars was “hearsay.” But I think the story which made the research on the fivereacted so violently to what he had to should be told, for it issay, to the point of ad hominem attacks? typical of what Barry FellI do not understand the motives of the had to endure.violent attackers, unless it was fear thatFell’s new understanding would under- Question: You told usthat your introduction tomine their own published work.To illustrate what Barry had to endure, I epigraphic matters waswill relate what happened at a symposium essentially accidental,in Atlanta, Georgia. This was at a meeting through the inscribedof the Southern Historical Association, on Heavener Runestone loNov. 12, 1976, and I had presented a pro- cated near your homegram there. I listened to a panel of four town. What was it aboutprofessors about “New Scientific Dating the runestone that fasciTechniques,” and afterwards approached nated you most?What fascinated methe Egyptian specialist, Edward F. Wenteof the University of Chicago, and handed most at age 12 was thehim a plain 8 10 photograph of the fact that the HeavenerPontotoc Stone (page 83). He took one Runestone [Figure 2]look and said, “All I can tell that is stood vertically like aEgyptian is the design of the Sun disc and huge stone billboard; 12rays of the Sun,” and told me to show it to feet high, 10 feet wide,but only 16 inches thick.the other three professors.Their reaction was immediate and Across its western faceintense. They asked, “Is this stone from were plainly pecked, in aancient Lebanon?” “No, Oklahoma,” I straight line, the eightreplied. Their interest turned to derision. large symbols, like anI said, “but it translates!” “By whom?” advertisement.What could it say? Asthey asked. “Dr. Barry Fell of HarvardUniversity.” The tallest of the three said, there was a stone shelfFigure 2on the back, Mr. Carl F.“His book is hogwash!”THE HEAVENER RUNESTONEI answered, “How could you possibly Kemmerer, father of myThe Heavener Runestone in Oklahoma, whichknow? His book is not yet published.” chum, lifted me up to thegot Farley interested in epigraphy when she firstThe man said, “I admit to bias and pre- top, where he said Isaw it in 1928.clung to him in a deathjudgment.”Source: Gloria Farley, In Plain Sight.I walked away without ascertaining if grip. I believed at the82Fall-Winter 200621st CENTURYANCIENT DISCOVERY
Oklahoma runestones easier for thepublic to understand.The Kensington Runestone has beendisputed since its discovery in 1898,clutched in the roots of a large tree. It hasat last been fully authenticated, largelythrough the knowledge and efforts of Dr.Richard Nielsen of Houston. Dr. Nielsenalso translated the Heavener, Poteau,and Shawnee runestones in 1986, and hehas been my close friend ever since. Hewas assisted by Scott Wolter ofMinnesota, and they both lectured at theHeavener Runestone State Park on June19, 2003. They will take the KensingtonRunestone to Sweden where it will beexhibited for three months. Of course, Ihave followed the entire history of theKensington closely, and rejoice that it isnow fully authenticated and accepted.Question: If the Norse were inMinnesota and in Oklahoma, they musthave visited the New World repeatedly.Why were they here, and how far do youthink they explored the New World?The Norse were explorers in widelyseparated places: Greece, and the VolgaRiver in Russia, as well as the Atlanticseaboard, and there is no reason thatthey could not have ascended theMississippi and explored all its tributaries. Possible runestones have beenreported in other states, not yet proven.To my five Oklahoma runestones, Iwould like to add another stone I recorded in western Arkansas on March 21,1971. It is only 7 inches tall with fourrunes on the top edge, and I have alwaysbelieved that it is a tombstone. Nearby isa circle of stones which seems significant.I took the then-current OklahomaState Archaeologist to the site but heonly marvelled that I could relocatesuch a small stone on WildcatMountain, near Hackett, Arkansas. Atmy request, he drilled near the stone,but not, in my opinion, where a bodymight lie. Although I have reported thisfind to people who should be concerned, nobody is interested. I think thefour runes must be a name.However, when Dr. Richard Nielsen andScott Wolter were in my home on June 19and 20, 2003, they seemed very impressedby what I had to offer. They believed that Imay have located a Norse grave, andintend to pursue this information.Dr. Nielsen was excited when I showedANCIENT DISCOVERY7-foot inscription above it indicated it was a grave and evengave his name.But the Oklahoma Archaeological Survey expected me toraise 132,000 for a 70-dayexcavation.Question: Archaeologists havecriticized epigraphic evidenceof Old World contact, arguingthat somewhere there shouldalso be Old World artifacts,and lots of them. For example,evidence of Norse presence inNewfoundland was widelyridiculed until the 11thCentury Norse structures wereexcavated. Is the perceptionthat there is no archaeologicalevidence elsewhere justified?Of course artifacts exist! Ipublished 18 in my first book,in the chapter “Made inCourtesy of Warren DexterAmerica.” Critical archaeoloFarley with the Pontotoc Stone, found in gists and anthropologists justdo not know this, or have noOklahoma.desire to know, which is a pity.I know the owners, have photographs,him the photograph of a petroglyph of aneight-legged horse that had been found in and many plaster casts. One section ofcentral western Colorado near Montrose. my forthcoming book will be calledI had suspected it might be the eight- “Portraits in Stone,” faces and heads oflegged horse Sleipner ridden through the Old-World people. In addition, to threesky by the supreme Norse God Odin, already published, I am adding probablyten more and will see three more nextaccording to Norse mythology.Richard not only confirmed this but week. I own an amazing 14-inch stonealso said it was astonishing and impor- head which is Celtic, found intant, and evidence that the Norse got to Oklahoma. All who see it say “Wow!”I intend to give it to the OklahomaColorado. I had found three images ofState Historical Society, which wants toSleipner in literature from Gotland.inherit my vast collection of researchQuestion: When did you come to believe items, including 4,000 slides, aboutthat the New World had been visited by 2,000 photographs, a room full of tracings, and a library of about 800 books.other pre-Columbian travellers?In the years that I pursued runestones,I kept finding inscriptions that were not Question: Many, perhaps most, mainrunic, which I correctly recorded and stream historians and archaeologists havefiled. It was in July 1973, when Earl a hard time giving much credence to eviSyversen of California and I were hoping dence of Old World, pre-Columbian visito find a runic inscription at Picture tors to the New World. Why is this?Because they have already publishedCanyon in southern Colorado, that wewere astonished to find a third of a mile otherwise and think it would be fatal toof both, writing and pictures in stone, their careers to renege on their formerbeliefs. What Ph.D. is going to say, “Ibut none of it runic.I then realized for sure that there had was wrong, and that self-educatedbeen other Old World travellers here. I female is right?”also knew the exact site of the grave of apagan Celt, and once had permission of Question: The Epigraphic Society wasthe Oklahoma owner to excavate. The established to provide a forum for the21st CENTURYFall-Winter 200683
Courtesy of Warren DexterFarley in the field. She was an intrepidexplorer and careful documenter.presentation and discussion of just suchevidence. Do you think it has some kindof duty to persuade mainstream scientists and historians, above and beyondits charter? If so, how should it go aboutachieving this goal?The Board is aware of its duty to thepublic, and that Fell’s intention was farbeyond the publishing of ESOP. So Ishould not be asked to advise the Boardwhat to do, when, and why. If I couldventure just one word, I would say“publish!”Question: One of your integrating concepts has been that Old World exploration of the American interior tookplace along waterways. What is it thatled you to this idea, and how have youused it to organize your explorations?Almost all evidence of the presenceof Old World people which I haverecorded is found along waterways,because the shining unpolluted riverswhich were deeper then, were the onlymeans of transportation in ancientAmerica. This method of followingrivers and their tributaries was a guarantee that the travellers would neverbecome lost in a vast new continent,they could always backtrack.I always record the nearest waterwayto any site. Most of them trace tributaries to the Arkansas or Mississippi rivers,or to the Atlantic or Pacific coasts.Sometimes, evidence is found at thevery end of a waterway, which is a smallbranch or a spring, tributary to a creek,84Fall-Winter 2006why do you think this has happened?As the ancient people in America leftpetroglyphs of their gods, this was veryhelpful in identifying their cultures.When I found the first petroglyph ofTanit in Colorado, I did not know her.After Dr. Fell identified her as theCarthaginian Tanit, I began a study ofthe varieties of her image in literature.So when I saw her on the ceiling of astone chamber in Vermont, I jerked onDr. Fell’s jacket and pointed up.He said, “Only you could find the second Tanit.” I eventually found, all the wayfrom New England to California, 10 of the16 I published from America. The other 6were contributed by friends who heard ofmy work. I also published 36comparisons from the OldWorld, including many fromAfrica. Volume II of In PlainSight will include four more,from Ohio, Louisiana, Colorado,and Wyoming.Through the years, it seemeduncanny how I kept seeing somany images of her in widespread places, plus pages in somany books.Question: You and your colleagues had uncovered evidence you say comes from averitable hodgepodge of OldWorld visitors from varioustimes and cultures. Summarizing your lifetime of expeCourtesy of Warren Dexterrience, what do you thinktributary to a river. They leave some- explains this variety? What is your quickthing at this end before they return to version of the history of pre-Columbiantheir raft or ship. Southeastern Colorado, contact?Contrary to most historical records,and the Texas and OklahomaPanhandles, are replete with evidence, seaworthy ships filled with Old Worldbecause the sources for the Arkansas people swarmed both the Atlantic andRiver in Colorado, the Cimmaron, North Pacific Oceans, even before Christ. Oneand South Canadian in extreme north- of these voyages, by the Chinese in 2225west New Mexico, the Red River in the B.C., is proven because they returned toTexas Panhandle, and the Rio Grande in China and left records of America, somecentral New Mexico, all together occu- of which still exist.Why did they travel? Some for ecopy just a small portion of the map.nomic reasons like trade, some forQuestion: You have found many petro- curiosity to find out what was beyond theglyphs depicting a figure that you iden- rising and setting Suns. Why do we wanttify as “Tanit,” a Carthaginian deity to travel? The same human reasons.known as Astarte to the Phoenicians[Figure 3]. Indeed, you have found this Question: What is the oldest evidencetheme depicted so often that you are you are aware of?This is a tricky question. Do you meanquoted as stating that Tanit has “foundyou.” What did you mean by this, and evidence I have found, or evidence that21st CENTURYANCIENT DISCOVERY
buried in an Indian site. I am told thatcontact seems so scarce?Hard evidence is not scarce my article about this will be published inin America, it is just not known Volume 24 of ESOP.Barry Fell visited the Micmacs, tried toby many and is not accepted bywork closely with the Cherokees, andmost in academia.I am privileged to have been listed three Indian names in hisa part of this. I attended, by Department of Amerindian Studies ininvitation, the Yuchi “Green ESOP, Vol. 5 (1978). I live in Oklahoma,Corn Festival” for 12 hours. A which means “Home of the Red Man.”long account of this will be in My grandson is part Choctaw.We are so integrated that we do notmy next book. In the seventhmonth (July) they live for a give a thought as to which of our friendsweek in booths, exactly as may be Indian, their tribe, or what fracdescribed in the Book of tion of Indian blood they are.Leviticus in the Bible. Some ofmy personal friends were Question: Let’s bring this discussionback to you. Your career has been longYuchis.I knew Ethel Stewart, and am and inspirational to many. What advicefamiliar with her account of the do you have for those who follow you?Figure 3escape to America from Genghis What preparation did you have for yourTHE OKLAHOMA TANITKhan of the Dene and Na-Denes career? For example, have you learnedA petroglyph of the the Carthagenian godof Asia, and her description of any of the ancient languages of the peoTanit.the Dene “Demi-House God ple whose traces you have sought?Source: Courtesy of the Epigraphic SocietyMy advice for diffusionists? Learn towith Pointed Snout.”In 1982, I had climbed a see what you are looking at. Do notI have read about? That includes some steep mountain in Colorado and record- waste your time reading fiction. I had nostatements that are very difficult to ed a panel of script and the image of a preparation for my career. My 100 colaccept. Every time we pick up a news- mouse with pointed snout wearing a lege hours did not even include ancientpaper or magazine now, or watch televi- crown. After a lot of research, this will history, and I was lecturing before I tooksion, there is new evidence. We diffu- be in my next book, and perhaps in the a speech course. No courses were presented anywhere in epigraphy.Midwestern Epigraphic Journal.sionists are finally winning.The oldest evidence in my ownresearch, the Granby Idol, was acciden- Question: Some have accusedtally excavated in Colorado in 1920 elements in the Epigraphic[Figure 4]. I own three original photo- Society of racism towardsgraphs of it made before 1923. This 66- Native Americans, preciselypound Chinese effigy cannot now be because they seem to see anlocated. It was supposedly donated to a Old World explanation for allaspects of Native Americanmuseum in St. Louis.A plain inscription on its belly has been society. Do you think thisidentified as pre-Shang oracle script. The charge has any basis? You mustknow many Native AmericansShang Dynasty was 1600-1050 B.C.yourself, especially because ofQuestion: If an outsider were to read all your chosen avocation. Howthe literature on Old World pre- do they view this issue?It is certainly not true that theColumbian contact, he or she wouldquickly form the opinion that much in Epigraphic Society is guilty ofthe New World has an Old World ori- racism toward the Nativegin. For example, the Yuchi may have Americans.To expand my answer aboutcome from the Indus River, EthelStewart would have the Athabascan Indians and racism: my VolumeFigure 4peoples arrive as refugees from Genghis II of In Plain Sight will containTHE ‘GRANBY IDOL’ FROM COLORADOKhan, the Mesoamerican pyramids several important and long secThis is a drawing of the 66-pound Chinesemust have a common origin with Egypt, tions about evidence of the inteleffigy, found in Colorado, which has anligence of the Native Americans,and so forth.inscription on its belly identified as preWhat is your “take” on this situation? and their relationship with thenShang oracle script. The Shang DynastyWhy is it that Old World influence is Old World people.was 1600-1050 B.C.I have even recorded an artiseen in so many aspects of New WorldSource: Courtesy of the Epigraphic Societylife, yet hard evidence of Old World fact, an Egyptian sphinx foundANCIENT DISCOVERY21st CENTURYFall-Winter 200685
Farley with Dr. Barry Fell (left), founder of the Epigraphic Society, and Dr. Norman Totten, Epigraphic Society president. Figure 2 THE HEAVENER RUNESTONE The Heavener Runestone in Oklahoma, which got Farley interested in epigraphy when she first saw it in 1928. Source: Gloria Farley, In Plain Sight.
1 Gloria, gloria, in excelsis deo, Glory to God in the highest. 2 Gloria in excelsis deo gloria. 3 Gloria, gloria, in excelsis deo, 4 Gloria, gloria, in excelsis, in excelsis deo. Section 2 [words and melody repeated] Gloria, gloria. Section 3 [words and melody repeated] Section 4 Et in
A Bilingual Song Book . 2 Tabla de contenido Table of Contents ADVENT 1 Toda la Tierra / All Earth is Hopeful 2 Madre de la Iglesia / Mother of the Church CHRISTMAS 3 Gloria, Gloria, Gloria / Gloria, Gloria, Gloria 4 Venid, Fieles Todos / O Come, All Ye Fa
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