Superconductors In The Power Grid: Materials And Applications

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ContentsList of contributorsWoodhead Publishing Series in EnergyPrefaceAcknowledgementsPart One12Fundamentals and materialsThe power grid and the impact of high-temperature superconductortechnology: an overviewA.P. Malozemoff1.1 Introduction1.2 Overview of the electric power grid1.3 Elements of the electric power grid1.4 Superconductivity1.5 Status and prospects of superconductor power equipment1.6 Conclusion and future trendsAcknowledgmentsReferencesFundamentals of superconductivityC.M. Rey, A.P. Malozemoff2.1 History2.2 Meissner effect2.3 London equations and magnetic penetration depth2.4 Critical currents in type I superconductors2.5 Magnetization in type I superconductors2.6 Intermediate state2.7 Coherence length2.8 Type II superconductors2.9 The mixed state: Hc1 and Hc22.10 Reversible magnetization in type II superconductors2.11 Critical currents and irreversible magnetic properties of type 30323233343536374041

viContents2.122.132.142.152.162.1734Entropy and free energyBardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS) theoryLow-temperature metallic superconductors (LTS): NbTi, Nb3Sn,and MgB2High-temperature superconductivityComparison of HTS to LTS properties and summary offundamental parametersPractical ed oxide (BSCCO) high-temperature superconductingwires for power grid applications: propertiesand fabricationK. Sato3.1 Introduction3.2 Properties of bismuth-based oxide (BSCCO)3.3 Fabrication of BSCCO superconducting cables and wires3.4 Applications of BSCCO superconducting cables and wires3.5 Future 5768387929393Second-generation (2G) coated high-temperature superconductingcables and wires for power grid applicationsM.W. Rupich4.1 Introduction4.2 Second-generation (2G) materials and wire design4.3 2G wire fabrication approaches4.4 2G manufacturers and wire properties4.5 Applications (brief review of major applications for 2G wire)4.6 Conclusion and future trends4.7 Sources of further information and adviceReferences9798101116118121124125Part Two High-temperature superconducting (HTS) cabletechnology1315High-temperature superconducting (HTS) AC cables for powergrid applicationsA.P. Malozemoff, J. Yuan, C.M. Rey5.1 Introduction5.2 High-temperature superconducting (HTS) AC cable design97133133139

Contents5.35.45.55.65.75.85.967viiAC loss of HTS cablesTerminationsCryogenic refrigeration systems for HTS AC cablesPrinciples of fault-current-limiting HTS AC cablesInductance and capacitanceSome major HTS AC cable projectsConclusion: commercial prospects for HTS AC cableAcknowledgmentsReferencesUsing superconducting DC cables to improve the efficiencyof electricity transmission and distribution (T&D) networks:an overviewC.E. Bruzek, A. Allais, K. Allweins, D. Dickson, N. Lallouet, E. Marzahn6.1 Introduction6.2 Superconducting cable systems: key elements6.3 Superconducting materials6.4 Cable conductors and electrical insulation6.5 Cable cryostat6.6 Cable terminations and joints6.7 Cryogenic machine6.8 DC superconductive cable system configurations6.9 Power dissipation sources in the superconducting system6.10 Power losses from AC ripples6.11 Comparing power dissipation in a DC superconductingsystem to a conventional system6.12 Opportunities for DC superconducting cables6.13 ConclusionsReferencesHigh-temperature superconducting (HTS) power cables cooledby helium gasS. Pamidi, C.H. Kim, L. Graber7.1 History of superconducting cables7.2 Introduction to GHe-cooled superconducting cables7.3 Potential applications of GHe cables7.4 Technical issues pertinent to GHe-cooled high-temperaturesuperconducting (HTS) cables7.5 Dielectric design aspects of helium gas-cooled HTS cables7.6 Design aspects for GHe-cooled HTS cable terminations7.7 Cryogenic helium circulation systems7.8 Ongoing GHe-cooled HTS cable projects7.9 9231235244245250253253

viii8ContentsHigh-temperature superconducting cable cooling systemsfor power grid applicationsJ.A. Demko8.1 Introduction8.2 Thermal loads8.3 Topology of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cablecooling circuits8.4 Coolant selection8.5 Refrigeration system overview8.6 Types of refrigeration systems8.7 Recent installations8.8 Future trends8.9 ConclusionsReferencesPart Three910ApplicationsHigh-temperature superconducting fault current limiters (FCLs)for power grid applicationsV. Meerovich, V. Sokolovsky9.1 Introduction9.2 Utility requirements for fault-current-limiting parameters9.3 Designs and operation principles of various types ofsuperconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs)9.4 Status of fault current limiters development and implementation9.5 Comparison of different fault current limiters9.6 Applicability of superconducting fault current limiters inpower systems9.7 Future trends9.8 Sources of further informationReferencesFurther readingHigh-temperature superconducting motors and generators forpower grid applicationsJ.W. Bray10.1 Introduction10.2 Principles of superconducting (SC) motors and generators10.3 Types of SC motors and generators10.4 Prototypes built to date10.5 SC wire and cryorefrigeration requirements10.6 Conclusion and future 335339341

Contents111213IndexHigh-temperature superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)for power grid applicationsT.A. Coombs11.1 Introduction11.2 Construction of superconducting magnetic energy storage(SMES): maximising energy storage and minimising cost11.3 Materials11.4 Competing technologies11.5 Markets11.6 Future developmentsReferencesHigh-temperature superconducting (HTS) transformers for powergrid applicationsM.P. Staines, Z. Jiang, N. Glasson, R.G. Buckley, M. Pannu12.1 Introduction12.2 Transformers and the electricity grid12.3 A brief history of superconducting transformers12.4 High-temperature superconducting (HTS) transformers – generalprinciples12.5 AC loss in transformer windings12.6 Cryogenic systems for HTS transformers12.7 Challenges for HTS transformers12.8 The HTS transformer value proposition – total cost ofownership (TCO)12.9 ConclusionsReferencesImplementing high-temperature superconductors for the powergrid in practice: the case of ChinaL.Y. Xiao, L.Z. Lin, X.H. Zhang, Y. Xin, Y.J. Tang13.1 Introduction13.2 Research and development of superconductors in powerin China13.3 The 10 kV superconducting power substation in Baiyin City,Gansu Province13.4 Superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) and the360 m/10 kA superconducting DC power cable13.5 Superconducting magnetic energy storage13.6 Future trends13.7 Sources of further information and 24427

2.14 Low-temperature metallic superconductors (LTS): NbTi, Nb3Sn, and MgB2 58 2.15 High-temperature superconductivity 62 2.16 Comparison of HTS to LTS properties and summary of fundamental parameters 66 2.17 Practical superconductors 67 Acknowledgment 70 References 70 3 Bismuth-based oxide (BSCCO) high-temperature superconducting

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