World Population Ageing 2009 - Institute For Global .
E c o n o m i c &S o c i a lA f f a i r sWorld Population Ageing2009United Nations
ESA/P/WP/212December 2009Department of Economic and Social AffairsPopulation DivisionWorld Population Ageing2009United NationsNew York, 2009
DESAThe Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vitalinterface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and nationalaction. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates andanalyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on whichMember States of the United Nations draw to review common problems and take stock of policyoptions; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies onjoint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advisesinterested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed inUnited Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, throughtechnical assistance, helps build national capacities.NoteThe designations employed in this report and the material presented in it do not imply the expressionof any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legalstatus of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of itsfrontiers or boundaries.The term “country” as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas.The designations “developed” and “developing” countries or areas and “more developed”, “lessdeveloped” and “least developed” regions are intended for statistical convenience and do notnecessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in thedevelopment process.This publication has been issued without formal editing.ESA/P/WP/212COPYRIGHT UNITED NATIONS, 2009ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
PREFACEAs the proportion of the world’s population in the older ages continues to increase, the need forimproved information and analysis of demographic ageing increases. Knowledge is essential to assistpolicy makers define, formulate and evaluate goals and programmes, and to raise public awareness andsupport for needed policy changes.The Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nationshas long experience in the analysis of population ageing. In addition to preparing national estimates andprojections of older populations, the Population Division has contributed to the analysis of thedeterminants and consequences of population ageing. The Population Division is the organizational unitof the Secretariat charged with monitoring progress towards the achievement of the goals set out in theProgramme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, held in Cairo in1994. The Programme of Action enunciated objectives and recommended actions concerning populationageing and older persons (United Nations, 1995).The Population Division has also organized expert meetings on various aspects of population ageing.In 1997, for example, the Division convened a meeting on below-replacement fertility (United Nations,2000); in 2000, two meetings on population ageing were organized: the first on the living arrangements ofolder persons (United Nations, 2001), and the second on policy responses to population ageing andpopulation decline (United Nations, 2004). More recently, in 2005, the Population Division organized anexpert group meeting on the social and economic implications of changing population age structures(United Nations, 2007a).In 1982, the United Nations adopted the International Plan of Action on Ageing at the first WorldAssembly on Ageing (United Nations, 1982). Then, in 1999 in its resolution 54/262, the GeneralAssembly decided to convene the Second World Assembly on Ageing in 2002. The Second WorldAssembly adopted the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, marking a turning point in how theworld addresses the key challenge of building a society for all ages. The Plan focuses on three priorityareas: older persons and development; advancing health and well-being into old age; and ensuringenabling and supportive environments.This new edition of World Population Ageing is the third in a series. The first report was released in2002 in conjunction with the Second World Assembly on Ageing. The present report, which updates the2007 edition, provides a description of global trends in population ageing and includes a series ofindicators of the ageing process by development regions, major areas, regions and countries. This newedition includes new features on ageing in rural and urban areas, the coverage of pension systems and theimpact of the 2007-2008 financial crisis on pension systems. The report is intended to provide a soliddemographic foundation for the follow-up activities of the Second World Assembly on Ageing.Comments and suggestions on this report are welcome and may be addressed to Ms. Hania Zlotnik,Director, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat,New York, N.Y. 10017, fax number (212) 963-2147.United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Divisioniii
SOURCES, METHODS AND CLASSIFICATIONSData on demographic trends used in the present report are taken from the 2008 Revision of theofficial United Nations world population estimates and projections (United Nations, 2009b). In addition,data: on labour force participation were obtained from the International Labour Organization(International Labour Organization, 2009); on illiteracy from the United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization1; on statutory pensionable age from the United States Social SecurityAdministration (United States Social Security Administration, 2009). Data on living arrangements andmarital status were compiled for the present report from United Nations publications (United Nations,2005, 2006; United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2009a), theDemographic Yearbook database of the Statistics Division of the United Nations Department ofEconomic and Social Affairs (including updates through August 2009) and data from the Demographicand Health Surveys programme.2The population estimates and projections, which are prepared biennially by the Population Divisionof the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, provide the standardand consistent set of population figures that are used throughout the United Nations system as the basisfor activities requiring population information. In the case of the 2008 Revision, standard demographictechniques were used to estimate the population by age and sex, as well as trends in total fertility, lifeexpectancy at birth, infant mortality and international migration for the years 1950 through 2010, fromdata available from censuses, demographic and vital registration systems and sample surveys. Theresulting estimates provided the basis from which the population projections follow. The present reportdraws on the medium variant projections through the year 2050.3The countries and areas identified as statistical units by the Statistics Division of the United Nationsand covered by the above estimates and projections, are grouped geographically into six major areas:Africa; Asia; Europe; Latin America and the Caribbean; Northern America; and Oceania. Those majorareas are further divided geographically into 21 regions. In addition, the regions are summarized, forstatistical convenience, into two general groups―more developed and less developed―on the basis ofdemographic and socio-economic characteristics. The less developed regions include all regions ofAfrica, Asia (excluding Japan), Latin America and the Caribbean, and Oceania (excluding Australia andNew Zealand). The more developed regions include all other regions plus the three countries excludedfrom the less developed regions. The group of least developed countries, as defined by the UnitedNations General Assembly in its resolutions (59/209, 59/210 and 60/33) in 2007, comprises 49 countries.See Annex II for further detail.1Special tabulations of data on illiteracy for countries and regions by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, personalcommunication, December 2008 and March 20092See MEASURE DHS, http://www.measuredhs.com.3Further information about data sources and methods underlying the estimates and projections of population can be found on theInternet at http://esa.un.org/wpp/sources/country.aspx and http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp?panel 4ivWorld Population Ageing 2009
CONTENTSPagePreface.Sources, methods and classifications .Explanatory notes .iiiivviEXECUTIVE SUMMARY .viiINTRODUCTION .1CHAPTERI.DEMOGRAPHIC DETERMINANTS AND SPEED OF POPULATION AGEING.4II.THE CHANGING BALANCE AMONG AGE GROUPS .15III.DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE OLDER POPULATION .23IV.SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OLDER POPULATION .33V.CONCLUSIONS.47References .49ANNEXESI.II.III.Definition of the indicators of population ageing.Classification of major areas and regions.Summary tables .555761ANNEX TABLESA.III.1.Population aged 60 or over, 65 or over and 80 or over by sex (thousands):world, major areas and regions, 2009 .62Percentage of population aged 60 or over, 65 or over and 80 or over by sex:world, major areas and regions, 2009 .63A.III.3.Selected indicators on ageing: world, major areas and regions, 2009 .64A.III.4.Country ranking by percentage of population aged 60 or over, 2009.65A.III.5.Country ranking by median age, 2009 .66A.III.2.United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.Population Divisionv
Explanatory notesSymbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures.The following symbols have been used in the tables throughout this report:Two dots (.) indicate that data are not available or are not separately reported.An em dash (—) indicates that the amount is nil or negligible.A hyphen (-) indicates that the item is not applicable.A minus sign ( ) before a figure indicates a decrease.A point ( ) is used to indicate decimals.A slash ( ) indicates a crop year or financial year, for example, 1994/95.Use of a hyphen (-) between dates representing years, for example, 1990-1995, signifies the fullperiod involved, including the beginning and end years.Details and percentages in tables do not necessarily add to totals because of rounding.Reference to “dollars” ( ) indicates United States dollars, unless otherwise stated.The term “billion” signifies a thousand million.viWorld Population Ageing 2009
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe present report updates and extends the 2002 and 2007 editions of World PopulationAgeing,1 including new features on ageing in rural and urban areas, the coverage of pensionsystems and the impact of the 2007-2008 financial crisis on pension systems.The Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing and the Political Declaration adoptedat the Second World Assembly on Ageing in April 20022 marked a turning point in how the worldaddresses the key challenge of building a society for all ages. The Plan focuses on three priorityareas: older persons and development; advancing health and well-being into old age; andensuring enabling and supportive environments. It represents the first time Governments haveadopted a comprehensive approach linking questions of ageing to other frameworks for socialand economic development and human rights, most notably those agreed to at the United Nationsconferences and summits of the 1990s.Issues related to population ageing and older persons have played a prominent role in thethree major international population conferences organized by the United Nations during the pastquarter century. For example, the International Conference on Population and Development, heldin 1994, recognized that the economic and social impact of population ageing is both anopportunity and a challenge to all societies.3 More recently, the key actions for the furtherimplementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population andDevelopment, adopted by the General Assembly at its twenty-first special session on 2 July 1999,reiterated the need for all societies to address the significant consequences of population ageingin the coming decades.4In 2007, the United Nations Commission on Population and Development focused itswork on the changing age structures of populations and their implications for development. TheCommission adopted a resolution that identified specific issues for policy attention in regard tochanging population age structures. The resolution also requested the Secretary-General tocontinue his substantive work on changing age structures and the implications of those changesfor development.5The Population Division of the United Nations has a long tradition of studying populationageing, including by estimating and projecting the size and characteristics of ageing populationsand by examining the determinants and consequences of population ageing. From thegroundbreaking report on population ageing published in 1956,6 which focused mainly onpopulation ageing in the more developed countries, the Population Division has consistentlysought to bring population ageing to the attention of Governments and the internationalcommunity.The United Nations Commission on Social Development undertook the first review andappraisal of progress made in implementing the Madrid Plan of Action on Ageing in 2007 and2008, and is preparing to carry out the second review and appraisal in 2012. Furthermore, the1World Population Ageing, 1950-2050 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.02.XIII.3) and World Population Ageing,2007 (United Nations pulication, Sales No. E.07.XIII.5).2See Report of the Second World Assembly on Ageing (United Nations publication A/CONF.197/9, Sales No. E.02.IV.4).3Population and Development, vol. 1: Programme of Action adopted at the International Conference onPopulation and Development, Cairo, 5-13 September 1994 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.95.XIII.7).4Review and Appraisal of the Progress Made in Achieving the Goals and Objectives of the Programme of Action of theInternational Conference on Population and Development, 1999 Report (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.99.XIII.16).5Report on the fortieth session of the Commission on Population and Development, (10 May 2006 and 9-13 April 2007),Economic and Social Council Official Records, 2007, Supplement No. 5 (E/2007/25).6The Ageing of Populations and its Economic and Social Implications, Population Studies, No. 26 (United Nationspublication, Sales No. 1956. XIII.6.United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Divisionvii
General Assembly has stressed the need for population data disaggregated by age and sex. Thisreport provides the demographic foundation for the latter exercise and other follow-up activitiesof the Second World Assembly on Ageing. It considers the process of population ageing for theworld as a whole, for more and less developed regions and major areas and regions.The contents of this report underscore four major findings:1.Population ageing is unprecedented, a process without parallel in the historyof humanity. A population ages when increases in the proportion of older persons(that is, those aged 60 years or over) are accompanied by reductions in the proportionof children (persons under age 15) and then by declines in the proportions of personsin the working ages (15 to 59). At the world level, the number of older persons isexpected to exceed the number of children for the first time in 2045. In the moredeveloped regions, where population ageing is far advanced, the number of childrendropped below that of older persons in 1998.2.Population ageing is pervasive since it is affecting nearly all the countries ofthe world. Population ageing results mainly from reductions of fertility that havebecome virtually universal. The resulting slowdown in the growth of the number ofchildren coupled with the steady increase in the number of older persons has a directbearing on both the intergenerational and intragenerational equity and solidarity thatare the foundations of society.3.Population ageing is profound, having major consequences and implicationsfor all facets of human life. In the economic area, population ageing will have animpact on economic growth, savings, investment, consumption, labour markets,pensions, taxation and intergenerational transfers. In the social sphere, populationageing influences family composition and living arrangements, housing demand,migration trends, epidemiology and the need for healthcare services. In the politicalarena, population ageing may shape voting patterns and political representation.4.Population ageing is enduring. Since 1950, the proportion of older personshas been rising steadily, passing from 8 per cent in 1950 to 11 per cent in 2009, andis expected to reach 22 per cent in 2050 (figure I). As long as old-age mortalitycontinues to decline and fertility remains low, the proportion of older persons willcontinue to increase.Figure I. Proportion of population 60 years or over: world, iiiWorld Population Ageing 2009
The other main findings of this report are the following: Because fertility levels are unlikely to rise again to the high levelscommon in the past, population ageing is irreversible and theyoung populations that were common until recently are likely tobecome rare over the course of the twenty-first century. In 2000, the population aged 60 years or over numbered 600million, triple the number present in 1950. In 2009, the number ofolder persons had surpassed 700 million. By 2050, 2 billion olderpersons are projected to be alive, implying that their number willonce again triple over a span of 50 years. Globally the population of older persons is growing at a rate of 2.6per cent per year, considerably faster than the population as awhole, which is increasing at 1.2 per cent annually. At least until2050, the older population is expected to continue growing morerapidly than the population in other age groups. Such rapid growthwill require far-reaching economic and social adjustments in mostcountries. Marked differences exist between developed and developingregions in the number and proportion of older persons. In the m
iv World Population Ageing 2009 SOURCES, METHODS AND CLASSIFICATIONS Data on demographic trends used in the present report are taken from the 2008 Revision of the official United Nations world population estimates and projections (United Nations, 2009b).
global situation regarding the ageing population demographic. The world’s population is ageing rapidly and with profound results. The global share of older people (defined as aged 60 or over for the purpose of this report) increased from 9.2% in 1990 to 11.7% in 2013 1. 1 United Nations, World Population Ageing 2013, 2013
the United Nations to convene two World Assemblies in 1980 and 2002, respectively. The World Population Ageing Report (United Nations, 2002, p. xxviii) summarized that: 1. Population ageing is unprecedented, without parallel in the history of humanity; 2. Population ageing is pervasive, a global phenomenon affecting every man, woman and child; 3.
The Madrid . International Plan of Action on Ageing was adopted in 2002 at the Second World Assembly on Ageing and called for ‘changes in attitudes, policies and practices’ to fulfil ‘the enormous potential of ageing’. Statistics show that Asia has the most notable and rapid pace of population ageing,
Institute for Ageing and the Institute of Health and Society, with Sally-Marie Bamford, Dr Brian Beach and Dean Hochlaf from the International Longevity Centre UK (ILC-UK). Centre for Ageing Better Level 3 Angel Building 407 St John Street London EC1V 4AD UK 44 (0)20 3829 0112 info@ageing-better.org.uk www.ageing-better.org.uk
The Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002 Active Ageing: A Policy Framework, (WHO) 2002 World Report on Ageing and Health, (WHO) 2015 The Global strategy and Action Plan on Ageing and Health, (WHO) 2016 The Policy also responds to the recently endorsed Sustainable Development Goals, an integrated, indivisible set .
4 2018 Global Ageing Network Annual Report 2018 Highlights The past year has been filled with new activities and initiatives with our Global Ageing Network members. Below are some of the highlights! The Global Ageing Network at the United Nations The Global Ageing Network continues to support advocacy at the United
highlighting that ageing policy is an issue for all ages and sectors of society. The need for robust research and evidence to support this policy is outlined in the fourth goal of the National Positive Ageing Strategy ‘to support and use research about people as they age to better inform policy responses to population ageing in Ireland’.
Anatomy and Physiology for Sports Massage 11. LEVEL: 3: Term: Definition: Visuals: Cytoplasm Within cells, the cytoplasm is made up of a jelly-like fluid (called the cytosol) and other : structures that surround the nucleus. Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is a network of long fibres that make up the cell’s structural framework. The cytoskeleton has several critical functions, including .
